Taking into account the increase in the level of cardiovascular diseases in recent decades, the clinician faces the task of attempting to make the fastest possible diagnosis of the pathology at its earliest stages. That is why the aim of our work was to identify the main groups of biological markers, and to separate the role of each of them in the assessment of the risk of development, progression and possible complications of cardiovascular diseases. We have given the main working classification of markers of cardiovascular processes with the allocation of their main types, as well as the basic criteria for the “ideal” biological marker. Finally, an attempt was made to structure biomarkers depending on their molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in the development of a particular pathology. All these data should help the clinician at the stage of early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease.

To study relationship between parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics assessed by Doppler echocardiography and functional activity of endothelium, hepatic blood flow and severity of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (CL) of different etiology. We found that changes of structural and functional parameters of the heart in LC depended on the stage of compensation of portal hypertension and were accompanied by rearrangement of parameters of intracardiac hemodynamics. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was found in 11.1% of patients with LC. PAH was moderate and was more frequent in patients with end-stage disease (Child-Pugh class C) compared with those with initial stage of LC (21.4% and 6.3%, p<0.05, respectively). Disorders of vasoregulating endothelial function in patients with CL were related to parameters of cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and functional state of the right ventricle and were more pronounced in patients with PAH.

As a rule, heart damage in patients with sarcoidosis of respiratory organs (SOD) is not diagnosed in time, so a very important and urgent task is to identify common heart rhythm and conduction disorders.The aim of the studywas to investigate the main clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis in SOD, depending on the peculiarities of the disease course and to compare the frequency and severity of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis, including myocardial lesions and electrocardiographic (ECG) signs of heart rhythm disorders.Methods. In the period 2006– 2016, the pilot open prospective uncontrolled study conducted at the Pulmonology Department of the Regional State Autonomous Healthcare Institution "Tomsk Regional Clinical Hospital" included patients (n = 84) aged 20–67 years with the diagnosis of SOD. Patients were divided into 2 clinical groups: the 1st comprised 45 (53.5%) patients with a favorable course of sarcoidosis, the second one included 39 (46.4%) patients with an unfavorable course of the disease. A full range of studies was carried out, including the analysis of medical history and clinical and epidemiological data, instrumental methods (including ECG and Holter ECG monitoring (HM), pathomorphological study of lung biopsy samples.Results. According to the data of frequency analysis of occurrence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary clinical manifestations in ODS, it was shown that the leading clinical manifestations, most frequently occurring in patients of both groups, included asthenia syndrome (72.6%), bronchial syndrome (66.7%) and fever syndrome (33%). In 33% of cases, clinical manifestations of myocardial damage were detected. In 41 (51.2%) patients in both groups, changes on ECG were recorded at rest. Regardless of the course of the disease, in 23.5% of patients of both clinical groups, according to the results of the HM ECG, rhythm and conduction disturbances were found – a combination of ventricular arrhythmias and conduction disorders (ventricular extrasystole and right His bundle branch block of various degrees) and a combination of supraventricular arrhythmias and conduction disturbances (supraventricular extrasystole and right His bundle branch block of various degrees).Conclusion. Thus, regardless of the severity of the disease course, SOD patients are concerned about complaints from both respiratory system and extrapulmonary manifestations, including cardiac complaints, as well as heart rhythm and conduction disorders (according to the results of ECG and HM ECG), the frequency of which, according to the comparative analysis, has not significantly changed in both clinical groups, which indicates the non-specific character of clinical manifestations.

Aim. To study clinical and morphological phenotypes in different variants of the course of intrathoracic sarcoidosis and isolate new phenotypes.Materials and methods. The study included 121 patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis aged 21–66 years (50.4% were men, 49.6% were women, the average age at the time of the disease onset was 38 years) over the period 2007– 2019. During the examination, patients’ complaints were studied thoroughly, and the diagnosis was histologically verified in all cases. During an extended histological examination, the quantitative and qualitative composition of biopsy specimens was investigated. The number of granulomas in the field of vision and the content of giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in them were studied. Qualitative parameters were assessed for the presence of hyalinosis, Schaumann bodies, necrosis, stamping, calcification, fibrosis, and vasculitis. All patients were retrospectively divided into two clinical groups depending on the outcomes of the disease: group 1 included patients with a favorable course of sarcoidosis, proceeding without relapses and signs of progression; group 2 encompassed patients with an unfavorable course of the disease with relapses and progression, requiring long-term administration of systemic glucocorticoids.Results. The analysis showed that among all general clinical manifestations, only the presence of dyspnea, skin manifestations, and weight loss occurred significantly more often in the patients with an unfavorable course of intrathoracic sarcoidosis (р = 0.04; 0.02; and 0.01, respectively). Among morphological parameters, a large number of macrophages was significantly more frequent in the biopsy specimens in this group of patients (р < 0.01).

 In the literature review, modern views on the features of pathogenesis and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with portal hypertension and sarcoidosis of respiratory organs are presented. A variety of views is due to the lack of a convincing evidence base underlying the algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most complex cardiological problems and represents a pathological condition that is based on increasing resistance to blood flow in a small circle of blood circulation at any of site. Unlike the systemic arteries, there is no direct access to the pulmonary artery for measuring blood pressure by non-invasive methods, so the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the early stages, before the formation of a lesion in the target organ, which is the right ventricle of the heart, is practically impossible. In actual clinical practice, pulmonary hypertension is at best diagnosed at the stage of latent right ventricular dysfunction, which is manifested by dilatation of its cavity and / or hypertrophy of its walls, at worst at the stage of right ventricular heart failure. At present, there has been a trend towards an improvement in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (LH) in various diseases. This is the reason for the special interest in this interdisciplinary problem.