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Flemming Ekelund
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark

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Journal article
Published: 21 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and the effort for nature conservation and restoration and the allocation of economic resources for biodiversity policies remain insufficient. In such a context, volunteers can play an important role as a resource in nature conservation projects if their recreational activities interact with the objectives of nature management. In recent years, the number of volunteers in conservation work has increased in Denmark, with more people volunteering to contribute to nature conservation projects. Ensuring that volunteers remain motivated and engaged is crucial for the success of such conservation projects. In this study, we evaluated the motivation among members of grazing organizations, an activity that represents the most prominent voluntary nature conservation initiative in Denmark. We applied an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and an ordinal regression to analyze survey data from 25 Danish grazing organizations. We found that five motivational factors determine the engagement of the volunteers, namely social, nature value, instrumental, identification, and personal benefit. Whereas the social, nature value and personal benefit are factors also identified in the existing literature, the instrumental and identification factors add new perspectives to the motivation of environmental volunteers. We found that place attachment is an important driver, and that the chairpersons/coordinators of the grazing organizations especially emphasized the sharing of values and knowledge with their members as a driver. Lastly, volunteers were reluctant to support the idea of forming a more formal setup in terms of a “grazing organization union”.

ACS Style

Sari Madsen; Flemming Ekelund; Niels Strange; Jesper Schou. Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8163 .

AMA Style

Sari Madsen, Flemming Ekelund, Niels Strange, Jesper Schou. Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sari Madsen; Flemming Ekelund; Niels Strange; Jesper Schou. 2021. "Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8163.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Environmental and Experimental Botany
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The root microbiota is crucial for plant productivity and stress tolerance. Still, our understanding of the factors that structure these microbial communities is limited, and we lack a theoretical framework to predict their assemblage and interactions. Here, we used rice as a model system to explore the hypothesis that microbiomes from specific environments enhance plant tolerance to salinity. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to track salinity-induced changes in microbiomes of plants inoculated with either a rice field microbiome, or a halotolerant microbiome, compared to only the seed microbiome. We found that, at salinities higher than 1.1 % plant growth was severely impeded. Nevertheless, at 0.11 % and 0.35 % salinity, plants inoculated with rice field and halotolerant microbiomes displayed enhanced shoot and root biomass, when compared to plants surviving only with the seed microbiome. Rice field microbiome had the highest plant growth-promoting effect and was the only treatment that promoted growth at 0.35 % salinity. The salinity effects on bacterial composition and alpha diversity were more pronounced for plants that relied only on the seed microbiome. The root-associated compartments harboured distinct microbiomes, but salinity explained most of the variation observed. Rice plants interacted with the rice field and halotolerant microbiomes to shape rhizosphere microbial community composition and the co-occurrence patterns, supporting plant growth at higher salinity. Assemblages of the halotolerant microbiome promoted similar network structures between the different salinity treatments, when compared to the other inoculations. Moreover, salinity responsive and keystone bacteria were taxonomically diverse and responded in guilds of taxa to the salinity levels. We conclude that both specialized inoculations differ greatly in how they influence the plant microbiome and that plant growth at higher salinity levels was associated with a denser and more complex root microbial community.

ACS Style

Susana Silva Santos; Klara Andrés Rask; Mette Vestergård; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Anders Priemé; Tobias Guldberg Frøslev; Ana M. Martín González; Huan He; Flemming Ekelund. Specialized microbiomes facilitate natural rhizosphere microbiome interactions counteracting high salinity stress in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2021, 186, 104430 .

AMA Style

Susana Silva Santos, Klara Andrés Rask, Mette Vestergård, Jesper Liengaard Johansen, Anders Priemé, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, Ana M. Martín González, Huan He, Flemming Ekelund. Specialized microbiomes facilitate natural rhizosphere microbiome interactions counteracting high salinity stress in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2021; 186 ():104430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Susana Silva Santos; Klara Andrés Rask; Mette Vestergård; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Anders Priemé; Tobias Guldberg Frøslev; Ana M. Martín González; Huan He; Flemming Ekelund. 2021. "Specialized microbiomes facilitate natural rhizosphere microbiome interactions counteracting high salinity stress in plants." Environmental and Experimental Botany 186, no. : 104430.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Forests
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Return of wood ash from power plants to plantations makes it possible to recycle nutrients, counteract acidification, and to reduce economically costly waste deposition of the wood ash. However, current legislation restricts the amount of wood ash that can be applied and it is desirable to increase the allowed application dose, if possible, without negative effects on the plantation ecosystems. Here, we applied wood ash in levels corresponding to 0, 3, 9, 15, 30, and 90 t ash ha−1 and monitored the effect of the different ash doses on bryophytes in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantation with a dense bryophyte cover dominated by Hypnum jutlandicum, Dicranum scoparium, and Pleurozium schreberi. We used two complementary methods, image analysis, and pinpoint registration during a three-year period. To our knowledge, we are the first to apply this combined effort, which provides a much more exhaustive description of the effects than the use of each method separately. Moreover, the inclusion of a wide range of different wood ash levels enabled us to establish detailed dose-response relationships, which previous authors have not presented. The bryophyte cover decreased with increasing ash level with concomitant changes in species composition. At ash doses above the currently allowed 3 t ha−1, the ash significantly reduced the bryophyte cover, which only re-established very slowly. With increasing wood ash dose, the dominating species changed to Brachythecium rutabulum, Ceratodon purpureus, and Funaria hygrometrica. We conclude that application of more wood ash in spruce plantations than currently allowed will reduce total cover of bryophytes and cause a pronounced change in bryophyte species composition. These changes will in particular harm bryophyte species with specific environmental requirements and generally impair the bryophyte cover as habitat for invertebrates and its economic value for moss harvesting.

ACS Style

Ditte Ethelberg-Findsen; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. Wood Ash Application Reduces Bryophyte Cover and Changes Species Composition in a Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Plantation. Forests 2021, 12, 178 .

AMA Style

Ditte Ethelberg-Findsen, Regin Rønn, Flemming Ekelund. Wood Ash Application Reduces Bryophyte Cover and Changes Species Composition in a Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Plantation. Forests. 2021; 12 (2):178.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ditte Ethelberg-Findsen; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. 2021. "Wood Ash Application Reduces Bryophyte Cover and Changes Species Composition in a Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Plantation." Forests 12, no. 2: 178.

Protocol
Published: 17 March 2020 in Plants
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To understand and manipulate the interactions between plants and microorganisms, sterile seeds are a necessity. The seed microbiome (inside and surface microorganisms) is unknown for most plant species and seed-borne microorganisms can persist and transfer to the seedling and rhizosphere, thereby obscuring the effects that purposely introduced microorganisms have on plants. This necessitates that these unidentified, seed-borne microorganisms are removed before seeds are used for studies on plant–microbiome interactions. Unfortunately, there is no single, standardized protocol for seed sterilization, hampering progress in experimental plant growth promotion and our study shows that commonly applied sterilization protocols for barley grains using H2O2, NaClO, and AgNO3 yielded insufficient sterilization. We therefore developed a sterilization protocol with AgNO3 by testing several concentrations of AgNO3 and added two additional steps: Soaking the grains in water before the sterilization and rinsing with salt water (1% (w/w) NaCl) after the sterilization. The most efficient sterilization protocol was to soak the grains, sterilize with 10% (w/w) AgNO3, and to rinse with salt water. By following those three steps, 97% of the grains had no culturable, viable microorganism after 21 days based on microscopic inspection. The protocol left small quantities of AgNO3 residue on the grain, maintained germination percentage similar to unsterilized grains, and plant biomass was unaltered. Hence, our protocol using AgNO3 can be used successfully for experiments on plant–microbiome interactions.

ACS Style

Victoria Munkager; Mette Vestergård; Anders Priemé; Andreas Altenburger; Eva De Visser; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Flemming Ekelund. AgNO3 Sterilizes Grains of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) without Inhibiting Germination—A Necessary Tool for Plant–Microbiome Research. Plants 2020, 9, 372 .

AMA Style

Victoria Munkager, Mette Vestergård, Anders Priemé, Andreas Altenburger, Eva De Visser, Jesper Liengaard Johansen, Flemming Ekelund. AgNO3 Sterilizes Grains of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) without Inhibiting Germination—A Necessary Tool for Plant–Microbiome Research. Plants. 2020; 9 (3):372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Victoria Munkager; Mette Vestergård; Anders Priemé; Andreas Altenburger; Eva De Visser; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Flemming Ekelund. 2020. "AgNO3 Sterilizes Grains of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) without Inhibiting Germination—A Necessary Tool for Plant–Microbiome Research." Plants 9, no. 3: 372.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2020 in FEMS Microbiology Ecology
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Recycling of wood ash from energy production may counteract soil acidification and return essential nutrients to soils. However, wood ash amendment affects soil physicochemical parameters that control composition and functional expression of the soil microbial community. Here, we applied total RNA sequencing to simultaneously assess the impact of wood ash amendment on the active soil microbial communities and the expression of functional genes from all microbial taxa. Wood ash significantly affected the taxonomic (rRNA) as well as functional (mRNA) profiles of both agricultural and forest soil. Increase in pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved organic carbon and phosphate were the most important physicochemical drivers for the observed changes. Wood ash amendment increased the relative abundance of the copiotrophic groups Chitinonophagaceae (Bacteroidetes) and Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) and resulted in higher expression of genes involved in metabolism and cell growth. Finally, total RNA sequencing allowed us to show that some groups of bacterial feeding protozoa increased concomitantly to the enhanced bacterial growth, which shows their pivotal role in the regulation of bacterial abundance in soil.

ACS Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen; Muhammad Zohaib Anwar; Anders Lanzén; Rasmus Kjøller; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Total RNA sequencing reveals multilevel microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2020, 96, 1 .

AMA Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen, Muhammad Zohaib Anwar, Anders Lanzén, Rasmus Kjøller, Regin Rønn, Flemming Ekelund, Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Total RNA sequencing reveals multilevel microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2020; 96 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen; Muhammad Zohaib Anwar; Anders Lanzén; Rasmus Kjøller; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. 2020. "Total RNA sequencing reveals multilevel microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 96, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Wood ash, the by-product of biomass combustion to energy, can return important nutrients back to the soil and counteract acidification. However, the application of wood ash may affect the emission of greenhouse gases. Here, the effect of wood ash application on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from different soil environments were investigated in a 40 days incubation experiment comprising ten different soil types amended with five different wood ash concentrations (0, 3, 9, 20, and 54 t ash ha−1). The emitted N2O was measured continuously, and initial soil properties without ash application (carbon (C), nitrogen (N), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), and pH) and resulting soil properties (pH, NH4+, and NO3−) were measured prior and after the incubation period, respectively. The Random Forests (RF) model was used to identify which factors (initial and resulting soil properties, vegetation, management, wood ash doze, and respiration rate) were the most important to predict the development of emitted N2O after ash application. Wood ash either increased, decreased, or had no effect on the amount of emitted N2O depending on soil type and ash dose. The RF model identified the final resulting pH as the most important factor for the prediction of emitted N2O. The results suggest that wood ash can mitigate N2O emissions from soil, however, this effect depends on soil type where a mitigating effect of wood ash application was observed mainly in low pH soils with high soil organic matter whereas an increase in N2O emissions was observed in mineral soils that had previously received N fertilization. This study emphasises the importance of pH manipulation in regards to N2O emissions from soil.

ACS Style

Marie Louise Bornø; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. Is wood ash amendment a suitable mitigation strategy for N2O emissions from soil? Science of The Total Environment 2020, 713, 136581 .

AMA Style

Marie Louise Bornø, Regin Rønn, Flemming Ekelund. Is wood ash amendment a suitable mitigation strategy for N2O emissions from soil? Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 713 ():136581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marie Louise Bornø; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. 2020. "Is wood ash amendment a suitable mitigation strategy for N2O emissions from soil?" Science of The Total Environment 713, no. : 136581.

Preprint
Published: 30 April 2019
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Recycling of wood ash from energy production may counteract soil acidification and return essential nutrients to soils. However, wood ash amendment affects soil physicochemical parameters that control composition and functional expression of the soil microbial community. Here, we applied Total RNA-sequencing to simultaneously assess the impact of wood ash amendment on the active soil microbial communities and the expression of functional genes from all microbial taxa. Wood ash significantly affected the taxonomic (rRNA) as well as functional (mRNA) profiles of both agricultural and forest soil. Increase in pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved organic carbon and phosphate were the most important physicochemical drivers for the observed changes. Wood ash amendment increased the relative abundance of the copiotrophic groups Chitinonophagaceae (Bacteroidetes) and Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) and resulted in higher expression of genes involved in metabolism and cell growth. Finally, Total RNA-sequencing allowed us to show that some groups of bacterial feeding protozoa increased concomitantly to the enhanced bacterial growth, which shows their pivotal role in the regulation of bacterial abundance in soil.

ACS Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen; Muhammad Zohaib Anwar; Anders Lanźen; Rasmus Kjøller; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Total RNA-sequencing reveals multi-level microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil. 2019, 621557 .

AMA Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen, Muhammad Zohaib Anwar, Anders Lanźen, Rasmus Kjøller, Regin Rønn, Flemming Ekelund, Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Total RNA-sequencing reveals multi-level microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil. . 2019; ():621557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Toke Bang-Andreasen; Muhammad Zohaib Anwar; Anders Lanźen; Rasmus Kjøller; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. 2019. "Total RNA-sequencing reveals multi-level microbial community changes and functional responses to wood ash application in agricultural and forest soil." , no. : 621557.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Environmental and Experimental Botany
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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals found in soil. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to reduce Cd-translocation in plants by immobilising Cd in the root system. The effect of mycorrhiza on plant Cd-uptake is usually studied in simple systems with single strains of mycorrhizal fungi and few levels of Cd. Here we studied how a wide range of soil Cd concentrations affected plant AM-colonisation, and how the species-specific differences in AM-colonisation affected uptake, translocation, and toxicity of Cd in plants in a system with naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi. Six plant species were grown in pots in a greenhouse across seven levels of Cd, which made it possible to model dose-response curves, and calculate EC50 for each plant species. We found a remarkable trend where Cd at moderate levels stimulated mycorrhizal colonisation until a certain threshold where the symbiosis breaks down. Our results support the existence of a protective effect of AM fungi against Cd, as the symbiosis reduces Cd-translocation to shoots, especially in plants with very high AM-colonisation. Thus, we conclude that it is the combination of plant species and AM colonisation that determines Cd uptake in plants. AM is therefore an essential trait to consider when growing plants in Cd-polluted soil.

ACS Style

Klara Andrés Rask; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Rasmus Kjøller; Flemming Ekelund. Differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation influence cadmium uptake in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2019, 162, 223 -229.

AMA Style

Klara Andrés Rask, Jesper Liengaard Johansen, Rasmus Kjøller, Flemming Ekelund. Differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation influence cadmium uptake in plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2019; 162 ():223-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Klara Andrés Rask; Jesper Liengaard Johansen; Rasmus Kjøller; Flemming Ekelund. 2019. "Differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation influence cadmium uptake in plants." Environmental and Experimental Botany 162, no. : 223-229.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Environmental Pollution
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Application of bioash from biofuel combustion to soil supports nutrient recycling, but may have unwanted and detrimental ecotoxicological side-effects, as the ash is a complex mixture of compounds that could affect soil invertebrates directly or through changes in their food or habitat conditions. To examine this, we performed laboratory toxicity studies of the effects of wood-ash added to an agricultural soil and the organic horizon of a coniferous plantation soil with the detrivore soil collembolans Folsomia candida and Onychiurus yodai, the gamasid predaceous mite Hypoaspis aculeifer, and the enchytraeid worm Enchytraeus crypticus. We used ash concentrations spanning 0-75 g kg-1 soil. As ash increases pH we compared bioash effects with effects of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, the main liming component of ash. Only high ash concentrations above 15 g kg-1 agricultural soil or 17 t ha-1 had significant effects on the collembolans. The wood ash neither affected H. aculeifer nor E. crypticus. The estimated osmolalities of Ca(OH)2 and the wood ash were similar at the LC50 concentration level. We conclude that short-term chronic effects of wood ash differ among different soil types, and osmotic stress is the likely cause of effects while high pH and heavy metals is of minor importance.

ACS Style

Jiayi Qin; Mads Frederik Hovmand; Flemming Ekelund; Regin Rønn; Søren Christensen; Gerard Arjen De Groot; Louise Hindborg Mortensen; Simon Skov; Paul Henning Krogh. Wood ash application increases pH but does not harm the soil mesofauna. Environmental Pollution 2017, 224, 581 -589.

AMA Style

Jiayi Qin, Mads Frederik Hovmand, Flemming Ekelund, Regin Rønn, Søren Christensen, Gerard Arjen De Groot, Louise Hindborg Mortensen, Simon Skov, Paul Henning Krogh. Wood ash application increases pH but does not harm the soil mesofauna. Environmental Pollution. 2017; 224 ():581-589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiayi Qin; Mads Frederik Hovmand; Flemming Ekelund; Regin Rønn; Søren Christensen; Gerard Arjen De Groot; Louise Hindborg Mortensen; Simon Skov; Paul Henning Krogh. 2017. "Wood ash application increases pH but does not harm the soil mesofauna." Environmental Pollution 224, no. : 581-589.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2016 in The ISME Journal
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Cercozoa are abundant free-living soil protozoa and quantitatively important in soil food webs; yet, targeted high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has not yet been applied to this group. Here we describe the development of a targeted assay to explore Cercozoa using HTS, and we apply this assay to measure Cercozoan community response to drought in a Danish climate manipulation experiment (two sites exposed to artificial drought, two unexposed). Based on a comparison of the hypervariable regions of the 18S ribosomal DNA of 193 named Cercozoa, we concluded that the V4 region is the most suitable for group-specific diversity analysis. We then designed a set of highly specific primers (encompassing ~270 bp) for 454 sequencing. The primers captured all major cercozoan groups; and >95% of the obtained sequences were from Cercozoa. From 443 350 high-quality short reads (>300 bp), we recovered 1585 operational taxonomic units defined by >95% V4 sequence similarity. Taxonomic annotation by phylogeny enabled us to assign >95% of our reads to order level and ~85% to genus level despite the presence of a large, hitherto unknown diversity. Over 40% of the annotated sequences were assigned to Glissomonad genera, whereas the most common individually named genus was the euglyphid Trinema. Cercozoan diversity was largely resilient to drought, although we observed a community composition shift towards fewer testate amoebae.

ACS Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder; Regin Rønn; Asker Brejnrod; David Bass; Waleeed Abu Al-Soud; Flemming Ekelund. Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing. The ISME Journal 2016, 10, 2488 -2497.

AMA Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder, Regin Rønn, Asker Brejnrod, David Bass, Waleeed Abu Al-Soud, Flemming Ekelund. Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing. The ISME Journal. 2016; 10 (10):2488-2497.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder; Regin Rønn; Asker Brejnrod; David Bass; Waleeed Abu Al-Soud; Flemming Ekelund. 2016. "Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing." The ISME Journal 10, no. 10: 2488-2497.

Research article
Published: 15 June 2015 in PLOS ONE
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BAM (2,6-dichlorobenzamide) is a metabolite of the pesticide dichlobenil. Naturally occurring bacteria that can utilize BAM are rare. Often the compound cannot be degraded before it reaches the groundwater and therefore it poses a serious threat to drinking water supplies. The bacterial strain Aminobacter MSH1 is a BAM degrader and therefore a potential candidate to be amended to sand filters in waterworks to remediate BAM polluted drinking water. A common problem in bioremediation is that bacteria artificially introduced into new diverse environments often thrive poorly, which is even more unfortunate because biologically diverse environments may ensure a more complete decomposition. To test the bioaugmentative potential of MSH1, we used a serial dilution approach to construct microcosms with different biological diversity. Subsequently, we amended Aminobacter MSH1 to the microcosms in two final concentrations; i.e. 105 cells mL-1 and 107 cells mL-1. We anticipated that BAM degradation would be most efficient at “intermediate diversities” as low diversity would counteract decomposition because of incomplete decomposition of metabolites and high diversity would be detrimental because of eradication of Aminobacter MSH1. This hypothesis was only confirmed when Aminobacter MSH1 was amended in concentrations of 105 cells mL-1.Our findings suggest that Aminobacter MSH1 is a very promising bioremediator at several diversity levels.

ACS Style

Flemming Ekelund; Christoffer Bugge Harder; Berith Elkær Knudsen; Jens Aamand. Aminobacter MSH1-Mineralisation of BAM in Sand-Filters Depends on Biological Diversity. PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0128838 .

AMA Style

Flemming Ekelund, Christoffer Bugge Harder, Berith Elkær Knudsen, Jens Aamand. Aminobacter MSH1-Mineralisation of BAM in Sand-Filters Depends on Biological Diversity. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (6):e0128838.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flemming Ekelund; Christoffer Bugge Harder; Berith Elkær Knudsen; Jens Aamand. 2015. "Aminobacter MSH1-Mineralisation of BAM in Sand-Filters Depends on Biological Diversity." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6: e0128838.

Review
Published: 01 January 2015 in AoB PLANTS
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Introduction of exotic organisms that subsequently become invasive is considered a serious threat to global biodiversity, and both scientists and nature-conservationists attempt to find explanations and means to meet this challenge. This requires a thorough analysis of the invasion phenomenon in an evolutionary and ecological context; in the case of invasive plants, we must have a major focus on above-belowground interactions. Thus, we discuss different theories that have been proposed to explain the course of invasions through interactions between plants and soil organisms. Further, a thorough analysis of invasion must include a temporal context. Invasions will typically include an initial acute phase, where the invader expands its territory and a later chronic phase where equilibrium is re-established. Many studies fail to make this distinction, which is unfortunate as it makes it impossible to thoroughly understand the invasion of focus. Thus, we claim that invasions fall into two broad categories. Some invasions irreversibly change pools and pathways of matter and energy in the invaded system; even if the abundance of the invader is reduced or it is completely removed, the system will not return to its former state. We use earthworm invasion in North America as a particular conspicuous example of invasive species that irreversibly change ecosystems. However, invasions may also be reversible, where the exotic organism dominates the system for a period, but in the longer term it either disappears, declines or its negative impact decreases. If the fundamental ecosystem structure and flows of energy and matter have not been changed, the system will return to a state not principally different from the original.

ACS Style

Mette Vestergård; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. Above-belowground interactions govern the course and impact of biological invasions. AoB PLANTS 2015, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Mette Vestergård, Regin Rønn, Flemming Ekelund. Above-belowground interactions govern the course and impact of biological invasions. AoB PLANTS. 2015; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mette Vestergård; Regin Rønn; Flemming Ekelund. 2015. "Above-belowground interactions govern the course and impact of biological invasions." AoB PLANTS 7, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2014 in Protist
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We describe two novel flagellates isolated from soil, Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus, genera et species novae, which we cultivated and characterized by light and transmission electron microscopy and by 18S rDNA sequence analysis. Both strains exhibit the key characteristic structural feature of Bicosoecida; i.e. the L-shaped cytostomal root system with an x-fiber, used for feeding. Otto terricolus displays unique novel morphological traits; thus, it has a basal swelling on each flagellum, a root 3/root 2 distribution of 10 + 1 microtubules, and an amoeboid stage in its life cycle. Regin rotiferus has flagella without swellings and a root 3/root 2 distribution of 7 + 3 microtubules, a pattern commonly observed in the Bicosoecida. We present an updated exhaustive maximum likelihood phylogeny of 48 cultured, complete or nearly complete (+1600 bp) 18S rDNA Bicosoecida sequences. Both new species fall into a well-supported freshwater Siluaniidae clade, without being particularly closely related. The morphology and phylogeny do not conclusively support Rictus as a member of Bicosoecida.

ACS Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder; Flemming Ekelund; Sergey A. Karpov. Ultrastructure and Phylogenetic Position of Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus Genera et Species Novae (Bicosoecida, Heterokonta/Stramenopiles). Protist 2014, 165, 144 -160.

AMA Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder, Flemming Ekelund, Sergey A. Karpov. Ultrastructure and Phylogenetic Position of Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus Genera et Species Novae (Bicosoecida, Heterokonta/Stramenopiles). Protist. 2014; 165 (2):144-160.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoffer Bugge Harder; Flemming Ekelund; Sergey A. Karpov. 2014. "Ultrastructure and Phylogenetic Position of Regin rotiferus and Otto terricolus Genera et Species Novae (Bicosoecida, Heterokonta/Stramenopiles)." Protist 165, no. 2: 144-160.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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ACS Style

Weijun Yang; Jakob Magid; Søren Christensen; Regin Rønn; Per Ambus; Flemming Ekelund. Biological 12C–13C fractionation increases with increasing community-complexity in soil microcosms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2014, 69, 197 -201.

AMA Style

Weijun Yang, Jakob Magid, Søren Christensen, Regin Rønn, Per Ambus, Flemming Ekelund. Biological 12C–13C fractionation increases with increasing community-complexity in soil microcosms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2014; 69 ():197-201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weijun Yang; Jakob Magid; Søren Christensen; Regin Rønn; Per Ambus; Flemming Ekelund. 2014. "Biological 12C–13C fractionation increases with increasing community-complexity in soil microcosms." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 69, no. : 197-201.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2013 in Fungal Biology
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ACS Style

Christoffer B. Harder; Thomas Læssøe; Tobias Guldberg Frøslev; Flemming Ekelund; Søren Rosendahl; Rasmus Kjøller. A three-gene phylogeny of the Mycena pura complex reveals 11 phylogenetic species and shows ITS to be unreliable for species identification. Fungal Biology 2013, 117, 764 -775.

AMA Style

Christoffer B. Harder, Thomas Læssøe, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, Flemming Ekelund, Søren Rosendahl, Rasmus Kjøller. A three-gene phylogeny of the Mycena pura complex reveals 11 phylogenetic species and shows ITS to be unreliable for species identification. Fungal Biology. 2013; 117 (11-12):764-775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoffer B. Harder; Thomas Læssøe; Tobias Guldberg Frøslev; Flemming Ekelund; Søren Rosendahl; Rasmus Kjøller. 2013. "A three-gene phylogeny of the Mycena pura complex reveals 11 phylogenetic species and shows ITS to be unreliable for species identification." Fungal Biology 117, no. 11-12: 764-775.

Research article
Published: 02 October 2012 in PLOS ONE
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Invasion-biology is largely based on non-experimental observation of larger organisms. Here, we apply an experimental approach to the subject. By using microbial-based microcosm-experiments, invasion-biology can be placed on firmer experimental, and hence, less anecdotal ground. A better understanding of the mechanisms that govern invasion-success of bacteria in soil communities will provide knowledge on the factors that hinder successful establishment of bacteria artificially inoculated into soil, e.g. for remediation purposes. Further, it will yield valuable information on general principles of invasion biology in other domains of life. Here, we studied invasion and establishment success of GFP-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 50090 in laboratory microcosms during a 42-day period. We used soil heating to create a disturbance gradient, and hypothesized that increased disturbance would facilitate invasion; our experiments confirmed this hypothesis. We suggest that the key factors associated with the heating disturbance that explain the enhanced invasion success are increased carbon substrate availability and reduced diversity, and thus, competition- and predation-release. In a second experiment we therefore separated the effects of increased carbon availability and decreased diversity. Here, we demonstrated that the effect of the indigenous soil community on bacterial invasion was stronger than that of resource availability. In particular, introduced bacteria established better in a long term perspective at lower diversity and predation pressure. We propose increased use of microbial systems, for experimental study of invasion scenarios. They offer a simple and cost-efficient way to study and understand biological invasion. Consequently such systems can help us to better predict the mechanisms controlling changes in stability of communities and ecosystems. This is becoming increasingly relevant since anthropogenic disturbance causes increasing global change, which promotes invasion. Moreover, a thorough understanding of factors controlling invasion and establishment of artificially amended micro-organisms will mean a major step forward for soil-remediation microbiology.

ACS Style

Manqiang Liu; Lisa Bjørnlund; Regin Rønn; Søren Christensen; Flemming Ekelund. Disturbance Promotes Non-Indigenous Bacterial Invasion in Soil Microcosms: Analysis of the Roles of Resource Availability and Community Structure. PLOS ONE 2012, 7, e45306 .

AMA Style

Manqiang Liu, Lisa Bjørnlund, Regin Rønn, Søren Christensen, Flemming Ekelund. Disturbance Promotes Non-Indigenous Bacterial Invasion in Soil Microcosms: Analysis of the Roles of Resource Availability and Community Structure. PLOS ONE. 2012; 7 (10):e45306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manqiang Liu; Lisa Bjørnlund; Regin Rønn; Søren Christensen; Flemming Ekelund. 2012. "Disturbance Promotes Non-Indigenous Bacterial Invasion in Soil Microcosms: Analysis of the Roles of Resource Availability and Community Structure." PLOS ONE 7, no. 10: e45306.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2012 in European Journal of Soil Biology
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We grew plants in soil amended with either finely ground (<0.2 mm) or larger pieces (4 × 5 mm2) of maize leaves. Finely ground material will be mineralized faster; hence nitrogen is released faster in the soil. We inoculated the soil with the plant growth inhibiting bacterium Arthrobacter BEM463, a relatively poor food source for bacterial feeders, and the plant growth promoter Sphingopyxis BEM760 which is a good food source. Protozoa and nematodes were introduced separately or in combination. In soil with larger maize leaf pieces (low turnover, slow nitrogen release), bacterial feeders generally increased plant nitrogen uptake and growth. In systems with finely ground material (high turnover, fast nitrogen release), plants hardly benefited from presence of grazers; bacterial mineralization activity alone probably provided enough N for the plants. The harmful Arthrobacter thrived better when grazed by protozoa than when grazed by nematodes, probably because the selective protozoa could avoid it, which resulted in reduced plant performance. We suggest that bacterial feeders generally increase plant performance when nutrients are limited. At high nutrient availability, however, bacterial feeders promote grazer resistant bacteria, and, if these bacteria are harmful to plants, the net effect of bacterial feeders on plant growth can be negative.

ACS Style

Lisa Bjørnlund; Manqiang Liu; Regin Rønn; Soren Christensen; Flemming Ekelund. Nematodes and protozoa affect plants differently, depending on soil nutrient status. European Journal of Soil Biology 2012, 50, 28 -31.

AMA Style

Lisa Bjørnlund, Manqiang Liu, Regin Rønn, Soren Christensen, Flemming Ekelund. Nematodes and protozoa affect plants differently, depending on soil nutrient status. European Journal of Soil Biology. 2012; 50 ():28-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Bjørnlund; Manqiang Liu; Regin Rønn; Soren Christensen; Flemming Ekelund. 2012. "Nematodes and protozoa affect plants differently, depending on soil nutrient status." European Journal of Soil Biology 50, no. : 28-31.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2012 in Journal of Entomological Science
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Carabid beetles play an important role as consumers of pest organisms in forestry and agriculture. Application of pesticides may negatively affect abundance and activity of carabid beetles, thus reducing their potential beneficial effect. We investigated how abundance and diversity of pitfall trapped carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) varied between conventionally and organically managed Caucasian Fir (Abies nordmanniana (Stev.)) plantations, in northern Zealand, Denmark. We recorded significantly higher numbers of carabid beetle specimens and species at conventionally than at organically managed sites. Carabid beetle abundance and richness did not decline more between two sampling periods at sites with pesticide application than at unamended sites. Apparently, the amount of bare ground, which dominated in the conventionally managed, herbicide treated sites, correlated closely with the number of recorded carabid beetle specimens. Thus we attribute the higher catch at the conventionally managed sites to a higher activity at bare ground due to lack of food and a larger potential for invasion at the bare ground sites of opportunistic species from surrounding arable areas.

ACS Style

Søren Bagge; Malthe Lund; Regin Rønn; Philip Francis Thomsen; Flemming Ekelund. Significantly Higher Carabid Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Catch in Conventionally than in Organically Managed Christmas Tree Plantations. Journal of Entomological Science 2012, 47, 110 -124.

AMA Style

Søren Bagge, Malthe Lund, Regin Rønn, Philip Francis Thomsen, Flemming Ekelund. Significantly Higher Carabid Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Catch in Conventionally than in Organically Managed Christmas Tree Plantations. Journal of Entomological Science. 2012; 47 (2):110-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Søren Bagge; Malthe Lund; Regin Rønn; Philip Francis Thomsen; Flemming Ekelund. 2012. "Significantly Higher Carabid Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Catch in Conventionally than in Organically Managed Christmas Tree Plantations." Journal of Entomological Science 47, no. 2: 110-124.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2011 in FEMS Microbiology Letters
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Different features can protect bacteria against protozoan grazing, for example large size, rapid movement, and production of secondary metabolites. Most papers dealing with these matters focus on bacteria. Here, we describe protozoan features that affect their ability to grow on secondary-metabolite-producing bacteria, and examine whether different bacterial secondary metabolites affect protozoa similarly. We investigated the growth of nine different soil protozoa on six different Pseudomonas strains, including the four secondary-metabolite-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens DR54 and CHA0, Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342 and Pseudomonas sp. DSS73, as well as the two nonproducers P. fluorescens DSM50090(T) and P. chlororaphis ATCC43928. Secondary metabolite producers affected protozoan growth differently. In particular, bacteria with extracellular secondary metabolites seemed more inhibiting than bacteria with membrane-bound metabolites. Interestingly, protozoan response seemed to correlate with high-level protozoan taxonomy, and amoeboid taxa tolerated a broader range of Pseudomonas strains than did the non-amoeboid taxa. This stresses the importance of studying both protozoan and bacterial characteristics in order to understand bacterial defence mechanisms and potentially improve survival of bacteria introduced into the environment, for example for biocontrol purposes.

ACS Style

Annette L. Pedersen; Anne Winding; Andreas Altenburger; Flemming Ekelund. Protozoan growth rates on secondary-metabolite-producing Pseudomonas spp. correlate with high-level protozoan taxonomy. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2011, 316, 16 -22.

AMA Style

Annette L. Pedersen, Anne Winding, Andreas Altenburger, Flemming Ekelund. Protozoan growth rates on secondary-metabolite-producing Pseudomonas spp. correlate with high-level protozoan taxonomy. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2011; 316 (1):16-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Annette L. Pedersen; Anne Winding; Andreas Altenburger; Flemming Ekelund. 2011. "Protozoan growth rates on secondary-metabolite-producing Pseudomonas spp. correlate with high-level protozoan taxonomy." FEMS Microbiology Letters 316, no. 1: 16-22.

Short communication
Published: 30 September 2010 in Soil Biology and Biochemistry
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ACS Style

Andreas Altenburger; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Protozoa and their bacterial prey colonize sterile soil fast. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2010, 42, 1636 -1639.

AMA Style

Andreas Altenburger, Flemming Ekelund, Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. Protozoa and their bacterial prey colonize sterile soil fast. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2010; 42 (9):1636-1639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas Altenburger; Flemming Ekelund; Carsten Suhr Jacobsen. 2010. "Protozoa and their bacterial prey colonize sterile soil fast." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42, no. 9: 1636-1639.