The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.

The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a prebiotic mix on heme and non-heme iron (Fe) bioavailability in humans. To this purpose, twenty-four healthy women were randomized into one of two study groups. One group ate one yogurt per day for 12 days with a prebiotic mix (prebiotic group) and the other group received the same yogurt but without the prebiotic mix (control group). Before and after the intake period, the subjects participated in Fe absorption studies. These studies used ⁵⁵Fe and ⁵⁹Fe radioactive isotopes as markers of heme Fe and non-heme Fe, respectively, and Fe absorption was measured by the incorporation of radioactive Fe into erythrocytes. The results showed that there were no significant differences in heme and non-heme Fe bioavailability in the control group. Heme Fe bioavailability of the prebiotic group increased significantly by 56% post-prebiotic intake. There were no significant differences in non-heme Fe bioavailability in this group. We concluded that daily consumption of a prebiotic mix increases heme Fe bioavailability and does not affect non-heme iron bioavailability.

En los últimos años se han propuesto a los insectos como el alimento del futuro, sin embargo, surge la siguiente pregunta: ¿realmente se podrían usar como una alternativa de alimentación en la actualidad? Así el objetivo de la presente revisión fue analizar si los distintos tipos de productos en base a insectos son una buena opción para la alimentación humana y animal. En el mundo hay más de 1.900 especies de insectos comestibles, sin embargo, los más utilizados en la producción de alimentos para humanos son grillos (Acheta domesticus), larvas de mosca soldado negra (Hermetia illucens) y gusanos de la harina (Tenebrio molitor). Para alimentación animal generalmente son los dos últimos mencionados; por tanto, esta revisión se centra en éstos. Para humanos existe una gran cantidad de alimentos que contienen insectos como: barras de cereal, pastas, bebidas, cervezas, hamburguesas, golosinas para niños, “snacks” y también insectos deshidratados. Los cuales son producidos en países de Europa, Australia, Sudáfrica y Estados Unidos y también se pueden adquirir por internet. Para animales hay harina de insecto, alimentos concentrados y larvas deshidratadas o vivas. Los estudios en animales se han centrado en la alimentación de peces, pero también en otras especies (perros, gatos, cerdos, aves, animales exóticos, etc.). En varios países de Europa, Australia, Sudáfrica, Estados Unidos e incluso en Chile existen industrias que procesan y comercializan harinas. Los insectos están constituidos principalmente por proteínas y grasa, son inocuos, y algunos presentan propiedades funcionales, como péptidos antimicrobianos, lo que los hace ser una alternativa viable para la alimentación de humanos y animales.

Salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen. Commercial poultry are the main reservoirs of Salmonella enterica, leading to the contamination of food and outbreaks in humans. The vaccination of chickens is one of the most important strategies to reduce the number of Salmonella in poultry farms. Unfortunately, commercial vaccines have not been fully effective in controlling the spread and do not contain all the Salmonella serovars that circulate on farms. In this study, we evaluate a new, cochleate-based, trivalent injectable vaccine against S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis, describing the vaccine security, capacity to induce specific anti-Salmonella serovar IgY and the gene expression of immune markers related to CD4 and CD8 T-cell-mediated immunity. Efficacy was evaluated through oral challenges performed separately for each Salmonella serotype. The efficacy and safety of the trivalent vaccine was proven under controlled conditions. The vaccine has no local or systemic reactions or adverse effects on poultry performance related to the vaccine. The vaccine provided significantly increased serum IgY titer levels, significantly reduced Salmonella CFU/g present in the cecum and an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in vaccinated animals when challenged with S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that this new trivalent vaccine does not generate adverse effects in poultry and produces an increase in neutralizing antibodies against the three Salmonella serovars.