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Prof. Dr. José Calvo
Instituto de Procesos Sostenibles, Universidad de Valladolid

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0 Porosity
0 Membrane fouling
0 Liquid Displacement Porosimetry
0 Membrane characterization
0 Porosimetries

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Liquid Displacement Porosimetry
Porosity
Membrane characterization

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Journal article
Published: 25 November 2020 in Membranes
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This works aims to propose and demonstrate the accuracy of a novel method of characterization aimed for non-destructive analysis of microfiltration (MF) membrane cartridges. The method adapts conventional liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP) for performing an in-line porosimetric analysis of the membrane cartridges, getting their pore size distributions (PSDs) and mean pore diameters (davg). Six commercial filtration cartridges featuring polyethersulfone (PES) pleated membranes were analyzed using a newly designed filtration rig, based on the liquid–liquid displacement porometer, developed at the Institut de la Filtration et des Techniques Séparatives (IFTS) and operated at constant flow. The experimental rig allows the direct and non-destructive characterization of the cartridge in its original presentation. Results have been compared with those obtained by using gas–liquid displacement porosimetry (GLDP) on small membrane coupons detached from such cartridges. The comparison allows us to conclude that the proposed method gives enough accuracy in the determination of porosimetric characteristics of the filters. This method can be used as a precise characterization technique for a non-destructive in-line study of filter performance and can be envisaged as useful to periodic quality or fouling control of the commercial cartridges.

ACS Style

René Peinador; Mohamed Kaabouch; Roger Ben Aim; José Calvo. Non-Destructive Characterization of Industrial Membrane Cartridges by Using Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry (LLDP). Membranes 2020, 10, 369 .

AMA Style

René Peinador, Mohamed Kaabouch, Roger Ben Aim, José Calvo. Non-Destructive Characterization of Industrial Membrane Cartridges by Using Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry (LLDP). Membranes. 2020; 10 (12):369.

Chicago/Turabian Style

René Peinador; Mohamed Kaabouch; Roger Ben Aim; José Calvo. 2020. "Non-Destructive Characterization of Industrial Membrane Cartridges by Using Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry (LLDP)." Membranes 10, no. 12: 369.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This work aims to study the characterization of several membrane filters by using capillary flow porometry (CFP) and liquid extrusion porometry (LEP) to obtain their pore size distributions (PSD) and mean pore diameters (davg). Three polymeric membranes of different materials namely, polyethylene (PET), cellulose nitrate (CN), and FM (face mask), and one inorganic (namely, alumina Al2O3) from ultrafiltration (UF)/microfiltration (MF) and particle separation were analyzed using a pressure constant fluid/liquid extrusion porometer, developed at institute de la filtration et techniques séparatives (IFTS). Several porosimetric fluids have been used to wet and penetrate into the porous/fiber structure. The results show the accuracy of the setup on characterizing membranes in the UF/MF range by CFP, with reasonable agreement with nominal data of the filters. Additionally, LEP extension of the equipment obtained good agreement with nominal data and the CFP results, while filters presenting a microstructure of highly interconnected pores (face mask) resulted in clear differences in terms of resulting PSD and average sizes when CFP and LEP results are compared.

ACS Style

R. I. Peinador; José I. Calvo; Roger Ben Aim. Comparison of Capillary Flow Porometry (CFP) and Liquid Extrusion Porometry (LEP) Techniques for the Characterization of Porous and Face Mask Membranes. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5703 .

AMA Style

R. I. Peinador, José I. Calvo, Roger Ben Aim. Comparison of Capillary Flow Porometry (CFP) and Liquid Extrusion Porometry (LEP) Techniques for the Characterization of Porous and Face Mask Membranes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (16):5703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. I. Peinador; José I. Calvo; Roger Ben Aim. 2020. "Comparison of Capillary Flow Porometry (CFP) and Liquid Extrusion Porometry (LEP) Techniques for the Characterization of Porous and Face Mask Membranes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16: 5703.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Polymers
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A commercial ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (HFM-183 de Koch Membrane Systems) made of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), was recovered with a negatively-charged polyelectrolyte (poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)) (PSS), and the effects on its electric, chemical, and morphological properties were analyzed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), liquid–liquid displacement porometry, Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the modifications induced by the deposition of PSS on the PVDF positively-charged membrane and after its treatment by a radio frequency Ar-plasma. These techniques confirmed a real deposition and posterior compaction of PSS with increasing roughness and decreasing pore sizes. The evolution of the electric resistances of the membranes confirmed crosslinking and compaction with shielding of the sulfonated groups from PSS. In this way, a membrane with a negatively-charged active layer and a pore size which was 60% lower than the original membrane was obtained. The composition of the additive used by manufacturers to modify PVDF to make it positively charged was obtained by different procedures, all of which depended upon the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, leading to fairly consistent results. This polymer, carrying positive charges, contains quaternary nitrogen, as confirmed by XPS. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy confirmed that PVDF changes from mostly the to the α phase, which is more stable as a substrate for the deposited PSS. The aim of the tested modifications was to increase the retention of divalent anions without reducing permeability.

ACS Style

Ivette G. Sandoval-Olvera; Pilar González-Muñoz; Darío R. Díaz; Ángel Maroto-Valiente; Nelio A. Ochoa; Francisco J. Carmona; Laura Palacio; José I. Calvo; Antonio Hernández; Mario Ávila-Rodríguez; Pedro Prádanos; Sandoval- Olvera; González- Muñoz; Díaz; Maroto- Valiente; Ávila- Rodríguez. Morphological, Electrical, and Chemical Characteristics of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) Coated PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes after Plasma Treatment. Polymers 2019, 11, 1689 .

AMA Style

Ivette G. Sandoval-Olvera, Pilar González-Muñoz, Darío R. Díaz, Ángel Maroto-Valiente, Nelio A. Ochoa, Francisco J. Carmona, Laura Palacio, José I. Calvo, Antonio Hernández, Mario Ávila-Rodríguez, Pedro Prádanos, Sandoval- Olvera, González- Muñoz, Díaz, Maroto- Valiente, Ávila- Rodríguez. Morphological, Electrical, and Chemical Characteristics of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) Coated PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes after Plasma Treatment. Polymers. 2019; 11 (10):1689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ivette G. Sandoval-Olvera; Pilar González-Muñoz; Darío R. Díaz; Ángel Maroto-Valiente; Nelio A. Ochoa; Francisco J. Carmona; Laura Palacio; José I. Calvo; Antonio Hernández; Mario Ávila-Rodríguez; Pedro Prádanos; Sandoval- Olvera; González- Muñoz; Díaz; Maroto- Valiente; Ávila- Rodríguez. 2019. "Morphological, Electrical, and Chemical Characteristics of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) Coated PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes after Plasma Treatment." Polymers 11, no. 10: 1689.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2018 in Nanomaterials
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One of the challenges to continue improving polymeric membranes properties involves the development of novel chemically modified fillers, such as nitrogen-rich 2-D nanomaterials. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted significant interest as a new class of these fillers. Protonation is known to afford it desirable functionalities to form unique architectures for various applications. In the work presented herein, doping of Matrimid® with protonated g-C3N4 to yield Matrimid®/g-C3N4 mixed matrix membranes was found to improve gas separation by enhancing the selectivity for CO2/CH4 by up to 36.9% at 0.5 wt % filler doping. With a view to further enhancing the contribution of g-C3N4 to the performance of the composite membrane, oxygen plasma and hydrazine monohydrate treatments were also assayed as alternatives to protonation. Hydroxylamination by oxygen plasma treatment increased the selectivity for CO2/CH4 by up to 52.2% (at 2 wt % doping) and that for O2/N2 by up to 26.3% (at 0.5 wt % doping). Hydrazination led to lower enhancements in CO2/CH4 separation, by up to 11.4%. This study suggests that chemically-modified g-C3N4 may hold promise as an additive for modifying the surface of Matrimid® and other membranes.

ACS Style

María Soto-Herranz; Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones; Antonio Hérnandez-Giménez; José I. Calvo-Díez; Jesús Martín-Gil; Pablo Martín-Ramos. Effects of Protonation, Hydroxylamination, and Hydrazination of g-C3N4 on the Performance of Matrimid®/g-C3N4 Membranes. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 1010 .

AMA Style

María Soto-Herranz, Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones, Antonio Hérnandez-Giménez, José I. Calvo-Díez, Jesús Martín-Gil, Pablo Martín-Ramos. Effects of Protonation, Hydroxylamination, and Hydrazination of g-C3N4 on the Performance of Matrimid®/g-C3N4 Membranes. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8 (12):1010.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Soto-Herranz; Mercedes Sánchez-Báscones; Antonio Hérnandez-Giménez; José I. Calvo-Díez; Jesús Martín-Gil; Pablo Martín-Ramos. 2018. "Effects of Protonation, Hydroxylamination, and Hydrazination of g-C3N4 on the Performance of Matrimid®/g-C3N4 Membranes." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12: 1010.

Original paper
Published: 18 December 2017 in Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
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Dilute Pb(II) aqueous solutions were nanofiltered through a tubular membrane with good rejections. Retention was modeled using the Modified Spiegler–Kedem theory. The true retention, evaluated from concentration-polarization measurements, was similar to the observed value. The three characteristic parameters of the model: reflection coefficient \(\sigma\), solute permeability \(P\), and mass transfer coefficient \(K_{\text{m}}\) were evaluated simultaneously. The reflection coefficient decreased with an increase in concentration until a plateau was reached at a concentration of 30 ppm. At low concentrations, the solute permeability increased with an increase in concentration, reaching a maximum at a concentration of 30 ppm. Subsequently, the permeability decreased with further increase in concentration, until at concentrations ≥ 100 ppm, it reached values close to those observed for very dilute solutions (< 10 ppm). Industrial scale nanofiltration of dilute solutions of Pb(II) is viable with high retentions. High pressures and tangential speeds and low temperatures increase retention. Moreover, moderately high concentrations of aqueous Pb(II) solutions can be reduced to totally sure levels in less than four nanofiltration steps. This makes nanofiltration a suitable tool to decrease Pb(II) levels below those recommended by the world health organization.

ACS Style

A. Otero-Fernández; J. A. Otero; Angel Maroto-Valiente; José I Calvo; Laura Palacio; Pedro Prádanos; A. Hernández. Reduction of Pb(II) in water to safe levels by a small tubular membrane nanofiltration plant. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2017, 20, 329 -343.

AMA Style

A. Otero-Fernández, J. A. Otero, Angel Maroto-Valiente, José I Calvo, Laura Palacio, Pedro Prádanos, A. Hernández. Reduction of Pb(II) in water to safe levels by a small tubular membrane nanofiltration plant. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2017; 20 (2):329-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Otero-Fernández; J. A. Otero; Angel Maroto-Valiente; José I Calvo; Laura Palacio; Pedro Prádanos; A. Hernández. 2017. "Reduction of Pb(II) in water to safe levels by a small tubular membrane nanofiltration plant." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 20, no. 2: 329-343.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Applied Clay Science
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ACS Style

Abdelmjid Bouazizi; Majda Breida; Brahim Achiou; Mohamed Ouammou; José I Calvo; Abdelah Aaddane; Saad Alami Younssi. Removal of dyes by a new nano–TiO 2 ultrafiltration membrane deposited on low-cost support prepared from natural Moroccan bentonite. Applied Clay Science 2017, 149, 127 -135.

AMA Style

Abdelmjid Bouazizi, Majda Breida, Brahim Achiou, Mohamed Ouammou, José I Calvo, Abdelah Aaddane, Saad Alami Younssi. Removal of dyes by a new nano–TiO 2 ultrafiltration membrane deposited on low-cost support prepared from natural Moroccan bentonite. Applied Clay Science. 2017; 149 ():127-135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdelmjid Bouazizi; Majda Breida; Brahim Achiou; Mohamed Ouammou; José I Calvo; Abdelah Aaddane; Saad Alami Younssi. 2017. "Removal of dyes by a new nano–TiO 2 ultrafiltration membrane deposited on low-cost support prepared from natural Moroccan bentonite." Applied Clay Science 149, no. : 127-135.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Food and Bioproducts Processing
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ACS Style

M. Carmen Almécija; Antonio Guadix; José I Calvo; Emilia M. Guadix. Changes in structure and performance during diafiltration of binary protein solutions due to repeated cycles of fouling/alkaline cleaning. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2017, 105, 117 -128.

AMA Style

M. Carmen Almécija, Antonio Guadix, José I Calvo, Emilia M. Guadix. Changes in structure and performance during diafiltration of binary protein solutions due to repeated cycles of fouling/alkaline cleaning. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 2017; 105 ():117-128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Carmen Almécija; Antonio Guadix; José I Calvo; Emilia M. Guadix. 2017. "Changes in structure and performance during diafiltration of binary protein solutions due to repeated cycles of fouling/alkaline cleaning." Food and Bioproducts Processing 105, no. : 117-128.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
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ACS Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Volkmar Thom; Tobias Schleuss; Khuong ToVinh; Pedro Prádanos; Antonio Hernandez. Comparison of pore size distributions from dextran retention tests and liquid-liquid displacement porosimetry. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2017, 250, 170 -176.

AMA Style

José Ignacio Calvo, René Israel Peinador, Volkmar Thom, Tobias Schleuss, Khuong ToVinh, Pedro Prádanos, Antonio Hernandez. Comparison of pore size distributions from dextran retention tests and liquid-liquid displacement porosimetry. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2017; 250 ():170-176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Volkmar Thom; Tobias Schleuss; Khuong ToVinh; Pedro Prádanos; Antonio Hernandez. 2017. "Comparison of pore size distributions from dextran retention tests and liquid-liquid displacement porosimetry." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 250, no. : 170-176.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2014 in Desalination
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Structural and surface properties of two commercial polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes have been evaluated by different techniques. Pore size distributions have been determined by Liquid–Liquid Displacement Porosimetry (LLDP) as well as by image analysis performed onto Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images of the membrane surfaces. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to investigate membrane composition, and in particular, to obtain proper information on the presence of an additive within the membrane structure. Porosimetric results obtained by the two independent techniques compared reasonably well and the Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) of the two membranes estimated from LLDP pore size distribution was found to be in good agreement with the nominal values given by manufacturers.

ACS Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Pedro Prádanos; Aldo Bottino; Antonio Comite; Raffaella Firpo; Antonio Hernández. Porosimetric characterization of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by image analysis and liquid–liquid displacement technique. Desalination 2014, 357, 84 -92.

AMA Style

José Ignacio Calvo, René Israel Peinador, Pedro Prádanos, Aldo Bottino, Antonio Comite, Raffaella Firpo, Antonio Hernández. Porosimetric characterization of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by image analysis and liquid–liquid displacement technique. Desalination. 2014; 357 ():84-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Pedro Prádanos; Aldo Bottino; Antonio Comite; Raffaella Firpo; Antonio Hernández. 2014. "Porosimetric characterization of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes by image analysis and liquid–liquid displacement technique." Desalination 357, no. : 84-92.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2014 in Journal of Membrane Science
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Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP) has been used to characterize several UF membranes in a wide range of molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO). A new method to convert porosimetric data into pore size distributions and related information has been developed based on assuming log-normal pore size distributions. The results of this are in good agreement with those from the customary data conversion algorithm (as derived by Grabar and Nikitine). The proposed method can also be used when a reduced number of experimental data points is available, leading to a significant reduction of data acquisition time needed to complete a reliable analysis.

ACS Style

Enrique Antón; José Ignacio Calvo; José R. Álvarez; Antonio Hernández; Susana Luque. Fitting approach to liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry based on the log-normal pore size distribution. Journal of Membrane Science 2014, 470, 219 -228.

AMA Style

Enrique Antón, José Ignacio Calvo, José R. Álvarez, Antonio Hernández, Susana Luque. Fitting approach to liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry based on the log-normal pore size distribution. Journal of Membrane Science. 2014; 470 ():219-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrique Antón; José Ignacio Calvo; José R. Álvarez; Antonio Hernández; Susana Luque. 2014. "Fitting approach to liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry based on the log-normal pore size distribution." Journal of Membrane Science 470, no. : 219-228.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2013 in Desalination
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Membranes from different commercial polymers (Trogamid® and Radel®) and a new (PAA-g-PEG550) copolymer, consisting of an aromatic polyamide modified with PEG, have been prepared with pore sizes from 0.4 μm to 8 nm. Their porosimetric features have been analyzed by liquid–liquid displacement porometry. In all cases narrower pores are obtained when the polymer concentration in the casting solution increases. Good accordance with image analysis pore sizes is noted. Good correlation is also detected when air–liquid porometry can be used. Permeability decreases always with increasing polymer concentration. Porosity increases when finger like structures are obtained (Trogamid® and PAA-g-PEG550); while, when granular structures are obtained (Radel®), porosity decreases when more polymer is used in the casting procedure. The membrane manufactured from the experimental polymer PAA-g-PEG550 shows high permeabilities and porosities with simultaneous low pore sizes and narrow pore size distributions. The molecular weight cut-off estimated by liquid–liquid porometry agrees well with that found by PEG retention experiments.

ACS Style

Paula Carretero; Serena Molina; Angel E Lozano; Javier de Abajo; José Ignacio Calvo; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernandez. Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry applied to several MF and UF membranes. Desalination 2013, 327, 14 -23.

AMA Style

Paula Carretero, Serena Molina, Angel E Lozano, Javier de Abajo, José Ignacio Calvo, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, Antonio Hernandez. Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry applied to several MF and UF membranes. Desalination. 2013; 327 ():14-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paula Carretero; Serena Molina; Angel E Lozano; Javier de Abajo; José Ignacio Calvo; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernandez. 2013. "Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry applied to several MF and UF membranes." Desalination 327, no. : 14-23.

Article
Published: 11 September 2013 in Polymer Engineering & Science
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Polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes have been prepared using polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of 400, 1000, and 10,000 gmol, as additive with dimethylacetamide as solvent. Infrared analysis proves that PEG leaves almost completely the surface of the membranes after 24 h of water immersion. Scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, and liquid–liquid displacement porometry have been used to characterize the membrane morphology, surface hydrophilicity and porous structure. The relative flux reduction factor, flux, retention—of PEG (20,000 and 35,000 g/mol) and bovine serum albumin (67,000 g/mol)—and pure water permeability have been measured for the membranes. Results show that the addition of PEG increases slightly hydrophilicity and decreases pore size and narrows the corresponding pore size distribution while thickening the skin layer, in spite of the fast disappearance of the added PEG form the membrane surface. The resulting flux and pure water permeability are higher when middle size PEGs are added but decrease again when very high molecular weight (MW) PEGs are added. Retention decreases initially for increasing MWs of PEG although for very long PEG chains (MW of 10,000 g/mol) retention increases again. After filtration, the membranes with PEG added showed a lower relative flux reduction that decreases for increasing MW of the added PEGs. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1211–1221, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

ACS Style

Mercedes L. Méndez; Analía I. Romero; Verónica B. Rajal; Elza F. Castro; José I. Calvo; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernández. Properties of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes modified with polyethylene glycols. Polymer Engineering & Science 2013, 54, 1211 -1221.

AMA Style

Mercedes L. Méndez, Analía I. Romero, Verónica B. Rajal, Elza F. Castro, José I. Calvo, Laura Palacio, Antonio Hernández. Properties of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes modified with polyethylene glycols. Polymer Engineering & Science. 2013; 54 (5):1211-1221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mercedes L. Méndez; Analía I. Romero; Verónica B. Rajal; Elza F. Castro; José I. Calvo; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernández. 2013. "Properties of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes modified with polyethylene glycols." Polymer Engineering & Science 54, no. 5: 1211-1221.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2011 in Journal of Membrane Science
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Parvovirus retentive membranes made from polyethersulfone (PES) have been characterized by different techniques including dextran and phage retention. Results have been correlated with the pore size distributions of such membranes as obtained by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP). The results of LLDP concerning pore size distributions are proved to be consistent with those obtained by image analysis of SEM transversal sections and refer to the narrower pore section. Moreover, the maximum pore size determined by LLDP fairly correlates with the measured retention capabilities of the membranes. LLDP results suggest that the technique can be an accurate method for the determination of pore size characteristics of virus retentive membranes. This technique can be simplified to be even faster and straightforward by detecting only the maximum pore size of the membrane.

ACS Style

René Israel Peinador; José Ignacio Calvo; Khuong ToVinh; Volkmar Thom; Pedro Prádanos; Antonio Hernández. Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry for the characterization of virus retentive membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 2011, 372, 366 -372.

AMA Style

René Israel Peinador, José Ignacio Calvo, Khuong ToVinh, Volkmar Thom, Pedro Prádanos, Antonio Hernández. Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry for the characterization of virus retentive membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 2011; 372 (1-2):366-372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

René Israel Peinador; José Ignacio Calvo; Khuong ToVinh; Volkmar Thom; Pedro Prádanos; Antonio Hernández. 2011. "Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry for the characterization of virus retentive membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 372, no. 1-2: 366-372.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2010 in Desalination
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Liquid–liquid displacement porometry (LLDP), is proposed to estimate the molecular weight cut-off value of Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Several commercial UF membranes are analysed by using LLDP and their pore size distributions have been used to estimate the molecular weight cut-off as should be obtained by dextran retention. Results compared reasonably with nominal cut-off values given by manufacturers. The method offers a fast and accurate way to assign cut-off values for UF membranes, without having to perform expensive and time consuming solute retention tests, which bring results very often difficult to compare due to the difficulties in the standardization of such methods.

ACS Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernandez. Liquid–liquid displacement porometry to estimate the molecular weight cut-off of ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 2010, 268, 174 -181.

AMA Style

José Ignacio Calvo, René Israel Peinador, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, Aldo Bottino, Gustavo Capannelli, Antonio Hernandez. Liquid–liquid displacement porometry to estimate the molecular weight cut-off of ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination. 2010; 268 (1):174-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Ignacio Calvo; René Israel Peinador; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernandez. 2010. "Liquid–liquid displacement porometry to estimate the molecular weight cut-off of ultrafiltration membranes." Desalination 268, no. 1: 174-181.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2009 in Journal of Membrane Science
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Two series of commercial polymeric (regenerated cellulose and polyethersulfone) membranes made by Millipore® have been characterized, obtaining their pore size distribution by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP). A fully automated porosimeter designed by us has been used in the determination of pore size distributions. Results show a good accuracy and reproducibility of LLDP measurements. Binary and ternary liquid mixtures have been used to wet and penetrate into the membrane pores when performing LLDP leading to quite similar results when an effective surface tension is assigned for the ternary mixture. The use of different liquid mixtures and soaking conditions allowed to assure a proper wetting of the membrane pores without damaging the membrane structure during the analysis.

ACS Style

René Israel Peinador; José Ignacio Calvo; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernandez. Characterisation of polymeric UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Journal of Membrane Science 2009, 348, 238 -244.

AMA Style

René Israel Peinador, José Ignacio Calvo, Pedro Prádanos, Laura Palacio, Antonio Hernandez. Characterisation of polymeric UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Journal of Membrane Science. 2009; 348 (1-2):238-244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

René Israel Peinador; José Ignacio Calvo; Pedro Prádanos; Laura Palacio; Antonio Hernandez. 2009. "Characterisation of polymeric UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry." Journal of Membrane Science 348, no. 1-2: 238-244.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2009 in Desalination
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Ceramic MF membranes have been made from clays and phosphates, coming from Moroccan ores. Several flat disk filters have been obtained by sintering the mixed materials with starch as organic additive. The resulting filters have been characterized by using mercury porosimetry, air and water permeation, to choose the best fabrication parameters. Resulting optimized membranes have been used to treat dye containing solutions to check the utility of such filters in the waste water treatment for Moroccan textile industry. Results are quite promising, allowing these filters to be used as a previous clarification step in textile water treatment.

ACS Style

Laura Palacio; Y. Bouzerdi; Mohamed Ouammou; A. Albizane; J. Bennazha; Antonio Hernandez; J.I. Calvo. Ceramic membranes from Moroccan natural clay and phosphate for industrial water treatment. Desalination 2009, 245, 501 -507.

AMA Style

Laura Palacio, Y. Bouzerdi, Mohamed Ouammou, A. Albizane, J. Bennazha, Antonio Hernandez, J.I. Calvo. Ceramic membranes from Moroccan natural clay and phosphate for industrial water treatment. Desalination. 2009; 245 (1-3):501-507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Palacio; Y. Bouzerdi; Mohamed Ouammou; A. Albizane; J. Bennazha; Antonio Hernandez; J.I. Calvo. 2009. "Ceramic membranes from Moroccan natural clay and phosphate for industrial water treatment." Desalination 245, no. 1-3: 501-507.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2009 in Desalination
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Several UF membranes with fairly different structure have been characterized by using a liquid–liquid displacement porometer, which has been developed under a close collaboration of our laboratories. Three polysulfone membranes from Millipore and three polycarbonate membranes from Nuclepore–Whatman were studied. The results of pore size distributions showed nice reproducibility and accuracy. The technique is also able to accurately evaluate membrane porosity for membranes with simple cylindrical pore-like structure. In addition the possibility to estimate MWCO, by LLDP results, makes the technique very useful for process selection. Finally SEM pictures of the Millipore membranes show that usual porosimetric liquids do not alter membrane structure.

ACS Style

Juan Marcos Sanz; R. Peinador; J.I. Calvo; Antonio Hernandez; A. Bottino; G. Capannelli. Characterization of UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Desalination 2009, 245, 546 -553.

AMA Style

Juan Marcos Sanz, R. Peinador, J.I. Calvo, Antonio Hernandez, A. Bottino, G. Capannelli. Characterization of UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Desalination. 2009; 245 (1-3):546-553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Marcos Sanz; R. Peinador; J.I. Calvo; Antonio Hernandez; A. Bottino; G. Capannelli. 2009. "Characterization of UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry." Desalination 245, no. 1-3: 546-553.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2008 in Journal of Membrane Science
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Commercial ceramic tubular membranes made by Tami® have been characterized by several techniques. Their pore size distributions (PSD) have been obtained by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP). Computerized image analysis (CIA) of SEM pictures has been used to get information on the width of the active layer of the studied membranes. These values of thickness have helped to evaluate the porosity of the membranes and to get representative radii from measurements of the permeability to several gases and liquids. A fully automated porosimeter designed by us has been used in the determination of pore size distributions. Results show a good accuracy and reproducibility of LLDP measurements. Binary and ternary liquid mixtures have been used to wet and penetrate into the membrane pores when performing LLDP leading to quite similar results when an effective surface tension is assigned for the ternary mixture. This procedure can be used to calibrate the technique to be extended to thick ultrafiltration and even to nanofiltration membranes.

ACS Style

José Ignacio Calvo; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernández. Pore size distribution of ceramic UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Journal of Membrane Science 2008, 310, 531 -538.

AMA Style

José Ignacio Calvo, Aldo Bottino, Gustavo Capannelli, Antonio Hernández. Pore size distribution of ceramic UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008; 310 (1-2):531-538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Ignacio Calvo; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernández. 2008. "Pore size distribution of ceramic UF membranes by liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry." Journal of Membrane Science 310, no. 1-2: 531-538.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2007 in Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
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The influence of pH and electrostatic interactions on the fouling mechanism during protein dead-end microfiltration (MF) has been investigated for two charged membranes. Polyethersulfone negatively charged membranes (ICE-450) and positively charged ones (SB-6407) have been used, both manufactured by Pall Co. The corresponding electrical properties of both the membranes have been investigated as a function of pH by streaming potential measurements; confirming the respective sign of their surface charges and the absence of any isoelectric point. BSA and Lysozyme solutions at different pH values (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.5 and 10.0) were microfiltered through the membranes at a constant applied pressure. Results have been analysed in terms of usual blocking filtration laws and substantial changes in the fouling behaviour have been observed as a function of the solution pH. In these conditions, fouling behaviour is determined by protein charge rather than membrane charge.

ACS Style

Mohamed Ouammou; N. Tijani; J.I. Calvo; C. Velasco; A. Martin; F. Martinez; F. Tejerina; Antonio Hernandez. Flux decay in protein microfiltration through charged membranes as a function of pH. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2007, 298, 267 -273.

AMA Style

Mohamed Ouammou, N. Tijani, J.I. Calvo, C. Velasco, A. Martin, F. Martinez, F. Tejerina, Antonio Hernandez. Flux decay in protein microfiltration through charged membranes as a function of pH. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2007; 298 (3):267-273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed Ouammou; N. Tijani; J.I. Calvo; C. Velasco; A. Martin; F. Martinez; F. Tejerina; Antonio Hernandez. 2007. "Flux decay in protein microfiltration through charged membranes as a function of pH." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 298, no. 3: 267-273.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2006 in Desalination
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ACS Style

Juan Marcos Sanz; Daniel Jardines; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernández; José I. Calvo. Liquid–liquid porometry for an accurate membrane characterization. Desalination 2006, 200, 195 -197.

AMA Style

Juan Marcos Sanz, Daniel Jardines, Aldo Bottino, Gustavo Capannelli, Antonio Hernández, José I. Calvo. Liquid–liquid porometry for an accurate membrane characterization. Desalination. 2006; 200 (1-3):195-197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juan Marcos Sanz; Daniel Jardines; Aldo Bottino; Gustavo Capannelli; Antonio Hernández; José I. Calvo. 2006. "Liquid–liquid porometry for an accurate membrane characterization." Desalination 200, no. 1-3: 195-197.