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Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), produces trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and 3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (NX-3). These toxins contaminate grains and cause profound health problems in humans and animals. To explore exploiting a fungal self-protection mechanism in plants, we examined the ability of F. graminearum trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (FgTri101) to detoxify several key trichothecenes produced by F. graminearum: DON, 15-ADON, NX-3, and NIV. FgTri101 was cloned from F. graminearum and expressed in Arabidopsis plants. We compared the phytotoxic effects of purified DON, NIV, and NX-3 on the root growth of transgenic Arabidopsis expressing FgTri101. Compared to wild type and GUS controls, FgTri101 transgenic Arabidopsis plants displayed significantly longer root length on media containing DON and NX-3. Furthermore, we confirmed that the FgTri101 transgenic plants acetylated DON to 3-ADON, 15-ADON to 3,15-diADON, and NX-3 to NX-2, but did not acetylate NIV. Approximately 90% of the converted toxins were excreted into the media. Our study indicates that transgenic Arabidopsis expressing FgTri101 can provide plant protection by detoxifying trichothecenes and excreting the acetylated toxins out of plant cells. Characterization of plant transporters involved in trichothecene efflux will provide novel targets to reduce FHB and mycotoxin contamination in economically important plant crops.
Guixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Helene Tiley; Thomas Usgaard. Detoxification and Excretion of Trichothecenes in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Expressing Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase. Toxins 2021, 13, 320 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Susan McCormick, Helene Tiley, Thomas Usgaard. Detoxification and Excretion of Trichothecenes in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Expressing Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase. Toxins. 2021; 13 (5):320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Helene Tiley; Thomas Usgaard. 2021. "Detoxification and Excretion of Trichothecenes in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Expressing Fusarium graminearum Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase." Toxins 13, no. 5: 320.
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), which reduces crop yield and contaminates grains with poisonous trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON). DON functions as an important virulence factor that promotes FHB spread in wheat; therefore, reducing DON production will decrease yield losses to FHB and enhance food safety. Recent progress using topical application of double-stranded (dsRNA) to reduce F. graminearum infection has provided encouraging results. In this study, we designed and synthesized dsRNA targeting the transcription factor TRI6 (TRI6-dsRNA), which is a key regulator of DON biosynthesis. The expression of F. graminearum TRI6 was significantly reduced in detached wheat heads treated with TRI6-dsRNA solution compared to water-treated controls. Furthermore, TRI6-dsRNA treatments reduced disease and DON accumulation in inoculated detached wheat heads. Therefore, topical applications of TRI6-dsRNA on wheat heads of intact plants were assessed for their ability to reduce FHB and DON under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. When wheat heads were treated with TRI6-dsRNA solution in growth chamber condition, TRI6-dsRNA treatments failed to prevent FHB spread. However, when wheat heads were treated with TRI6-dsRNA solution under the greenhouse condition, FHB and DON were significantly reduced, and infection was restricted to the inoculated floret. In addition, addition of TRI6-dsRNA to toxin-induction liquid media had no effect on F. graminearum DON production. Our study demonstrates that the efficacy of dsRNA applications is strongly dependent on application methods and environmental conditions.
Guixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Martha Vaughan. Effects of double-stranded RNAs targeting Fusarium graminearum TRI6 on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins. Phytopathology® 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Susan McCormick, Martha Vaughan. Effects of double-stranded RNAs targeting Fusarium graminearum TRI6 on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins. Phytopathology®. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Martha Vaughan. 2021. "Effects of double-stranded RNAs targeting Fusarium graminearum TRI6 on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins." Phytopathology® , no. : 1.
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, and other grains. During infection, F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), which contaminates grain and functions as a virulence factor to promote FHB spread throughout the wheat head. F. graminearum secretes hundreds of putative effectors, which can interfere with plant immunity to promote disease development. However, the function of most of these putative effectors remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of 23 F. graminearum effector-coding genes during the early stage of wheat head infection. Gene expression analyses revealed that three effectors, FGSG_01831, FGSG_03599, and FGSG_12160, respectively, were highly induced in both a FHB susceptible and a moderately resistant variety. We generated deletion mutants for these effector genes and performed FHB virulence assays on wheat head using point and dip inoculations to evaluate FHB spread and initial infection. No statistically significant difference in FHB spread was observed in the deletion mutants. However, deletion mutants Δ01831 displayed a significant reduction in initial infection, and thus resulted in less DON contamination. To investigate the potential mechanisms involved, these three effectors were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. N. benthamiana leaves expressing these individual effectors had significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species induced by chitin, but not by flg22. Furthermore, FGSG_01831 and FGSG_03599 markedly suppressed Bax-induced cell death when co-expressed with Bax in N. benthamiana leaves. Our study provides new insights into the functions of these effectors and suggests they play collective or redundant roles that likely ensure the successful plant infection.
Guixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Thomas Usgaard; Helene Tiley; Martha M. Vaughan. Characterization of Three Fusarium graminearum Effectors and Their Roles During Fusarium Head Blight. Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Susan McCormick, Thomas Usgaard, Helene Tiley, Martha M. Vaughan. Characterization of Three Fusarium graminearum Effectors and Their Roles During Fusarium Head Blight. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Thomas Usgaard; Helene Tiley; Martha M. Vaughan. 2020. "Characterization of Three Fusarium graminearum Effectors and Their Roles During Fusarium Head Blight." Frontiers in Plant Science 11, no. : 1.
The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, and other grains. FHB results in yield reductions and contaminates grain with trichothecene mycotoxins, which threaten food safety and food security. Innovative mechanisms for controlling FHB are urgently needed. We have previously shown that transgenic tobacco and citrus plants expressing a modified thionin (Mthionin) exhibited enhanced resistance toward several bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate whether overexpression of Mthionin could be similarly efficacious against F. graminearum, and whether transgenic expression of Mthionin impacts the plant microbiome. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing Mthionin were generated and confirmed. When challenged with F. graminearum, Mthionin-expressing plants showed less disease and fungal biomass in both leaves and inflorescences compared with control plants. When infiltrated into leaves, macroconidia of F. graminearum germinated at lower rates and produced less hyphal growth in Arabidopsis leaves expressing Mthionin. Moreover, marker genes related to defense signaling pathways were expressed at significantly higher levels after F. graminearum infection in Mthionin transgenic Arabidopsis plants. However, Mthionin expression did not appreciably alter the overall microbiome associated with transgenic plants grown under controlled conditions; across leaves and roots of Mthionin-expressing and control transgenic plants, only a few bacterial and fungal taxa differed, and differences between Mthionin transformants were of similar magnitude compared with control plants. In sum, our data indicate that Mthionin is a promising candidate to produce transgenic crops for reducing FHB severity and ultimately mycotoxin contamination.
Guixia Hao; Matthew G. Bakker; Hye-Seon Kim. Enhanced Resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Modified Plant Thionin. Phytopathology® 2020, 110, 1056 -1066.
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Matthew G. Bakker, Hye-Seon Kim. Enhanced Resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Modified Plant Thionin. Phytopathology®. 2020; 110 (5):1056-1066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Matthew G. Bakker; Hye-Seon Kim. 2020. "Enhanced Resistance to Fusarium graminearum in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Modified Plant Thionin." Phytopathology® 110, no. 5: 1056-1066.
Species of the fungus Fusarium cause Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereal crops and contaminate grain with sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins, including culmorin (CUL) and trichothecenes. While the phytotoxicity of trichothecenes, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), and their role in virulence are well characterized, less is known about the phytotoxicity of CUL and its role in the development of FHB. Herein, we evaluated the phytotoxic effects of purified CUL and CUL-trichothecene mixtures using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth and Triticum aestivum (wheat) root elongation assays. By itself, CUL did not affect growth in either system. However, mixtures of CUL with DON, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, or NX-3, but not with nivalenol, inhibited growth in a synergistic manner. Synergistic phytotoxic effects of CUL and DON were also observed on multiple plant varieties and species. The severity of wheat FHB caused by 15 isolates of Fusarium graminearum was negatively correlated with the CUL/DON ratio, but positively correlated with the sum of both CUL and DON. Additionally, during the first week of infection, CUL biosynthetic genes were more highly expressed than the TRI5 trichothecene biosynthetic gene. Furthermore, genomic analysis of Fusarium species revealed that CUL and trichothecene biosynthetic genes consistently co-occur among species closely related to F. graminearum.
Rebecca Wipfler; Susan P. McCormick; Robert H. Proctor; Jennifer M. Teresi; Guixia Hao; Todd J. Ward; Nancy J. Alexander; Martha M. Vaughan; Hao; Ward. Synergistic Phytotoxic Effects of Culmorin and Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Toxins 2019, 11, 555 .
AMA StyleRebecca Wipfler, Susan P. McCormick, Robert H. Proctor, Jennifer M. Teresi, Guixia Hao, Todd J. Ward, Nancy J. Alexander, Martha M. Vaughan, Hao, Ward. Synergistic Phytotoxic Effects of Culmorin and Trichothecene Mycotoxins. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):555.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebecca Wipfler; Susan P. McCormick; Robert H. Proctor; Jennifer M. Teresi; Guixia Hao; Todd J. Ward; Nancy J. Alexander; Martha M. Vaughan; Hao; Ward. 2019. "Synergistic Phytotoxic Effects of Culmorin and Trichothecene Mycotoxins." Toxins 11, no. 10: 555.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat and barley caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum reduces crop yield and contaminates grain with mycotoxins. In this study, we investigated two exo-1,5-α-L-arabinanases (Arb93A and Arb93B) secreted by F. graminearum and their effect on wheat head blight development. Arabinan is an important component of plant cell walls but it was not known whether these arabinanases play a role in FHB. Both ARB93A and ARB93B were induced during the early stages of infection. arb93A mutants did not exhibit a detectable change in ability to cause FHB, whereas arb93B mutants caused lower levels of FHB symptoms and deoxynivalenol contamination compared with the wild type. Furthermore, virulence and deoxynivalenol contamination were restored to wild-type levels in ARB93B complemented mutants. Fusion proteins of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with the predicted chloroplast peptide or the mature protein of Arb93B were not observed in the chloroplast. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was reduced in the infiltrated zones of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing ARB93B-GFP. Coexpression of ARB93B-GFP and Bax in N. benthamiana leaves significantly suppressed Bax-programmed cell death. Our results indicate that Arb93B enhances plant disease susceptibility by suppressing ROS-associated plant defense responses.
Guixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Martha M. Vaughan; Todd A. Naumann; Hye-Seon Kim; Robert Proctor; Amy Kelly; Todd J. Ward. Fusarium graminearum arabinanase (Arb93B) Enhances Wheat Head Blight Susceptibility by Suppressing Plant Immunity. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2019, 32, 888 -898.
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Susan McCormick, Martha M. Vaughan, Todd A. Naumann, Hye-Seon Kim, Robert Proctor, Amy Kelly, Todd J. Ward. Fusarium graminearum arabinanase (Arb93B) Enhances Wheat Head Blight Susceptibility by Suppressing Plant Immunity. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®. 2019; 32 (7):888-898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Susan McCormick; Martha M. Vaughan; Todd A. Naumann; Hye-Seon Kim; Robert Proctor; Amy Kelly; Todd J. Ward. 2019. "Fusarium graminearum arabinanase (Arb93B) Enhances Wheat Head Blight Susceptibility by Suppressing Plant Immunity." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 7: 888-898.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) is one of the most destructive plant pathogens associated with citrus huanglongbing (HLB). Las is a Gram-negative, as yet uncultured, alpha-Proteobacterium and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. A putative protein (designated as LasP235) was identified in the prophage region of the Las psy62 genome. LasP235 gene encodes a 123 amino-acid protein which is predicted to localize to the plant nucleus. Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-fused with LasP235 appeared to accumulate in Nicotiana benthamiana cell nuclei following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. To eliminate potential side effects of GFP protein, LasP235 alone was inserted into a binary vector for transforming Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata). Transgenic Carrizo plants were obtained. LasP235 gene integration was confirmed by PCR and the levels of LasP235 expression were compared by RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Some LasP235 expressing Carrizo plants displayed HLB-like symptoms, including leaf chlorosis and plant growth retardation. LasP235 gene expression levels, determined by RT-qPCR, correlated with HLB-like symptoms. Furthermore, The expression of LasP235 was upregulated in chlorotic tissue compared to green tissue of Las-infected, blotchy mottled leaves of lemon and grapefruit. Transcriptome analysis revealed that metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly altered in transgenic citrus expressing the LasP235 effector. Further investigation of LasP235, especially research focused on identifying its binding protein in citrus, may provide a way to block Las infection.
Guixia Hao; Desouky Ammar; Yongping Duan; Ed Stover. Transgenic citrus plants expressing a ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ prophage protein LasP235 display Huanglongbing-like symptoms. Agri Gene 2019, 12, 100085 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Desouky Ammar, Yongping Duan, Ed Stover. Transgenic citrus plants expressing a ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ prophage protein LasP235 display Huanglongbing-like symptoms. Agri Gene. 2019; 12 ():100085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Desouky Ammar; Yongping Duan; Ed Stover. 2019. "Transgenic citrus plants expressing a ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ prophage protein LasP235 display Huanglongbing-like symptoms." Agri Gene 12, no. : 100085.
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in regulating plant defense responses against pathogens. However, pathogens have evolved ways to manipulate plant SA-mediated defense signaling. Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and reduces crop yields and quality by producing various mycotoxins. In this study, we aimed to identify the salicylate hydroxylase in F. graminearum and determine its role in wheat head blight development. We initially identified a gene in F. graminearum strain NRRL 46422 that encodes a putative salicylate hydroxylase (designated FgShyC). However, the FgShyC deletion mutant showed a similar ability to degrade SA as wild-type strain 46422; nor did overexpression of FgShyC in E. coli convert SA to catechol. The results indicate that FgShyC is not involved in SA degradation. Further genome sequence analyses resulted in the identification of eight salicylate hydroxylase candidates. Upon addition of 1 mM SA, FGSG_03657 (designated FgShy1), was induced approximately 400-fold. Heterologous expression of FgShy1 in E. coli converted SA to catechol, confirming that FgShy1 is a salicylate hydroxylase. Deletion mutants of FgShy1 were greatly impaired but not completely blocked in SA degradation. Expression analyses of infected tissue showed that FgShy1 was induced during infection, but virulence assays revealed that deletion of FgShy1 alone was not sufficient to affect FHB severity. Although the Fgshy1 deletion mutant did not reduce pathogenicity, we cannot rule out that additional salicylate hydroxylases are present in F. graminearum and characterization of these enzymes will be necessary to fully understand the role of SA-degradation in FHB pathogenesis.
Guixia Hao; Todd A. Naumann; Martha M. Vaughan; Susan McCormick; Thomas Usgaard; Amy Kelly; Todd J. Ward. Characterization of a Fusarium graminearum Salicylate Hydroxylase. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 9, 3219 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Todd A. Naumann, Martha M. Vaughan, Susan McCormick, Thomas Usgaard, Amy Kelly, Todd J. Ward. Characterization of a Fusarium graminearum Salicylate Hydroxylase. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 9 ():3219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Todd A. Naumann; Martha M. Vaughan; Susan McCormick; Thomas Usgaard; Amy Kelly; Todd J. Ward. 2019. "Characterization of a Fusarium graminearum Salicylate Hydroxylase." Frontiers in Microbiology 9, no. : 3219.
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las) and citrus canker disease incited by Xanthomonas citri are the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. To control citrus HLB and canker disease, we previously screened over forty antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in vitro for their potential application in genetic engineering. D2A21 was one of the most active AMPs against X. citri, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Sinorhizobium meliloti with low hemolysis activity. Therefore, we conducted this work to assess transgenic expression of D2A21 peptide to achieve citrus resistant to canker and HLB. We generated a construct expressing D2A21 and initially transformed tobacco as a model plant. Transgenic tobacco expressing D2A21 was obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Successful transformation and D2A21 expression was confirmed by molecular analysis. We evaluated disease development incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing D2A21 showed remarkable disease resistance compared to control plants. Therefore, we performed citrus transformations with the same construct and obtained transgenic Carrizo citrange. Gene integration and gene expression in transgenic plants were determined by PCR and RT-qPCR. Transgenic Carrizo expressing D2A21 showed significant canker resistance while the control plants showed clear canker symptoms following both leaf infiltration and spray inoculation with X. citri 3213. Transgenic Carrizo plants were challenged for HLB evaluation by grafting with Las infected rough lemon buds. Las titer was determined by qPCR in the leaves and roots of transgenic and control plants. However, our results showed that transgenic plants expressing D2A21 did not significantly reduce Las titer compared to control plants. We demonstrated that transgenic expression of D2A21 conferred resistance to diseases incited by P. syringae pv. tabaci and X. citri but not Las. Our results underscore the difficulty in controlling HLB compared to other bacterial diseases.
Guixia Hao; Shujian Zhang; Ed Stover. Transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptide D2A21 confers resistance to diseases incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Xanthomonas citri, but not Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186810 -e0186810.
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Shujian Zhang, Ed Stover. Transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptide D2A21 confers resistance to diseases incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Xanthomonas citri, but not Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12 (10):e0186810-e0186810.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Shujian Zhang; Ed Stover. 2017. "Transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptide D2A21 confers resistance to diseases incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and Xanthomonas citri, but not Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus." PLoS ONE 12, no. 10: e0186810-e0186810.
Huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening disease) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) is a great threat to the US citrus industry. There are no proven strategies to eliminate HLB disease and no cultivar has been identified with strong HLB resistance. Citrus canker is also an economically important disease associated with a bacterial pathogen (Xanthomonas citri). In this study, we characterized endogenous citrus thionins and investigated their expression in different citrus tissues. Since no HLB-resistant citrus cultivars have been identified, we attempted to develop citrus resistant to both HLB and citrus canker through overexpression of a modified plant thionin. To improve effectiveness for disease resistance, we modified and synthesized the sequence encoding a plant thionin and cloned into the binary vector pBinPlus/ARS. The construct was then introduced into Agrobacterium strain EHA105 for citrus transformation. Transgenic Carrizo plants expressing the modified plant thionin were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Successful transformation and transgene gene expression was confirmed by molecular analysis. Transgenic Carrizo plants expressing the modified thionin gene were challenged with X. citri 3213 at a range of concentrations, and a significant reduction in canker symptoms and a decrease in bacterial growth were demonstrated compared to nontransgenic plants. Furthermore the transgenic citrus plants were challenged with HLB via graft inoculation. Our results showed significant Las titer reduction in roots of transgenic Carrizo compared with control plants and reduced scion Las titer twelve months after graft inoculation. These data provide promise for engineering citrus disease resistance against HLB and canker.
Guixia Hao; Ed Stover; Goutam Gupta. Overexpression of a Modified Plant Thionin Enhances Disease Resistance to Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing (HLB). Frontiers in Plant Science 2016, 7, 1078 .
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Ed Stover, Goutam Gupta. Overexpression of a Modified Plant Thionin Enhances Disease Resistance to Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing (HLB). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016; 7 ():1078.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Ed Stover; Goutam Gupta. 2016. "Overexpression of a Modified Plant Thionin Enhances Disease Resistance to Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing (HLB)." Frontiers in Plant Science 7, no. : 1078.
Overexpression of plant pattern-recognition receptors by genetic engineering provides a novel approach to enhance plant immunity and broad-spectrum disease resistance. Citrus canker disease associated with Xanthomonas citri is one of the most important diseases damaging citrus production worldwide. In this study, we cloned the FLS2 gene from Nicotiana benthamiana cDNA and inserted it into the binary vector pBinPlus/ARS to transform Hamlin sweet orange and Carrizo citrange. Transgene presence was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene expression of NbFLS2 was compared by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to flg22Xcc was detected in transgenic Hamlin but not in nontransformed controls. Low or no ROS production was detected from nontransformed Hamlin seedlings challenged with flg22Xcc. Transgenic plants highly expressing NbFLS2 were selected and were evaluated for resistance to canker incited by X. citri 3213. Our results showed that the integration and expression of the NbFLS2 gene in citrus can increase canker resistance and defense-associated gene expression when challenged with X. citri. These results suggest that canker-susceptible Citrus genotypes lack strong basal defense induced by X. citri flagellin and the resistance of these genotypes can be enhanced by transgenic expression of the flagellin receptor from a resistant species.
Guixia Hao; Marco Pitino; Yongping Duan; Ed Stover. Reduced Susceptibility to Xanthomonas citri in Transgenic Citrus Expressing the FLS2 Receptor From Nicotiana benthamiana. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 2016, 29, 132 -142.
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Marco Pitino, Yongping Duan, Ed Stover. Reduced Susceptibility to Xanthomonas citri in Transgenic Citrus Expressing the FLS2 Receptor From Nicotiana benthamiana. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®. 2016; 29 (2):132-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Marco Pitino; Yongping Duan; Ed Stover. 2016. "Reduced Susceptibility to Xanthomonas citri in Transgenic Citrus Expressing the FLS2 Receptor From Nicotiana benthamiana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 2: 132-142.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a phloem-limited alphaproteobacterium associated with the devastating zebra chip disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Like other members of Liberibacter, Lso-ZC1 encodes a flagellin domain-containing protein (Fla Lso ) with a conserved 22 amino-acid peptide (flg22 Lso ). To understand the innate immune responses triggered by this unculturable intracellular bacterium, we studied the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana, using the flg22 Lso peptide and the full length fla Lso gene.
Guixia Hao; Marco Pitino; Fang Ding; Hong Lin; Ed Stover; Yongping Duan. Induction of innate immune responses by flagellin from the intracellular bacterium, ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’. BMC Plant Biology 2014, 14, 211 -211.
AMA StyleGuixia Hao, Marco Pitino, Fang Ding, Hong Lin, Ed Stover, Yongping Duan. Induction of innate immune responses by flagellin from the intracellular bacterium, ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’. BMC Plant Biology. 2014; 14 (1):211-211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuixia Hao; Marco Pitino; Fang Ding; Hong Lin; Ed Stover; Yongping Duan. 2014. "Induction of innate immune responses by flagellin from the intracellular bacterium, ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’." BMC Plant Biology 14, no. 1: 211-211.