The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is one of the most conserved proteins and a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that plays a role in the folding, remodeling, and degradation of various proteins to maintain proteostasis. It has been shown that HSP70 is abundantly expressed in cancer and enhances tumor resistance to radiotherapy by inhibiting multiple apoptotic pathways, such as interfering with the cellular senescence program, promoting angiogenesis, and supporting metastasis. Thus, HSP70 provides an effective target for enhancing the effects of radiation therapy in the clinical management of cancer patients. Inhibition of HSP70 enhances the radiation-induced tumor-killing effect and thus improves the efficacy of radiotherapy. This article reviews the sensitivity of Hsp70 and its related inhibitors to radiotherapy of tumor cells.

Cisplatin is a highly effective broad-spectrum anticancer drug, but its severe ototoxicity limits its clinical application. Cisplatin ototoxicity is mainly manifested as irreversible hearing loss, and its mechanism involves various pathways such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. In recent years, natural polyphenols have shown great potential in combating cisplatin ototoxicity due to their powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.A variety of polyphenolic compounds, such as resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, etc., can effectively attenuate the damage of cisplatin on Corti organs, spiral ganglion neurons and vascular striatum by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors, and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In addition, some polyphenols can enhance the anti-tumour effect while antagonizing ototoxicity.Although polyphenols show good application prospects in the prevention and treatment of cisplatin ototoxicity, there are still some problems that need to be solved, such as the low bioavailability of polyphenols, the mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated, the optimal dosing regimen has not yet been determined, whether there is any superimposed effect of combining the various types of polyphenols, and whether the oral polyphenols can exert an otoprotective effect through the regulation of the intestinal flora through the intestinal-auricular axis.This study provides new insights into polyphenols as potential drug candidates for CIO by summarising the cytotoxic mechanisms of cisplatin and the mechanism of action of polyphenols targeting these mechanisms in order to retard the progression of CIO. It provides new ideas and approaches for the next step focusing on the development of highly effective and low-toxic polyphenols for clinical control of cisplatin ototoxicity.

As global plastic pollution continues to intensify, micro- and nanoplastics have emerged as novel environmental pollutants threatening human health. These particles enter the human body through dietary ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact,accumulating within the gastrointestinal tract. Their disruption of the intestinal microbiota has become a recent research focus. Studies indicate that micro- and nanoplastics can interfere with the normal mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis via neural, immune, and endocrine pathways, thereby inducing or exacerbating diseases. This paper reviews the exposure pathways and intestinal accumulation characteristics of micro- and nanoplastics in humans, the composition of normal gut microbiota and their metabolic products, elucidates the functional pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the potential impacts of microplastics upon entering the human body, and summarises the current research status, limitations, and future prospects.

Obesity is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease Adiponectin, an adipokine with cardioprotective effects, exhibits significant sex differences, with higher plasma levels observed in women. However, the mechanistic basis of this sex difference and its pathophysiological significance in obesity-related cardiovascular disease require further elucidation. This review systematically examines the gender-specific pathways ranging from gonadotropins to adiponectin expression and signalling, as well as how dysregulation of these pathways in the context of obesity leads to cardiac damage. We propose that dysfunction of epicardial adipose tissue acts as a key hub, with local inflammation and alterations in adipokine signalling exacerbating coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial fibrosis and arrhythmias. Furthermore, we have examined the clinical conundrum known as the adiponectin paradox in advanced cardiometabolic diseases. In summary, a deeper understanding of the gender dimorphism of adiponectin is crucial for recognising gender-specific susceptibilities and may provide a strategic basis for future approaches to addressing obesity-mediated cardiovascular complications.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycaemia, having become one of the most prevalent diseases globally. Type 2 diabetes constitutes the most common form amongst diabetic patients. As the condition progresses, patients typically require long-term medication, imposing significant burdens on daily life. Prolonged treatment is liable to trigger psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment, which exerts an adverse impact on the long-term management and prognosis of the condition. In recent years, the association between the gut microbiota and diabetes has been increasingly recognised, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) playing a significant role. Consequently, this review primarily explores the role of gut microbiota in psychological disorders amongst patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), briefly outlines the association between T2DM and psychological disorders. This article also discusses various therapeutic interventions aimed at alleviating psychological symptoms in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), including pharmacological treatments such as GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and DPP-4 inhibitors, which not only show potential in regulating blood glucose but also have beneficial effects on mood health. Furthermore, we emphasise lifestyle interventions as an adjunctive approach, which provides a positive impact on improving psychological well-being. This review comprehensively outlines the mechanisms linking T2DM and psychological disorders, offering clinicians a thorough overview of the subject and valuable reference material.

Importance: Colorectal adenomas (CRAs) are the primary precancerous lesions in the development of colorectal cancer; establishing a simple, cost-effective and non-invasive tool for distinguishing adenomatous from non-neoplastic polyps in patients already scheduled for or undergoing endoscopy is of great significance for risk stratification. Objective: To investigate the association between peripheral blood metabolic and inflammatory markers and the risk of colorectal adenomas, and to develop a personalised risk prediction model for distinguishing adenomatous from non-neoplastic polyps in patients already scheduled for or undergoing endoscopy. Design, setting, and participants: This study was a single-centre retrospective case-control study conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University. The study included 2,437 patients with colorectal polyps who underwent endoscopic resection between January 2020 and December 2025. Exposures: Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and peripheral blood biochemical markers, with a particular focus on the triglyceride-to-glucose (TyG) ratio and markers of systemic inflammation. Main outcomes and measure: Patients with colorectal adenomas confirmed by histopathology. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: The study included 2,437 participants (mean age 58.57 years; 1,323 men [54.29%]), patients in the adenoma group (n=1,584) were significantly older and had a higher proportion of men compared with the control group (n=853). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex (OR, 1.621; 95% CI, 1.269-2.074), age ≥56.5 years (OR, 1.868; 95% CI, 1.515-2.205) and a TyG index ≥8.562 (OR, 1.271; 95% CI, 1.015-1.590) were independent risk factors for the development of colorectal adenomas. The AUC of this predictive model was 0.631 and 0.607 in the training and validation sets, respectively, indicates moderate discriminatory power. The model is well calibrated; analysis of the decision curve shows that, across a range of threshold probabilities, the model yields a positive net benefit compared with strategies involving either universal treatment or universal non-treatment. Conclusions and relevance: The findings suggest that male gender, advanced age and an elevated TyG index are independently associated with the risk of colorectal adenomas. The non-invasive nomogram developed in this study provides a simple risk stratification tool to aid in distinguishing adenomatous from non-neoplastic polyps in patients already scheduled for or undergoing endoscopy.