Salivary secretions possess a number of biomarkers beneficial for the diagnosis of a plethora of oral and other systemic disorders. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse and discuss the significance of saliva and its constituents as a valuable tool in aiding diagnostics in clinical settings by reviewing available literature and controlled trials. Using the PRISMA framework, a thorough review of research that were listed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases was performed which revealed 212 papers, 54 of which were thoroughly evaluated. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were used to choose studies that were applicable for the review. The selected studies reported a number of diseases that were diagnosed using salivary constituents in the same way as other methods of diagnosis, with a number of benefits. Thus, data shows that saliva is an excellent source for biomarkers which can be used for furthering medical diagnosis like other diagnostic procedures.

Crime rates in our contemporary technological age have been rising at an alarming pace. Newer methods are needed to determine who the perpetrator and victim are in these situations. By comparing a person’s recorded information with their own unique characteristics, automated biometric systems may determine who they are. Biometric identifiers like fingerprint and iris scanning are among the most reliable ways. Due to the vulnerability of soft tissues, these procedures cannot be depended on in the event of widespread calamities such as fires or gas leaks. Therefore, improved individual identification necessitates a biometric system based on the hard tissue. Thus, ameloglyphics was created to serve as a key tool in forensic odontology, particularly in the case of huge fatalities caused by natural catastrophes.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are prevalent musculoskeletal conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated structures. Excessive smartphone use has been associated with postural deviations, increased muscular strain, psychological distress, and parafunctional habits. However, the extent of these associations remains uncertain. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the impact of smartphone use on TMD severity by evaluating its biomechanical, neuromuscular, and psychological implications. A systematic search following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines for Abstracts was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar from January 2000 to September 2025. Studies assessing smartphone use and TMD using validated diagnostic tools (DC/TMD, RDC/TMD, Fonseca Index) were included. Risk of bias was evaluated using the risk of bias tool for non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I) and AXIS tools. Seven studies (n = 3,568 participants) were included. Excessive smartphone use was significantly associated with higher TMD severity (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4-2.5; p < 0.05). Forward head posture and reduced craniovertebral angle correlated with increased muscular tension. Smartphone addiction was linked to parafunctional habits, such as bruxism (prevalence = 96.7%; p = 0.0005) and psychological distress (p < 0.01). Heterogeneity in diagnostic tools and exposure measures precluded meta-analysis. Excessive smartphone use is moderately associated with greater TMD severity, mediated by postural deviation, muscular strain, parafunctional behaviors, and psychological distress. Ergonomic posture correction, behavioral therapy, and stress-reduction interventions are essential preventive measures.

A traumatic bone cyst (TBC) is an unusual non-neoplastic pseudocystic cavity in the bone that is often asymptomatic and slow-growing. It is unexpectedly detected by regular radiography imaging. These lesions are more common in the mandible than they are in the maxilla, and they are often seen in patients older than 40 years of age. A radiolucent unilocular lesion with scalloped margins is the most common radiographic appearance. If the hollow is found to contain blood or straw-colored fluid, surgical exploration is the only way to make a conclusive diagnosis of this uncommon condition. We present a case of an asymptomatic, incidentally diagnosed (on radiograph) traumatic bone cyst in a young patient involving the mandibular anterior region with periapical radiolucency. The case was diagnosed by radiographs and histopathological evaluation.

Background: The relationship between sleep patterns and early childhood caries (ECC) has been variably explored, with emerging evidence suggesting significant interconnections. This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing research findings on the influence of sleep hygiene on ECC incidence, focusing on how variations in sleep quality and routines impact dental health in children. Methods: The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria to ensure rigor and transparency. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various databases. Results: The collective analysis revealed a consistent linkage between poor sleep quality or irregular sleep patterns and higher ECC incidence. Common findings across the reviewed studies included the negative impact of late sleep onset and the beneficial effects of structured bedtime routines on ECC risk. While all studies agreed on the general influence of sleep quality on dental health, differences were noted in the emphasis on specific sleep disturbances, parental roles, and broader developmental outcomes linked to sleep hygiene. Conclusion: Sleep hygiene plays a critical role in the incidence of ECC, with both general sleep patterns and specific nighttime routines contributing to dental health outcomes. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving sleep hygiene could be beneficial in ECC prevention.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases (PDs) pose a significant challenge to dental health, leading to a growing interest in probiotics as potential therapeutic and prophylactic agents. Literature evidence has shown conflicting results on the use of probiotics in the management of PDs. Hence, this systematic review was performed to explore the effectiveness of probiotics in both the prevention and treatment of PDs by synthesizing data from relevant studies. Methodology: Various databases were searched using appropriate MeSH keywords as per the PRISMA protocol. Studies were included only if they met certain criteria. Two reviewers independently extracted data variables from the included literature. The risk of bias 2.0 tool was employed to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Results: In total, 21 studies were considered eligible and included in the review. It was observed that 17 studies reported a statistically significant improvement in both periodontitis and gingivitis among the probiotic group compared to control cohorts. The synthesized evidence from the review suggests that probiotics play a favourable role in both the prevention and treatment of PDs. Conclusion: It also supports the incorporation of probiotics as a potential adjunctive therapy in PD management. However, further research is warranted to explore the specific probiotic strains, dosages, and treatment durations for optimized outcomes.