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Retiring professional athletes face multifaceted changes and potential issues of adjustment, occupational development, and well-being, which raises concerns around the world. The study systematically reviewed the available research investigating professional soccer players’ sport retirement from social sciences perspectives. The literature search in electronic databases and a “snowballing” procedure yielded 17 eligible studies investigating > 2,200 retired professional soccer players. The review followed the PRISMA statement. Nine studies focused on an early transition phase to retirement period; four studies investigated later periods of ten years or longer after retirement. Around half of the players reported involuntary retirement, often associated with declining performance and/or injury. Studies suggest issues of adjustment and mental health during early years after retirement, while psychological issues had apparently declined around 1–2 decades after retirement. However, available studies had notable limitations including lack of evidenced representative samples, report of measures’ reliability, and control for confounders. Furthermore, while theoretical models emphasise a holistic perspective, quantitative research often took a narrow rather than holistic perspective. In summary, available knowledge is fraught with some uncertainty regarding reliability and representativeness of the population of retired professional soccer players. We offer future directions to advance the development of a theory of sport retirement.
Michael Barth; Arne Güllich; Carina Andrea Forstinger; Torsten Schlesinger; Frank Schröder; Eike Emrich. Retirement of professional soccer players – A systematic review from social sciences perspectives. Journal of Sports Sciences 2020, 39, 903 -914.
AMA StyleMichael Barth, Arne Güllich, Carina Andrea Forstinger, Torsten Schlesinger, Frank Schröder, Eike Emrich. Retirement of professional soccer players – A systematic review from social sciences perspectives. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2020; 39 (8):903-914.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Barth; Arne Güllich; Carina Andrea Forstinger; Torsten Schlesinger; Frank Schröder; Eike Emrich. 2020. "Retirement of professional soccer players – A systematic review from social sciences perspectives." Journal of Sports Sciences 39, no. 8: 903-914.
Hosting sport events is costly, but the positive impact of hosting sport events has not been studied well. We consider the promotion of physical activity, known as the trickle-down effect, to be a new dimension of this kind of impact. Using exogenous variations in promotion and relegation in the Bundesliga 1, we test the effect of the presence of a Bundesliga 1 club on local non-profit football club membership. Using German city-level annual non-profit sport club membership data from the metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, we group cities with experience of either promotion or relegation as treatment cities and other cities as the comparison group. Difference-in-difference analyses show that promotion (using a strict definition of promotion) of local professional football clubs increases non-profit football club membership by 14% while relegation does not affect membership. The presence of Bundesliga 1 clubs in a city increases non-profit football club membership by 11%. Falsification tests support the idea that the impact of promotion on membership results in a net increase in membership.
Hyunwoong Pyun; Jeeyoon Kim; Torsten Schlesinger; Luca Matto. Positive Externalities from Professional Football Clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-Down Effects Associated with Promotion and Relegation. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8638 .
AMA StyleHyunwoong Pyun, Jeeyoon Kim, Torsten Schlesinger, Luca Matto. Positive Externalities from Professional Football Clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-Down Effects Associated with Promotion and Relegation. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8638.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyunwoong Pyun; Jeeyoon Kim; Torsten Schlesinger; Luca Matto. 2020. "Positive Externalities from Professional Football Clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-Down Effects Associated with Promotion and Relegation." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8638.
Zusammenfassung Um Fachkompetenz zu stärken und Verantwortung an Entscheidungskompetenz zu koppeln, haben einige Sportverbände mittlerweile bezahlte Führungskräfte als Vorstand nach § 26 BGB installiert, während ein ehrenamtliches Präsidium im Sinne eines Aufsichtsrats fungiert. Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt darauf ab, das Verständnis für den mit einer solchen Änderung hinsichtlich Vorstand und Vertretung verbundenen organisationalen Wandel zu schärfen und daraus folgende Effekte auf die Verbandsarbeit zu beleuchten. Am Beispiel der DHB-Strukturreform „Perspektive 2020+“ eröffnet die Analyse – basierend auf Dokumentenanalysen und problemzentrierten Interviews – differenzierte Einblicke in organisationalen Wandel von Sportverbänden und Schlussfolgerungen für die praktische Verbandsarbeit.
Marcel Fahrner; Lara Lesch; Dr. Peter Ehnold; Dr. Dirk Steinbach; Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. Organisationaler Wandel von Sportverbänden durch Änderungen in Vorstand und Vertretung (§ 26 BGB) – Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Deutschen Handballbundes. Sport und Gesellschaft 2020, 17, 263 -291.
AMA StyleMarcel Fahrner, Lara Lesch, Dr. Peter Ehnold, Dr. Dirk Steinbach, Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. Organisationaler Wandel von Sportverbänden durch Änderungen in Vorstand und Vertretung (§ 26 BGB) – Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Deutschen Handballbundes. Sport und Gesellschaft. 2020; 17 (3):263-291.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcel Fahrner; Lara Lesch; Dr. Peter Ehnold; Dr. Dirk Steinbach; Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. 2020. "Organisationaler Wandel von Sportverbänden durch Änderungen in Vorstand und Vertretung (§ 26 BGB) – Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Deutschen Handballbundes." Sport und Gesellschaft 17, no. 3: 263-291.
Purpose The relevance of merchandise for professional football clubs is uncontroversial. Especially the constantly growing e-commerce sales elicits disruptive market changes such as global brand visibility or data-driven customer relationship management strategies. To exhaust these possibilities, it is a precondition that merchandising costumers choose the official online fan shop as the first choice channel instead of a third-party supplier. Thus, the purpose of this study is to figure out if the club as a retailer and the loyalty to a club influence the fans' channel choice when purchasing licensed sports merchandise online. Design/methodology/approach To do so, a choice-based conjoint analysis for a jersey purchase embedded in an online questionnaire was conducted (sample: n = 589) to investigate the importance of the online supplier, relative to the tangible factors price, shipping speed and free added values and the influence of fan loyalty within the e-commerce purchase channel choice. Findings The findings reveal that the price has the highest relative importance (47%), but, as a sport specific peculiarity, the relative importance of the online supplier (22%) is higher than added values (20%) and shipping speed (11%). But, these overall findings are significantly affected by the level of fan loyalty. Based on the findings, implications that influence the fans' decision-making practices are derived for clubs. Originality/value This study is the one of the first in sports management research, focusing straight on the purchase channel importance (affected by fan loyalty) when purchasing merchandising online.
Dominic Habenstein; Katharina Kirchhoff; Torsten Schlesinger. Club fan shop or not? A conjoint analysis of online jersey purchase behavior. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2020, 11, 54 -71.
AMA StyleDominic Habenstein, Katharina Kirchhoff, Torsten Schlesinger. Club fan shop or not? A conjoint analysis of online jersey purchase behavior. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 2020; 11 (1):54-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDominic Habenstein; Katharina Kirchhoff; Torsten Schlesinger. 2020. "Club fan shop or not? A conjoint analysis of online jersey purchase behavior." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 11, no. 1: 54-71.
Rationale/Purpose: Certification is an institutional mechanism that may, indirectly, have utility for managing the challenges that are likely to be present when the state and voluntary sport clubs (VSCs) connect for sport development. Design/Methodology/Approach: A hermeneutic-dialectic approach guides the adoption of agency theory to conceptualize the state as principal and VSCs as its agents, and to consider agency problems of information asymmetry and divergent interests. Findings: The potential for VSC certification to counter agency problems through harmonization of interests, VSC signaling and reporting of quality and professionalization, state screening and monitoring, and confidence-building through quality assurances, are discussed. Practical Implications: The challenges of certification further inform implications for its indirect application for effectively managing the VSC-state relationship. Research Contribution: The paper advances the limited consideration of both VSC certification and agency theory in the sport literature, combining them for new insights into the potential role of certification for government and community sport relations.
Torsten Schlesinger; Alison Doherty. The utility of certification for managing the state-voluntary sport club relationship: an agency theory perspective. Managing Sport and Leisure 2020, 26, 116 -132.
AMA StyleTorsten Schlesinger, Alison Doherty. The utility of certification for managing the state-voluntary sport club relationship: an agency theory perspective. Managing Sport and Leisure. 2020; 26 (1-2):116-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorsten Schlesinger; Alison Doherty. 2020. "The utility of certification for managing the state-voluntary sport club relationship: an agency theory perspective." Managing Sport and Leisure 26, no. 1-2: 116-132.
Purpose The intention of this paper is to identify the scope and purpose of the use of digital tools in voluntary sports clubs (VSCs) and to identify club-specific factors that influence their usage behavior. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted among VSCs in Austria and in Germany (n = 787). To answer the key questions, patterns of digital use in VSCs were analyzed in relation to the overall organizational goals and organizational capacity. In addition to the description of the clubs' usage behavior patterns, a multiple linear regression model (blockwise) and quantile regression models were estimated. Findings The descriptive results show that digital instruments are most used in the areas of “internal/external communication” (93.7%) and “to report membership data to federations” (82.1%). The OLS and quantile regression models indicate that user behavior is primarily influenced by the following factors: the goals of “commitment/success in competitive sports” and “cooperation with other institutions”; the organizational factors “digital processes do not fit with our club culture”, “proportion of volunteers with administrative tasks”, “we do not yet have a clear digitalization strategy for our club” and “lack of financial resources for necessary IT investments”. Originality/value Digital technologies appear to be promising for organizational development in VSCs. However, what the usage behavior of digital instruments in VSCs currently is, and by which factors this usage is influenced, has not been the focus of empirical analysis yet. The study provides initial insights into the understanding of digitalization in VSCs that can be used for consulting and ongoing research.
Peter Ehnold; Eric Faß; Dirk Steinbach; Torsten Schlesinger. Digitalization in organized sport – usage of digital instruments in voluntary sports clubs depending on club's goals and organizational capacity. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2020, 11, 28 -53.
AMA StylePeter Ehnold, Eric Faß, Dirk Steinbach, Torsten Schlesinger. Digitalization in organized sport – usage of digital instruments in voluntary sports clubs depending on club's goals and organizational capacity. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 2020; 11 (1):28-53.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Ehnold; Eric Faß; Dirk Steinbach; Torsten Schlesinger. 2020. "Digitalization in organized sport – usage of digital instruments in voluntary sports clubs depending on club's goals and organizational capacity." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 11, no. 1: 28-53.
In recent decades, some governments (e.g. Canada, the UK, Australia) have imposed far-reaching professionalisation processes on national sport federations (NSFs), while others (e.g. Switzerland) have made only minor impositions and relied more on NSFs to self-regulate. As governments must decide on the extent to which sport policy imposes professionalisation processes on NSFs, understanding the challenges and opportunities arising from both policy-imposed and self-regulated professionalisation processes is relevant. However, extant literature has focused mostly on professionalisation processes imposed by sport policy. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the context, action, content and outcome of self-regulated professionalisation processes to identify the challenges and opportunities arising from these processes. A framework of professionalisation and a corresponding processual approach build the conceptual background of this study. A single-case study is applied to enable a holistic and long-term analysis of the proceedings of a Swiss NSF’s professionalisation processes. The results reveal the mechanisms of self-regulated professionalisation processes (i.e. how contexts and actions shape outcome), thus leading to a conceptualisation of these mechanisms and conclusions about challenges and opportunities arising from self-regulated professionalisation processes, which are useful for sport managers and policymakers.
Grazia Lang; Christoffer Klenk; Torsten Schlesinger; Kaisa Ruoranen; Emmanuel Bayle; Josephine Clausen; David Giauque; Siegfried Nagel. Challenges and opportunities arising from self-regulated professionalisation processes: an analysis of a Swiss national sport federation. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2020, 12, 387 -404.
AMA StyleGrazia Lang, Christoffer Klenk, Torsten Schlesinger, Kaisa Ruoranen, Emmanuel Bayle, Josephine Clausen, David Giauque, Siegfried Nagel. Challenges and opportunities arising from self-regulated professionalisation processes: an analysis of a Swiss national sport federation. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2020; 12 (3):387-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazia Lang; Christoffer Klenk; Torsten Schlesinger; Kaisa Ruoranen; Emmanuel Bayle; Josephine Clausen; David Giauque; Siegfried Nagel. 2020. "Challenges and opportunities arising from self-regulated professionalisation processes: an analysis of a Swiss national sport federation." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 12, no. 3: 387-404.
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von erhöhten Dropout-Quoten, welche mit negativen Konsequenzen für Verbände, Vereine oder Mitglieder einhergehen können, steht die Analyse typischer Vereinskarrieren jugendlicher Fußballer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Dropouts im Fokus des Beitrags. Ergänzend zu bisherigen, meist querschnittlich angelegten Studien wird dabei eine lebenslaufbezogene Perspektive eingenommen. Jugendliche Fußballer (n=15) aus verschiedenen Vereinen (n=4) wurden mit Hilfe des biografischen Mappings befragt. Dabei zeigen sich typische Verläufe in Abhängigkeit von der subjektiven Relevanz des Vereinswechsels (Vereins-Dropout) sowie des Fußball-Dropouts: „Vereins-Dropouts mit stabiler Fußballmitgliedschaft“ (Typ 1), „Plötzliche Fußball-Dropouts mit oder ohne vorherige Vereinswechsel“ (Typ 2), „Temporäre Fußball-Dropouts mit anschließendem Vereinswechsel“ (Typ 3) und „Instabile Fußballmitgliedschaftskarrieren“ (Typ 4). Diese Verlaufstypologien erweitern die bis-herige Befundlage um eine prozessuale/verlaufsbezogene Perspektive und eröffnen dadurch alternative Steuerungsoptionen im Umgang mit Dropouts.
Anna Löbig; Dr. Peter Ehnold; Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. „Da hatte ich einfach kein Interesse mehr daran.“ Analyse der Verläufe von Vereinsmitgliedschaftskarrieren jugendlicher Fußballer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Dropouts. Sport und Gesellschaft 2020, 17, 35 -68.
AMA StyleAnna Löbig, Dr. Peter Ehnold, Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. „Da hatte ich einfach kein Interesse mehr daran.“ Analyse der Verläufe von Vereinsmitgliedschaftskarrieren jugendlicher Fußballer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Dropouts. Sport und Gesellschaft. 2020; 17 (1):35-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Löbig; Dr. Peter Ehnold; Dr. Torsten Schlesinger. 2020. "„Da hatte ich einfach kein Interesse mehr daran.“ Analyse der Verläufe von Vereinsmitgliedschaftskarrieren jugendlicher Fußballer unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Dropouts." Sport und Gesellschaft 17, no. 1: 35-68.
Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse empirisch ausgerichteter Beiträge zu sportsoziologischen Themen und Fragestellungen in der vorliegenden Zeitschrift zeigt, dass gängige sozialwissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle bzw. Erklärungsansätze selten zum Einsatz gelangen. Es dominiert meist eine beschreibende und verstehende Methodologie. Dies führt u. a. zu einem Defizit von Erklärungswissen und in Folge wohl auch zu einer verlangsamten Theoriefundierung innerhalb der Sportsoziologie. Um die „erklärende Soziologie“ zu forcieren, werden die aktuell in der Soziologie detailreich und auch kontrovers diskutierten methodischen Erklärungsmodelle und Ansätze einschließlich ihrer Voraussetzungsbedingungen skizzierend dargestellt. Dies geschieht in der Hoffnung, die methodologische Anwendungslücke zu minimieren, da eine auf Erkenntniszuwächse ausgerichtete Sportsoziologie nicht auf eine kriterienorientierte Methodologie verzichten sollte.
Reinhard Bachleitner; Martin Weichbold; Anna Löbig; Peter Ehnold; Torsten Schlesinger. Erklärungsmodelle und Erklärungskonzepte in der sportsoziologischen Forschung: Eine verdrängte Herausforderung? Sport und Gesellschaft 2020, 17, 3 -33.
AMA StyleReinhard Bachleitner, Martin Weichbold, Anna Löbig, Peter Ehnold, Torsten Schlesinger. Erklärungsmodelle und Erklärungskonzepte in der sportsoziologischen Forschung: Eine verdrängte Herausforderung? Sport und Gesellschaft. 2020; 17 (1):3-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReinhard Bachleitner; Martin Weichbold; Anna Löbig; Peter Ehnold; Torsten Schlesinger. 2020. "Erklärungsmodelle und Erklärungskonzepte in der sportsoziologischen Forschung: Eine verdrängte Herausforderung?" Sport und Gesellschaft 17, no. 1: 3-33.
The article deals with the question of whether and in what respect the migration background is a relevant variable on voluntary engagement as well as the access to leadership positions in organised sport. The database used for the analysis is the ‘4th wave of the German Voluntary Survey 2014’. For the analysis, a sub-sample was generated, which performs voluntary work in sport (n = 4,419). In addition, the group of migrants within this sub-sample was divided into four more specific groups, using `immigration experiencè and `German citizenship´ as the distinguishing characteristics. Bivariate analyses show that people with a migration background have a lower rate of voluntary engagement and that they are also less likely to have a leadership function in voluntary sports clubs (VSCs). However, a more differentiated analysis reveals that the group of migrants is by no means homogeneous: Migrants who were born in Germany and have German citizenship show the highest level of voluntary engagement in sports among migrants in general. Multiple regression analyses indicate that the differences between the migrant groups with regard to volunteering in organised sport remain largely stable even if other individual resources are considered. Subsequently, migration-specific characteristics such as immigration experience and German citizenship contribute to the forecast of volunteering in sports.
Torsten Schlesinger; Eric Faß; Peter Ehnold. The relevance of migration background for volunteer engagement in organised sport. European Journal for Sport and Society 2020, 17, 116 -146.
AMA StyleTorsten Schlesinger, Eric Faß, Peter Ehnold. The relevance of migration background for volunteer engagement in organised sport. European Journal for Sport and Society. 2020; 17 (2):116-146.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorsten Schlesinger; Eric Faß; Peter Ehnold. 2020. "The relevance of migration background for volunteer engagement in organised sport." European Journal for Sport and Society 17, no. 2: 116-146.
After the long summer of migration, strong social and political movements of solidarity with and resistance against refugees developed in Europe. Expressions of solidarity and resistance were also recognisable in the sport system, especially in voluntary sport clubs (VSCs). As a result of this observation, the following article addresses the question: “Which organisational conditions of VSCs promote or hinder the implementation of sport activities for refugees?” To this aim, the article analyses and discusses the results of three research projects concerning sport offers for refugees in Germany. The interview material (n=49) collected in these projects was examined through the qualitative technique of thematic analysis and interpreted through a systems theoretical framework. The results show that conditions which promote and hinder the implementation of sport offers for refugees were identified in all formal (decision programmes, communication channels, and human resources) and informal (organisation culture) decision premises. Furthermore, the implementation of sport offers for refugees is particularly dependent on human resources within the sport clubs. The data show that the resolute will of individuals or small groups of people is highly relevant for the implementation of these sport offers. Finally, when it comes to organizing support for refugees, VSCs display an unexpected dynamic and a high capacity to mobilise resources within a short period of time. The discussion reflects these results and articulates strategies to safeguard, foster, and facilitate the social engagement of VSCs in relation to refugees.
Enrico Michelini; Ulrike Burrmann; Tina Nobis; Jacqueline Tuchel; Torsten Schlesinger. SPORT OFFERS FOR REFUGEES IN GERMANY. PROMOTING AND HINDERING CONDITIONS IN VOLUNTARY SPORT CLUBS. Society Register 2018, 2, 19 -38.
AMA StyleEnrico Michelini, Ulrike Burrmann, Tina Nobis, Jacqueline Tuchel, Torsten Schlesinger. SPORT OFFERS FOR REFUGEES IN GERMANY. PROMOTING AND HINDERING CONDITIONS IN VOLUNTARY SPORT CLUBS. Society Register. 2018; 2 (1):19-38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrico Michelini; Ulrike Burrmann; Tina Nobis; Jacqueline Tuchel; Torsten Schlesinger. 2018. "SPORT OFFERS FOR REFUGEES IN GERMANY. PROMOTING AND HINDERING CONDITIONS IN VOLUNTARY SPORT CLUBS." Society Register 2, no. 1: 19-38.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify types of professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSFs) and analyze organizational characteristics associated with specific types of professionalization. Such types reveal common patterns among the increasingly complex organizational designs of NSFs and thus contribute to the understanding of professionalization in NSFs. Design/methodology/approach An online survey of all Swiss NSFs was conducted to identify types of professionalization in these organizations using hierarchical cluster analysis, based on a multi-dimensional framework of professionalization. Findings The analysis revealed four types of professionalization: formalized NSFs managed by paid staff, NSFs managed by volunteers and a few paid staff off the field, NSFs with differing formalization and paid staff on the field, and moderately formalized NSFs managed by volunteers. The types differ in terms of the NSFs’ organizational characteristics, in particular, size, financial resources, Olympic status, and performance. Originality/value Applying factor and cluster analysis is a new approach to analyzing professionalization in NSFs that makes uncovering distinctive organizational patterns among a large number of NSFs possible. These results lay the foundation for understanding the professionalization of NSFs, counseling NSFs on their organizational development, and conducting future research on the design types of sport organizations.
Grazia Lang; Torsten Schlesinger; Markus Lamprecht; Kaisa Ruoranen; Christoffer Klenk; Emmanuel Bayle; Josephine Clausen; David Giauque; Siegfried Nagel. Types of professionalization. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 2018, 8, 298 -316.
AMA StyleGrazia Lang, Torsten Schlesinger, Markus Lamprecht, Kaisa Ruoranen, Christoffer Klenk, Emmanuel Bayle, Josephine Clausen, David Giauque, Siegfried Nagel. Types of professionalization. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 2018; 8 (3):298-316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazia Lang; Torsten Schlesinger; Markus Lamprecht; Kaisa Ruoranen; Christoffer Klenk; Emmanuel Bayle; Josephine Clausen; David Giauque; Siegfried Nagel. 2018. "Types of professionalization." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 3: 298-316.
This article provides a systematised review of relevant factors influencing youth dropout from organised football. The findings of identified 30 studies concerning dropout behaviour in football indicate the multidimensional influences of intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural factors. Most studies investigate the influence of intrapersonal factors. Accordingly, negatively perceived football competence, lack of motivation, goals and incentives and a lower relative age lead to a higher dropout rate. At the interpersonal level, lack of support from significant others (parents, peers, coach) and a disadvantageous team situations promote withdrawal from organised youth football. A lack of organisational and structural conditions promote dropout too. Based on this review, the following identified research gaps should be addressed in future studies: (1) analysis of individuals’ dropout decision as a selection of available alternatives, (2) referencing to corresponding contextual features of dropout behaviour, (3) the longitudinal perspective at dropout behaviour and (4) the perspective of intervention. Furthermore, some practical implications can be derived for the management of youth members in football clubs: (1) strengthen and develop successive coaching competencies, (2) reflection of own club philosophy against the background of divergent expectations of adolescents, (3) measures to promote identification with the football club and (4) anchoring of orientation regarding to young players as a central objective in the club. Dieser Beitrag bietet eine systematisierte Übersicht zu relevanten Faktoren, die den Ausstieg (Drop-out) von Jugendlichen aus dem vereinsorganisierten Fußball beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse von 30 identifizierten Studien zum Thema Drop-out-Verhalten im Fußball verweisen auf multidimensionale Einflüsse intrapersonaler, interaktionaler und struktureller Faktoren. Die meisten Studien untersuchen dabei den Einfluss intrapersonaler Faktoren. So erhöhen negativ wahrgenommene Fußballkompetenzen, mangelnde Motivation, Ziele und Anreize sowie ein relativer Alterseffekt die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Drop-outs. Auf der interaktionalen Ebene befördern mangelnde Unterstützung (von Eltern, Peers und Trainern) sowie Probleme innerhalb der Mannschaft den Ausstieg aus dem organisierten Jugendfußball. Unzureichende organisatorische und strukturelle Bedingungen beeinflussen ebenfalls das Drop-out-Verhalten. Basierend auf dieser Analyse sind folgende identifizierte Forschungslücken in zukünftigen Studien zu berücksichtigen: 1. Analyse der Drop-out-Entscheidung als Selektion verfügbarer Alternativen; 2. Bezugnahme auf zugrunde liegende Kontextbedingungen des Drop-out-Verhaltens; 3. Verlauf des Drop-out-Verhaltens sowie 4. Interventionsperspektiven. Darüber hinaus können praktische Konsequenzen für das Management von Jugendlichen in Fußballvereinen abgeleitet werden: 1. Stärkung und Entwicklung altersgerechter Trainerkompetenzen; 2. Reflexion der eigenen Vereinsphilosophie vor dem Hintergrund divergierender Erwartungen von Jugendlichen; 3. Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Identifikation mit dem Fußballverein und 4. Verankerung des Themas Förderung von Jugendlichen als zentrales Vereinsziel.
Torsten Schlesinger; Anna Löbig; Peter Ehnold; Siegfried Nagel. What is influencing the dropout behaviour of youth players from organised football? German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 2018, 48, 176 -191.
AMA StyleTorsten Schlesinger, Anna Löbig, Peter Ehnold, Siegfried Nagel. What is influencing the dropout behaviour of youth players from organised football? German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2018; 48 (2):176-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorsten Schlesinger; Anna Löbig; Peter Ehnold; Siegfried Nagel. 2018. "What is influencing the dropout behaviour of youth players from organised football?" German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 48, no. 2: 176-191.
In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung leistet der organisierte Sport bedeutsame Beiträge zur Integration breiter Bevölkerungskreise. Gleichwohl lassen sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Teilhabe am Vereinssport beobachten. Der Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, Potenziale und Grenzen der Teilhabe und Integration im vereinsorganisierten Sport für Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund zu beleuchten. Dazu wird zunächst betrachtet, in welchem Ausmaß die Teilnahme von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund am Vereinssport erfolgt. Anschließend werden die Integrationspotenziale des Sports anhand vorliegender sportwissenschaftlicher Befunde reflektiert. Zudem werden Erklärungen skizziert, die deutlich machen, warum der Zugang bzw. die Integration in den vereinsorganisierten Sport höchst voraussetzungsvoll sind. Hierbei wird einerseits auf lebensstilbedingte Abgrenzungsprozesse und kulturell bedingte Selbstexklusion verwiesen, andererseits werden strukturell bedingte Schließungsprozesse und organisationskulturelle Integrationsbarrieren diskutiert.
Torsten Schlesinger; Claudia Klostermann; Christelle Hayoz; Siegfried Nagel. Potenziale und Grenzen der Teilhabe und Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund im organisierten Sport. Fairplay im Sport 2018, 49 -68.
AMA StyleTorsten Schlesinger, Claudia Klostermann, Christelle Hayoz, Siegfried Nagel. Potenziale und Grenzen der Teilhabe und Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund im organisierten Sport. Fairplay im Sport. 2018; ():49-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorsten Schlesinger; Claudia Klostermann; Christelle Hayoz; Siegfried Nagel. 2018. "Potenziale und Grenzen der Teilhabe und Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund im organisierten Sport." Fairplay im Sport , no. : 49-68.
Aim and design: This study explores causes for professionalization in Swiss national sport federations (NSFs). We conducted a multiple-case study employing a qualitative approach with interviews and documents from seven NSFs. A three-level framework guided the analysis in distinguishing NSF endogenous causes, and causes in their external and internal environment.Results: Causes for professionalization were widely similar in the NSFs. Conflicts on the board, unclear decision-making competences and initiatives of key persons have prominently triggered professionalization, particularly for differentiation of strategic boards and executive headquarters, specialization and paid staff. The Swiss government, Swiss Olympic Association and sponsors (external environment) have brought about considerable adaptations in NSFs’ strategies, accountability issues and commercialization, whereas expectations of NSFs’ member organizations (internal environment) have had little impact on their professionalization in general. Rather, the NSFs view them as necessities they themselves do not perceive. Our analysis revealed additional NSF-specific factors (e.g., popularity, financial resources, attitude of individuals towards professionalization) that have an impact on pace and continuity of the process once it has been initiated.Conclusion: Our analysis is a first step towards understanding the professionalization process in Swiss NSFs. Referring to the similar causes for professionalization, uncertainty and competing for resources may have led some NSFs to mimic those NSFs they deem successful, leading to similar conditions that call for professionalization (e.g., with respect to workload and internal expectations). Respective networks between motivated people in the NSFs and stakeholders could support a deliberate professionalization. NSF endogenous and NSF external causes for professionalization seem to be reciprocal. This should be considered more specifically in the analysis of professionalization in NSFs. Single-case studies would be useful to understand the mechanisms and eventual phases more clearly, to identify eventual barriers and avoid unintended consequences to, finally, support NSFs’ professionalization in an efficient manner.
Kaisa Ruoranen; Josephine Clausen; Siegfried Nagel; Grazia Lang; Christoffer Klenk; David Giauque; Emmanuel Bayle; Torsten Schlesinger. Causes for professionalization in national sport federations in Switzerland: a multiple-case study. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleKaisa Ruoranen, Josephine Clausen, Siegfried Nagel, Grazia Lang, Christoffer Klenk, David Giauque, Emmanuel Bayle, Torsten Schlesinger. Causes for professionalization in national sport federations in Switzerland: a multiple-case study. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS). 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaisa Ruoranen; Josephine Clausen; Siegfried Nagel; Grazia Lang; Christoffer Klenk; David Giauque; Emmanuel Bayle; Torsten Schlesinger. 2018. "Causes for professionalization in national sport federations in Switzerland: a multiple-case study." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) , no. : 1.
Sportvereinsforschung hat in Deutschlang eine lange Tradition und dabei eine beachtliche Vielfalt an methodologischen Zugängen und theoretischen wie empirischen Erkenntnissen hervorgebracht. Im vorliegenden Beitrag erfolgt eine erkenntnistheoretisch orientierte Bestimmung und Reflexion der Erkenntnispotenziale der aktuellen Sportvereinsforschung vor dem Hintergrund der Ausschreibungsziele des Sportentwicklungsberichts zu den Wellen 7 bis 9 (SEB 3.0). Dabei wird verdeutlicht, dass im Spannungsfeld normativ aufgeladener, seitens des Auftraggebers vorgegebener, Ziele des SEB eine werturteilsfreie, theoriegeleitete und theoriebildende empirische Sportvereinsforschung kaum möglich ist. Es scheint eher schwierig, eine Sportvereinsforschung zu realisieren, die an der aktuellen Forschungslage anknüpft und zudem in der Lage ist, neue gesicherte Erkenntnisse zu generieren. Von daher empfiehlt sich eine deutlichere Differenzierung zwischen erkenntnisgeleiteter Forschung und normativ gebrochenen, an Politikberatung ausgerichteten Zielen. Im Umgang mit dieser Problematik werden methodologische und methodische Strategien vorgeschlagen, um die Ziele des SEB 3.0 zu erreichen. Gleichzeitig werden die Chancen erhöht, einen tatsächlichen theoretischen und empirischen Erkenntnisgewinn zum Erkenntnisgegenstand „Sportverein“ zu generieren. Sports club research has a long tradition in Germany and has produced a considerable variety of methodological approaches and theoretical as well as empirical knowledge. This article provides an epistemologically oriented determination and reflection of the potential of knowledge of current sports club research against the background of the tender objectives of the sports development report on waves 7 to 9 (SEB 3.0). It becomes clear that in conflict between normatively charged goals of the SEB—defined by the public client (principal)—non-judgmental, theory-guided and theory-based empirical sports club research is hardly possible. This means that it is rather difficult to carry out sports club research that is based on current research and is also able to generate new and reliable scientific knowledge. Therefore, a clearer differentiation is recommended between knowledge-guided research and normatively broken objectives aimed at policy advice. In dealing with these issues, methodological and methodological strategies are proposed to achieve the goals of SEB 3.0. At the same time, the chance of generating additional theoretical and empirical knowledge on the subject of “sports club” is increased.
Eike Emrich; Lutz Thieme; Torsten Schlesinger. Vom erwartbaren Erkenntnispotenzial der Auftragsforschung zu Sportvereinen. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 2018, 48, 99 -109.
AMA StyleEike Emrich, Lutz Thieme, Torsten Schlesinger. Vom erwartbaren Erkenntnispotenzial der Auftragsforschung zu Sportvereinen. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2018; 48 (1):99-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEike Emrich; Lutz Thieme; Torsten Schlesinger. 2018. "Vom erwartbaren Erkenntnispotenzial der Auftragsforschung zu Sportvereinen." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 48, no. 1: 99-109.
In a changing and complex environment, international sport federations (IFs) have to face new challenges. These challenges can trigger or hinder IFs’ professionalization processes. While researchers have examined organizational change and professionalization of national sport federations (NFs) and clubs, studies on IFs are rare. Considering professionalization as an important element of IFs’ change processes in recent years, the study attempts to fill this gap. The conceptual framework is based on the concepts and dynamics of organizational change, the influence of isomorphic pressures and the operationalization of a multi-level framework. Data from six case studies was analyzed by means of qualitative content analysis. Findings reveal multiple causes of IFs’ professionalization. Three particular findings are discussed: professionalization as a dynamic process with phases of acceleration that vary depending on IFs’ size; IFs’ becoming increasingly business-like through isomorphic changes; and five causes of particular relevance to IFs’ current professionalization process.
Josephine Clausen; Emmanuel Bayle; David Giauque; Kaisa Ruoranen; Grazia Lang; Siegfried Nagel; Christopher Klenk; Torsten Schlesinger. Drivers of and Barriers to Professionalization in International Sport Federations. Journal of Global Sport Management 2017, 3, 37 -60.
AMA StyleJosephine Clausen, Emmanuel Bayle, David Giauque, Kaisa Ruoranen, Grazia Lang, Siegfried Nagel, Christopher Klenk, Torsten Schlesinger. Drivers of and Barriers to Professionalization in International Sport Federations. Journal of Global Sport Management. 2017; 3 (1):37-60.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosephine Clausen; Emmanuel Bayle; David Giauque; Kaisa Ruoranen; Grazia Lang; Siegfried Nagel; Christopher Klenk; Torsten Schlesinger. 2017. "Drivers of and Barriers to Professionalization in International Sport Federations." Journal of Global Sport Management 3, no. 1: 37-60.
ZusammenfassungIm europäischen Raum wird ein hoher Anteil an Migrantinnen insbesondere aus den Herkunftsregionen Südosteuropa, Afrika, Südamerika sowie Asien konstatiert, die sportlich inaktiv und in Sportvereinen deutlich unterrepräsentiert sind. Sowohl in der Migrationsforschung als auch in der sportbezogenen Integrationsforschung wird bislang weitgehend vernachlässigt, dass Migrantinnen auch durch interkulturelle Vereine mit Bewegungsangeboten in den Sport integriert werden. Dieser Artikel untersucht ethnische und geschlechtsbezogene Grenzziehungsprozesse hinsichtlich der Sportpartizipation von Migrantinnen. Die Resultate einer Fallstudie in einem interkulturellen Verein in der Schweiz indizieren vielfältige veränderliche, durchlässige und miteinander verwobene Grenzziehungsprozesse. Diese können jedoch durch bedarfsgerechte Angebotsstrukturen und eine integrationsförderliche Kultur im Verein reduziert werden. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für die Forschung und die Sportpraxis im Bereich sportbezogener Integration vorgelegt.Schlagwörter: Sportpartizipation; Migrationshintergrund; Integration; Boundary work; Schweiz.-----Female immigrants’ boundary work concerning the access into sport in intercultural clubsIn the European region a high percentage of female immigrants from certain countries do a small amount of physical activity and are under-represented in sports clubs. Up until now, both migration as well as sport-related integration research has paid little attention to female immigrants taking part in opportunities for exercise offered by intercultural clubs. This research considers the processes of ethnic and gender demarcation in sports participation by female immigrants. The results of a case study in an intercultural club in Switzerland indicate that there are multifaceted, changeable, permeable and interwoven boundaries. These, however, may be reduced by an appropriate club service structures and an integration-promoted culture. The conclusion presents recommendations for research and sports practice in the field of sports-related integration.Keywords: sports participation; migration background; integration; boundary work; Switzerland.-----Bibliographie: Adler Zwahlen, Jenny/Weigelt-Schlesinger, Yvonne/Schlesinger, Torsten: Grenzziehungsprozesse von Migrantinnen beim Zugang zum Sport in interkulturellen Vereinen, FZG, 2-2017, S. 69-90. https://doi.org/10.3224/fzg.v23i2.06
Jenny Adler Zwahlen; Yvonne Weigelt-Schlesinger; Torsten Schlesinger. Grenzziehungsprozesse von Migrantinnen beim Zugang zum Sport in interkulturellen Vereinen. Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien 2017, 23, 69 -90.
AMA StyleJenny Adler Zwahlen, Yvonne Weigelt-Schlesinger, Torsten Schlesinger. Grenzziehungsprozesse von Migrantinnen beim Zugang zum Sport in interkulturellen Vereinen. Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien. 2017; 23 (2):69-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenny Adler Zwahlen; Yvonne Weigelt-Schlesinger; Torsten Schlesinger. 2017. "Grenzziehungsprozesse von Migrantinnen beim Zugang zum Sport in interkulturellen Vereinen." Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien 23, no. 2: 69-90.
Research question: This study examines the conditions and configurations that particularly influence International Federations’ (IFs) commercialisation. Research method: Crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) is used to determine the conditions that are related to an IFs’ commercialisation. Sixteen interviews were conducted in six Olympic IFs and one international sport umbrella organisation. Results and findings: The findings reveal a variety of high and low commercialisation configurations. Specialisation is a key condition in both high and low commercialisation, and social media engagement is central in high commercialisation. Strategic planning and low accountability have low degrees of overlap with high commercialisation outcomes. With 13 out of 22 IFs achieving high levels of commercialisation, the findings demonstrate that IFs are increasingly developing business-like behaviours. Implications: The findings highlight the importance of specialisation and social media engagement to achieve high commercialisation. However, when IFs assume a monetisation agenda, there are associated risks such as stakeholder legitimacy, mission drift, goal vagueness and adherence to good governance principles.
Josephine Clausen; Emmanuel Bayle; David Giauque; Kaisa Ruoranen; Grazia Lang; Torsten Schlesinger; Christopher Klenk; Siegfried Nagel. International sport federations’ commercialisation: a qualitative comparative analysis. European Sport Management Quarterly 2017, 18, 373 -392.
AMA StyleJosephine Clausen, Emmanuel Bayle, David Giauque, Kaisa Ruoranen, Grazia Lang, Torsten Schlesinger, Christopher Klenk, Siegfried Nagel. International sport federations’ commercialisation: a qualitative comparative analysis. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2017; 18 (3):373-392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosephine Clausen; Emmanuel Bayle; David Giauque; Kaisa Ruoranen; Grazia Lang; Torsten Schlesinger; Christopher Klenk; Siegfried Nagel. 2017. "International sport federations’ commercialisation: a qualitative comparative analysis." European Sport Management Quarterly 18, no. 3: 373-392.
Jenny Adler Zwahlen; Siegfried Nagel; Torsten Schlesinger. Analyzing social integration of young immigrants in sports clubs. European Journal for Sport and Society 2017, 15, 22 -42.
AMA StyleJenny Adler Zwahlen, Siegfried Nagel, Torsten Schlesinger. Analyzing social integration of young immigrants in sports clubs. European Journal for Sport and Society. 2017; 15 (1):22-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenny Adler Zwahlen; Siegfried Nagel; Torsten Schlesinger. 2017. "Analyzing social integration of young immigrants in sports clubs." European Journal for Sport and Society 15, no. 1: 22-42.