This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
The European Commission’s draft regulation for minimum requirements for water reuse in agriculture addresses microbial and basic water quality parameters but does not consider the potential impacts of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) on human and environmental health. Because insufficient data prevents the quantitative characterisation of risks posed by CECs in treated wastewater (TWW), this paper presents a framework, which combines data and expert judgement to assess likelihood of occurrence and magnitude of impact. An increasing relative scale is applied where numeric values are pre-defined to represent comparative levels of importance. Subsequently, an overall assessment of the level of risk is characterised by multiplying together allocated scores, to obtain a single discrete overall score per CEC. Guidelines to support implementation of the framework as far as soil (the initial receiving compartment and pathway to further protected targets) are developed and applied. The approach is demonstrated through its application to clarithromycin, where results indicate that – under the considered scenario - there is limited possibility of its occurrence in soil in a bioavailable form. The role of a qualitative risk assessment approach is considered and the opportunity for its outputs to inform future research agendas described.
Mike David Revitt; Lian Lundy; Despo Fatta-Kassinos. Development of a qualitative approach to assessing risks associated with the use of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 406, 124286 .
AMA StyleMike David Revitt, Lian Lundy, Despo Fatta-Kassinos. Development of a qualitative approach to assessing risks associated with the use of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 406 ():124286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMike David Revitt; Lian Lundy; Despo Fatta-Kassinos. 2020. "Development of a qualitative approach to assessing risks associated with the use of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 406, no. : 124286.
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirement that all surface water bodies achieve good ecological status is still a goal for many regulatory authorities in England and Wales. This paper describes field and laboratory studies designed to identify metal contaminant loadings and their distributions within water bodies located in the Lower Lee catchment (London, UK). Water and sediment samples have been collected from increasingly urbanised sites on the River Lee and its main tributaries over a two-year period with samples analysed for total concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, tin, and zinc. Complimentary batch tests indicate a positive relationship between aqueous metal concentrations and the batch test-derived sediment metal release data, particularly during wet weather events. Field data indicate a dynamic relationship between water and sediment concentrations with both being capable of exceeding relevant environmental quality standards/sediment quality guidelines at all sites. Mean sediment metal concentrations across all sites were found to be highest for Cu (141.1 ± 111.0 µg g−1), Pb (175.7 ± 83.0 µg g−1), and Zn (499.9 ± 264.7 µg g−1) with Zn demonstrating elevated mean water concentrations (17.2 ± 13.8 µg L−1) followed by Ni (15.6 ± 11.4 µg L−1) and Cu (11.1 ± 17.8 µg L−1).
Lian Lundy; Luciana Alves; Michael Revitt; Dirk Wildeboer. Metal Water-Sediment Interactions and Impacts on an Urban Ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 722 .
AMA StyleLian Lundy, Luciana Alves, Michael Revitt, Dirk Wildeboer. Metal Water-Sediment Interactions and Impacts on an Urban Ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (7):722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian Lundy; Luciana Alves; Michael Revitt; Dirk Wildeboer. 2017. "Metal Water-Sediment Interactions and Impacts on an Urban Ecosystem." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 722.
Swales are one type of sustainable drainage system (SuDS) which contribute to the management of water quality in receiving waterbodies. Using a semi-quantitative approach, an impact assessment procedure is applied to the residual water quality that is carried forward to surface waters and groundwaters following treatment within a swale. Both volumetric and pollutant distributions are considered as stormwater passes through the swale system. The pollutant pathways followed by TSS, nitrate, chloride, metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are determined for a swale receiving highway runoff. For TSS, metals and PAHs between 20% and 29% of the total mean influent pollutant load is predicted to be directed to infiltration through the underlying soils compared to between 4% and 16% of chloride and nitrate. Although surface water impacts are deemed possible, the discharges of swales to groundwaters are assessed to represent a negligible impact for effectively maintained systems.
D. Michael Revitt; J. Bryan Ellis; Lian Lundy. Assessing the impact of swales on receiving water quality. Urban Water Journal 2017, 14, 839 -845.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, J. Bryan Ellis, Lian Lundy. Assessing the impact of swales on receiving water quality. Urban Water Journal. 2017; 14 (8):839-845.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; J. Bryan Ellis; Lian Lundy. 2017. "Assessing the impact of swales on receiving water quality." Urban Water Journal 14, no. 8: 839-845.
Traffic emissions contribute significantly to the build-up of diffuse pollution loads on urban surfaces with their subsequent mobilisation and direct discharge posing problems for receiving water quality. This review focuses on the impact and mitigation of solids, metals, nutrients and organic pollutants in the runoff deriving from car parks. Variabilities in the discharged pollutant levels and in the potentials for pollutant mitigation complicate an impact assessment of car park runoff. The different available stormwater best management practices and proprietary devices are reported to be capable of reductions of between 20% and almost 100% for both suspended solids and a range of metals. This review contributes to prioritising the treatment options which can achieve the appropriate pollutant reductions whilst conforming to the site requirements of a typical car park. By applying different treatment scenarios to the runoff from a hypothetical car park, it is shown that optimal performance, in terms of ecological benefits for the receiving water, can be achieved using a treatment train incorporating permeable paving and bioretention systems. The review identifies existing research gaps and emphasises the pertinent management practices as well as design issues which are relevant to the mitigation of car park pollution.
D. Michael Revitt; Lian Lundy; Frederic Coulon; Martin Fairley. The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 2014, 146, 552 -567.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, Lian Lundy, Frederic Coulon, Martin Fairley. The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014; 146 ():552-567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; Lian Lundy; Frederic Coulon; Martin Fairley. 2014. "The sources, impact and management of car park runoff pollution: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 146, no. : 552-567.
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging environmental pollutants, which, in addition to direct deposition processes, can find their way into surface soils through the agricultural application of sewage sludge and irrigation practices using contaminated wastewater. Therefore, it is important to assess the extent to which soils are able to retain PPCPs and to prevent their downward migration towards groundwaters.
D. Michael Revitt; Tamas Balogh; Huw Jones. Sorption behaviours and transport potentials for selected pharmaceuticals and triclosan in two sterilised soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2014, 15, 594 -606.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, Tamas Balogh, Huw Jones. Sorption behaviours and transport potentials for selected pharmaceuticals and triclosan in two sterilised soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2014; 15 (3):594-606.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; Tamas Balogh; Huw Jones. 2014. "Sorption behaviours and transport potentials for selected pharmaceuticals and triclosan in two sterilised soils." Journal of Soils and Sediments 15, no. 3: 594-606.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted from a variety of sources and can accumulate on and within surface soil layers. To investigate the level of potential risk posed by surface contaminated soils, vertical soil column experiments were conducted to assess the mobility, when leached with simulated rainwater, of six selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene) with contrasting hydrophobic characteristics and molecular weights/sizes. The only PAH found in the leachate within the experimental period of 26 days was naphthalene. The lack of migration of the other applied PAHs was consistent with their low mobilities within the soil columns which generally paralleled their log K oc values. Thus, only 2.3 % of fluoranthene, 1.8 % of pyrene, 0.2 % of benzo(e)pyrene and 0.4 % of benzo(ghi)perylene were translocated below the surface layer. The PAH distributions in the soil columns followed decreasing power relationships with 90 % reductions in the starting levels being shown to occur within a maximum average depth of 0.94 cm compared to an average starting depth of 0.5 cm. A simple predictive model identifies the extensive time periods, in excess of 10 years, required to mobilise 50 % of the benzo(e)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene from the surface soil layer. Although this reduces to between 2 and 7 years for fluoranthene and pyrene, it is concluded that the possibility of surface-applied PAHs reaching and contaminating a groundwater aquifer is unlikely.
D Michael Revitt; Tamas Balogh; Huw Jones. Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2013, 21, 4209 -4219.
AMA StyleD Michael Revitt, Tamas Balogh, Huw Jones. Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2013; 21 (6):4209-4219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD Michael Revitt; Tamas Balogh; Huw Jones. 2013. "Soil mobility of surface applied polyaromatic hydrocarbons in response to simulated rainfall." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, no. 6: 4209-4219.
The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires Member States to protect inland surface and groundwater bodies but does not directly stipulate how the associated environmental quality standards should be achieved. This paper develops and assesses the performance of a series of urban emission control strategies (ECS) with an emphasis on the scientific and technological benefits which can be achieved. Data from the literature, in combination with expert judgement, have been used to develop two different semi-hypothetical case cities (SHCC), which represent virtual platforms for the evaluation of ECS using substance flow analysis (SFA). The results indicate that the full implementation of existing EU legislation is capable of reducing the total emissions of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) by between 11% and 20%. The ability to apply voluntary reduction practices is shown to be particularly effective for Cd with the potential to further lower the overall emissions by between 16% and 27%. The most efficient protection of the receiving surface water environment is strongly influenced by the city characteristics with the introduction of stormwater treatment practices being particularly effective for one city (59% reduction of Hg; 39% reduction of Cd) and the other city being most influenced by the presence of efficient advanced wastewater treatment processes (63% reduction of Hg; 43% reduction of Cd). These reductions in receiving water loads are necessarily accompanied by either increases in stormwater sediment loadings (2.6-14.9 kg/year or 0.6-2.4 kg/year for Hg) or wastewater sludge loadings (45.8-57.2 kg/year or 42.0-57.4 kg/year for Cd).
D.M. Revitt; L. Lundy; E. Eriksson; C. Viavattene. Comparison of pollutant emission control strategies for cadmium and mercury in urban water systems using substance flow analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2013, 116, 172 -180.
AMA StyleD.M. Revitt, L. Lundy, E. Eriksson, C. Viavattene. Comparison of pollutant emission control strategies for cadmium and mercury in urban water systems using substance flow analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2013; 116 ():172-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.M. Revitt; L. Lundy; E. Eriksson; C. Viavattene. 2013. "Comparison of pollutant emission control strategies for cadmium and mercury in urban water systems using substance flow analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 116, no. : 172-180.
An increasing worldwide interest in water recycling technologies such as greywater treatment and reuse suggests that additional research to elucidate the fate of xenobiotics during such practices would be beneficial. In this paper, scenario analyses supported by empirical data are used for highlighting the potential fate of a selection of xenobiotic micropollutants in decentralised greywater treatment systems, and for investigation of the possible implications of greywater recycling for the wider urban water cycle. Potential potable water savings of up to 43% are predicted for greywater recycling based on Danish water use statistics and priority substance monitoring at a greywater treatment plant in Denmark. Adsorption represents an important mechanism for the removal of cadmium, nickel, lead and nonylphenol from influent greywater and therefore the disposal route adopted for the generated sludge can exert a major impact on the overall efficiency and environmental sustainability of greywater treatment.
D. Michael Revitt; Eva Eriksson; Erica Donner. The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads. Water Research 2011, 45, 1549 -1560.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, Eva Eriksson, Erica Donner. The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads. Water Research. 2011; 45 (4):1549-1560.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; Eva Eriksson; Erica Donner. 2011. "The implications of household greywater treatment and reuse for municipal wastewater flows and micropollutant loads." Water Research 45, no. 4: 1549-1560.
A wide range of household sources may potentially contribute to contaminant loads in domestic greywater. The ability of greywater treatment systems to act as emission control barriers for household micropollutants, thereby providing environmental benefits in addition to potable water savings, have not been fully explored. This paper investigates the sources, presence and potential fate of a selection of xenobiotic micropollutants in on-site greywater treatment systems. All of the investigated compounds are listed under the European Water Framework Directive as either “Priority Substances” (PS) or “Priority Hazardous Substances” (PHS). Significant knowledge gaps are identified. A wide range of potential treatment trains are available for greywater treatment and reuse but treatment efficiency data for priority substances and other micropollutants is very limited. Geochemical modelling indicates that PS/PHS removal during treatment is likely to be predominantly due to sludge/solid phase adsorption, with only minor contributions to the water phase. Many PS/PHS are resistant to biodegradation and as the majority of automated greywater treatment plants periodically discharge sludge to the municipal sewerage system, greywater treatment is unlikely to act as a comprehensive PS/PHS emission barrier. Hence, it is important to ensure that other source control options (e.g. eco-labeling, substance substitution, and regulatory controls) for household items continue to be pursued, in order that PS/PHS emissions from these sources are effectively reduced and/or phased out as required under the demands of the European Water Framework Directive.
Erica Donner; E. Eriksson; Dm. Revitt; L. Scholes; H-C Holten Lützhøft; A. Ledin. Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. Science of The Total Environment 2010, 408, 2444 -2451.
AMA StyleErica Donner, E. Eriksson, Dm. Revitt, L. Scholes, H-C Holten Lützhøft, A. Ledin. Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. Science of The Total Environment. 2010; 408 (12):2444-2451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErica Donner; E. Eriksson; Dm. Revitt; L. Scholes; H-C Holten Lützhøft; A. Ledin. 2010. "Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems." Science of The Total Environment 408, no. 12: 2444-2451.
The paper explores the application of a unit area loading (UAL) approach to address the requirements of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) and the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) for the identification and quantification of diffuse urban pollution sources. The UAL approach defines the spatial distribution of pollutant loadings within an urban catchment as a basis for the assessment of in-stream hazards and the implementation of source control BMP measures. Calculated annual outflow concentrations for a specific catchment for two pollutants, zinc and hydrocarbons, illustrate the different levels of dilution/control, which can be required to achieve receiving water quality standards and objectives. Methodological issues relating to traditional volume-concentration probabilistic modelling on which the UAL approach is based are discussed, and the application of the UAL approach to non-point diffuse pollution load management is reviewed.
J. Bryan Ellis; D. Michael Revitt. Quantifying Diffuse Pollution Sources and Loads for Environmental Quality Standards in Urban Catchments. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 2008, 8, 577 -585.
AMA StyleJ. Bryan Ellis, D. Michael Revitt. Quantifying Diffuse Pollution Sources and Loads for Environmental Quality Standards in Urban Catchments. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus. 2008; 8 (5-6):577-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Bryan Ellis; D. Michael Revitt. 2008. "Quantifying Diffuse Pollution Sources and Loads for Environmental Quality Standards in Urban Catchments." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 8, no. 5-6: 577-585.
This report describes the development of a methodology to theoretically assess the effectiveness of structural BMPs with regard to their treatment of selected stormwater pollutants (metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and herbicides). The result is a prioritisation, in terms of pollutant removal efficiency, of 15 different BMPs which can inform stormwater managers and other stakeholders of the best available options for the treatment of urban runoff pollutants of particular environmental concern. Regardless of the selected pollutant, infiltration basins and sub-surface flow constructed wetlands are predicted to perform most efficiently with lagoons, porous asphalt and sedimentation tanks being the least effective systems for the removal of pollutants. The limitations of the approach in terms of the variabilities in BMP designs and applications are considered.
D. Michael Revitt; Lian Scholes; J. Bryan Ellis. A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution. Water Science and Technology 2008, 57, 1257 -1264.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, Lian Scholes, J. Bryan Ellis. A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution. Water Science and Technology. 2008; 57 (8):1257-1264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; Lian Scholes; J. Bryan Ellis. 2008. "A pollutant removal prediction tool for stormwater derived diffuse pollution." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8: 1257-1264.
Two different experimental techniques employing conservative tracers to determine exfiltration losses in a sewer system are reported. Both techniques compare the in-sewer responses measured along designated indicator and reference sections to assess the level of exfiltration although with different degrees o
D. Michael Revitt; J. Bryan Ellis; Nikolaos Paterakis. Comparison of tracer techniques for monitoring sewer losses. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2006, 8, 564 -571.
AMA StyleD. Michael Revitt, J. Bryan Ellis, Nikolaos Paterakis. Comparison of tracer techniques for monitoring sewer losses. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 2006; 8 (5):564-571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Michael Revitt; J. Bryan Ellis; Nikolaos Paterakis. 2006. "Comparison of tracer techniques for monitoring sewer losses." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8, no. 5: 564-571.
This paper presents the outcome of an inventory of planted wetland systems in the UK which are classified according to land use type and are all examples of sustainable drainage systems. The introduction of constructed wetlands to treat surface runoff essentially followed a 1997 Environment Agency for England and Wales report advocating the use of “soft engineered” facilities including wetlands in the context of sustainable development and Agenda 21. Subsequently published reports by the UK Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) have promoted the potential benefits to both developer and the community of adopting constructed wetlands and other vegetated systems as a sustainable drainage approach. In addition, the UK Environment Agency and Highways Agency (HA) have recently published their own design criteria and requirements for vegetative control and treatment of road runoff. A case study of the design and performance of a constructed wetland system for the treatment of road runoff is discussed. The performance of these systems will be assessed in terms of their design criteria, runoff loadings as well as vegetation and structure maintenance procedures. The differing design approaches in guidance documents published in the UK by the Environment Agency, CIRIA and HA will also be evaluated.
B. Shutes; J.B. Ellis; D.M. Revitt; L.N.L. Scholes. Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems. Water Science and Technology 2005, 51, 31 -37.
AMA StyleB. Shutes, J.B. Ellis, D.M. Revitt, L.N.L. Scholes. Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems. Water Science and Technology. 2005; 51 (9):31-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. Shutes; J.B. Ellis; D.M. Revitt; L.N.L. Scholes. 2005. "Constructed wetlands in UK urban surface drainage systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 9: 31-37.
Exfiltration from sewers is widespread and emerging legislation may require water service providers to identify, and rectify, its sources in sewerage systems. This paper describes exfiltration test apparatus and a series of experiments undertaken using sewage to gain a better understanding of the influence of sewage solids and sediments on leakage rates. An overview of the results obtained is given, which demonstrates that most previous estimates of exfiltration leakage rates were too high due to a lack of appreciation of the “self-repairing” action of sewage and sewage associated solids. Exfiltration rates of 0.1% of the sewer flow or 0.001 l/s have been recorded for defects up to 6 mm wide.
D.J. Blackwood; J.B. Ellis; D.M. Revitt; D.J. Gilmour. Factors influencing exfiltration processes in sewers. Water Science and Technology 2005, 51, 147 -154.
AMA StyleD.J. Blackwood, J.B. Ellis, D.M. Revitt, D.J. Gilmour. Factors influencing exfiltration processes in sewers. Water Science and Technology. 2005; 51 (2):147-154.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.J. Blackwood; J.B. Ellis; D.M. Revitt; D.J. Gilmour. 2005. "Factors influencing exfiltration processes in sewers." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2: 147-154.
The performances of two different highway runoff treatment systems, a horizontal subsurface flow-constructed wetland and a vegetated balancing pond, are described. Both systems have been assessed by collecting inlet and outlet grab samples during wet and dry weather conditions, and automatically controlled storm event samples have been obtained for the constructed wetland. Removal efficiencies are discussed for BOD (grab samples only), suspended solids, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate and sulphate, and explanations are offered for the trends observed under different weather conditions. The large variabilities in the removal efficiencies derived for both treatment systems, based on the analyses of grab samples, make accurate comparisons of the performances difficult and also raise concerns about using this type of sampling approach for this purpose. Treatment systems are required to function satisfactorily during the increased inlet loadings experienced during storm events, and this is shown to be the case for the constructed wetland for the majority of the monitored pollutants. The large removal efficiency ranges for five separate storm events, exhibited by Cu and Pb, are discussed and compared to the other monitored pollutants which showed positive median wet weather removal efficiencies of between 43% and 85%. Despite the existence of performance fluctuations, the generally low monitored inlet concentrations in the highway runoff indicated that the pond discharges did not threaten the environmental quality of the receiving waters.
D.M. Revitt; R.B.E. Shutes; Huw Jones; M. Forshaw; B. Winter. The performances of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet conditions. Science of The Total Environment 2004, 334-335, 261 -270.
AMA StyleD.M. Revitt, R.B.E. Shutes, Huw Jones, M. Forshaw, B. Winter. The performances of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet conditions. Science of The Total Environment. 2004; 334-335 ():261-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.M. Revitt; R.B.E. Shutes; Huw Jones; M. Forshaw; B. Winter. 2004. "The performances of vegetative treatment systems for highway runoff during dry and wet conditions." Science of The Total Environment 334-335, no. : 261-270.
The biodegradabilities of glycol- and acetate-based aircraft de-icing fluids on airport surfaces have been investigated at three temperatures between 0°C and 10°C. The aqueous solubilities of these substances can result in high BOD loadings in runoff and pose serious toxicity problems in receiving waters. The measured surface biodegradation rates for de-icing products based on ethylene/diethylene glycol (Konsin), propylene glycol (Kilfrost) and potassium acetate (Clearway) at 4°C were 0.082, 0.073 and 0.033 day-1. The resulting reductions in the potential BOD loadings, of a single application of a typical mixture of these products, over a 5 day biodegradation period are predicted to be 32.9%, 30.2% and 21.4%, respectively at 8°C, 4°C and 1°C. For consecutive daily applications, the comparable cumulative reductions over 5 days are 20.8%, 18.9% and 13.3%. The subsequent savings in the amount of treatment required for airport runoff prior to safe discharge to receiving waters are discussed and hence the relevance of surface biodegradation processes to the design of stormwater treatment systems involving the wash-off of biodegradable pollutants following retention on urban surfaces.
D.M. Revitt; P. Worrall. Low temperature biodegradation of airport de-icing fluids. Water Science and Technology 2003, 48, 103 -111.
AMA StyleD.M. Revitt, P. Worrall. Low temperature biodegradation of airport de-icing fluids. Water Science and Technology. 2003; 48 (9):103-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.M. Revitt; P. Worrall. 2003. "Low temperature biodegradation of airport de-icing fluids." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9: 103-111.
A new surface runoff treatment system has been designed for London Heathrow Airport, which incorporates separate floating constructed wetlands or reedbeds and sub-surface flow constructed wetlands as major pollutant removal systems. The primary requirement of the newly developed treatment system is to control the concentrations of glycols following their use as de-icers and anti-icers within the airport. The ability of reedbeds to contribute to this treatment role was fully tested through pilot scale, on-site experiments over a 2 year period. The average reductions in runoff BOD concentrations achieved by pilot scale surface flow and sub-surface flow reedbeds were 30.9% and 32.9%, respectively. The corresponding average glycol removal efficiencies were 54.2% and 78.3%, following shock dosing inputs. These treatment performances are used to predict the required full scale constructed wetland surface areas needed to attain the desired effluent water quality. The treatment system also incorporates aeration, storage and, combined with reedbed technology, has been designed to reduce a mixed inlet BOD concentration of 240 mg/l to less than 40 mg/l for water temperatures varying between 6°C and 20°C.
D.M. Revitt; P. Worrall; D. Brewer. The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff. Water Science and Technology 2001, 44, 469 -476.
AMA StyleD.M. Revitt, P. Worrall, D. Brewer. The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff. Water Science and Technology. 2001; 44 (11-12):469-476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD.M. Revitt; P. Worrall; D. Brewer. 2001. "The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12: 469-476.
D M Revitt; P Worral; D Brewer. The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff. Water Science and Technology 2001, 44, 1 .
AMA StyleD M Revitt, P Worral, D Brewer. The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff. Water Science and Technology. 2001; 44 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD M Revitt; P Worral; D Brewer. 2001. "The integration of constructed wetlands into a treatment system for airport runoff." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11: 1.