Water scarcity poses a significant challenge globally, with South Africa exemplifying the severe socio-economic and environmental impacts of limited water access. Despite advances in modern water management systems, the integration of indigenous knowledge (IK) into formal frameworks remains underutilized. This study systematically reviews the role of indigenous water conservation practices in South Africa, analyzing over 50 high-quality sources using the PRISMA methodology. The findings highlight the effectiveness of IK in addressing water scarcity through techniques such as rainwater harvesting, terracing, and wetland management, which are low-cost, environmentally sustainable, and deeply rooted in cultural practices. Indigenous methods also enhance climate resilience by enabling communities to adapt to droughts and floods through practices such as weather prediction and adaptive farming techniques. Furthermore, these practices foster social inclusivity and community empowerment, ensuring equitable water access and intergenerational knowledge transfer. The study underscores the potential of integrating IK with modern water technologies to create holistic solutions that are scalable, sustainable, and aligned with South Africa’s goal of achieving water security by 2030. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for institutional support, data collection, and financial incentives to sustain and mainstream indigenous approaches. By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary systems, this research provides a roadmap for leveraging diverse knowledge systems to address water scarcity and build resilient communities.

The vulnerability occupational health hazard of ragpickers has emerged as a serious public health threat and has had a tremendous impact on all spheres of the environment nearby landfill and other side of solid waste locations. Since 1970, large numbers of studies have been carried out on the impact of health conditions on ragpickers around the world, but no studies have been carried out on the scientific/systematic review on the impact of health due to their occupational impact at global level. This study aims to systematically assess the scientific review on the impact of occupation on ragpickers and their environmental conditions. For this study, total 339 studies were identified after rigorous review, and 134 studies met the criteria for the review. The literature was surveyed from Scopus, Google Scholar, Research gate, Web of Science, semantic scholar and the Google search engine. The results reveal that (i) most of the studies were carried out continent wise on: Asia, followed by Europe, Africa, and South America. About 69 (51.5%) of the total studies were surveyed from Asia, followed by Africa 32 (23.88%), South America 30 (22.39%), and Europe is only 3 (2.23%) has found in the open database on related to the topic. (ii) in the case of countries, the highest number of studies was performed on India (30.60%), followed by Brazil (19.40), South Africa (14%), Bangladesh (8%), Ghana (6%), Study results out that chemical, biological work place hazard are more risky environmental hazard in their occupations.

The Tawang-Chu River Basin of the eastern Himalayas is a heterogenous region that is highly vulnerable to climate change. The changing temperature patterns in this mountain river basin play a vital role in changing the ecological system and inter-ecological nexus. Landsat satellite images were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) patterns in the basin. The changing trends of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were analyzed (at intervals of five years) using Landsat data. Changes in rainfall trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test. The results show that fluctuations in annual temperature and increasing rainfall uncertainties are affecting LULC vegetation health.