The common prevalent diseases in the age of 0 to 6 are related to urinary tract infections. If not properly diagnosed, they will lead to urological and nephrological complications. Uropathogens are developing resistance against most drugs and are harder to treat. A study was done on the inpatients and outpatients of the two hospitals located in Lahore. A total of 39,750 samples that were both male and female were collected. Escherichia and Klebsiella were found in 234 samples based on biochemical characterization, growth on CLED agar, and white blood cell/pus cell (WBC) microscopy. In comparison to males, female samples had a higher number of uropathogens (1:1.29). From the samples of Shaikh Zayed Hospital (SZH), the ratio of Klebsiella to Escherichia (1:1.93) was reported, while this ratio was 1.84:1 from the Children Hospital (CH). The incidence of UTI was higher in the month of September. Randomly selected Escherichia and Klebsiella were verified via a 16S rRNA sequence. Antibiotic resistance profiling of isolated bacterial strains was done against 23 antibiotics. The most efficient antibiotics against Klebsiella and Escherichia were colistin sulphate (100% sensitivity against bacteria from CH; 99.3% against strains from SZH) and polymyxin B (100% sensitivity against strains from SZH; 98.8% against strains from CH). Sensitivity of the total tested strains against meropenem (74%, SZH; 70% CH), Fosfomycin (68%, SZH; 73% CH strains), amikacin (74% SZH; 55% CH), and nitrofurantoin (71% SZH;67% CH) was found, Amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefuroxime showed 100 to ≥90% resistance and are the least effective.

Goats play a vital role in the economy of common man. It acts as pivotal point in the uplift of socio-economic status of females. The goats are such delicate and fragile animals that encounter a lot of infectious and non-infectious diseases including viruses, bacteria and gastrointestinal parasites (GIP). The goat being a range animal is selective feeder. It needs a lot of managemental practices which safeguards its health. This chapter focuses on management, impact of gastrointestinal parasites, role of intestinal immunity, various breeds reared in Pakistan, role of plant based phytochemicals to treat against GIT parasites and various models to predict the status of health in animals.

Tuberculosis, Community, Rifampicin, Pharmaceutical Research, Lipopeptides, Oxazolidinones, Sustainable Development Goals

Purpose: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the environmental–human interface of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by investigating drug-resistant bacteria in hospital air and the nasal microbiota of healthcare personnel across four tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan. Material and Methods: A total of 80 samples (40 aerosol samples and 40 nasal swabs) were collected and analyzed using culture-based microbiological identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute-guided disc diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen representative β-lactam–resistant isolates for key resistance genes, including blaZ, blaI, CTX-M, and SHV. Results: Bacterial isolates were categorized into three ecological groups: environment-exclusive strains (eg, Escherichia coli detected only in aerosols and viridans streptococci detected only in nasal samples), co-existing strains prevalent in both niches (notably Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), and strains showing marked differential prevalence between environments (eg, Serratia marcescens predominant in aerosols and Enterococcus spp. in nasal samples). A high proportion of isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, consistent with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes, while resistance patterns suggestive of extensive drug resistance were observed in selected isolates. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of clinically relevant β-lactamase genes, including blaZ/blaI in aerosol-derived S. aureus and CTX-M/SHV in nasal Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that hospital air acts as not only a reservoir for environmental pathogens but also a potential conduit for microbial exchange with healthcare personnel. Therefore, integrated infection control strategies incorporating air quality management and personnel surveillance are essential. As the interpretation of the findings is limited by the cross-sectional design and reliance on culture-based methods, future studies should include longitudinal and molecular-based approaches. Plain Language Summary: Why was this study done? The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a serious and growing threat to global health. Hospitals cater to many people who are at high risk of infection, and healthcare workers are routinely exposed to antibiotic-resistant bacteria during their daily work. We tried to understand whether hospital air and healthcare staff themselves may contribute to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within hospital environments. What did the researchers do and find? We collected samples from hospital air and from the nose of 40 healthcare workers across four major hospitals in Pakistan. We identified the bacteria present and tested which antibiotics were still effective against them. We found that some bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, were detected both in the air and among healthcare workers, suggesting possible movement between the environment and staff. Many of these bacteria showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, which can make infections harder to treat. We also identified specific genes that explain why these bacteria are resistant. What do these results mean? Our findings suggest that hospital air and healthcare workers are part of a connected system in which antibiotic-resistant bacteria can circulate. This highlights the importance of protecting both patients and healthcare staff. In addition to surface cleaning, hospitals may benefit from broader infection control strategies, such as improved air management and routine staff monitoring, to reduce the risk of transmission.

Introduction: According to the WHO, post-COVID-19 sequelae impose an increased burden of illness and comorbidities among survivors. The present study evaluated systemic clinical complications associated with the dysregulation of circulatory cytokines in post-COVID-19 patients and compared them with those of healthy controls. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 147 participants divided into symptomatic post-COVID-19, asymptomatic post-COVID-19, and healthy control groups. After obtaining informed consent, peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA and RT-qPCR. Circulating levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL1β, TNFα) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured in relation to clinical sequelae. Results: Common symptoms were fatigue (48%), headache (48%), anxiety (64%), general weakness (70%), muscle pain (70%), joint pain (54%), chest pain (32%), dyspnea (36%), and post-activity tachypnea (40%) among post COVID-19 individulas. A higher prevalence of post-COVID-19 sequelae was observed in females aged >40 years and in those with a post-COVID-19 duration of <30 months. ELISA showed higher levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 in post-COVID-19 patients than in controls (p < 0.01). RT-qPCR revealed upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 mRNA, which correlated with post-COVID-19 sequelae (p < 0.01). Discussion: Older age and shorter duration of post-COVID-19 are associated with more symptom burden, implying incomplete immune recovery during early convalescence. Elevated IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 levels indicate persistent immune dysregulation, supporting the view that post-COVID-19 is a chronic inflammatory state with clinical effects. Conclusion: IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10 are dysregulated in post-COVID-19 systemic sequelae, and longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand and potentially reduce this dysregulation in post-COVID-19.