A protocol was established to produce bioactive compounds in a callus culture of Ageratina pichinchensis by using 1 mg L⁻¹ NAA with 0.1 mg L⁻¹ KIN. The phytochemical study of the EtOAc extract obtained from the callus biomass, allowed the isolation and characterization of eleven secondary metabolites, of which dihydrobenzofuran (5) and 3-epilupeol (7), showed important anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 5 inhibits in vitro the secretion of NO (IC₅₀ = 36.96 ± 1.06 μM), IL-6 (IC₅₀ = 73.71 ± 3.21 μM), and TNF-α (IC₅₀ = 73.20 ± 5.99 μM) in RAW (Murine macrophage cells) 264.7 macrophages, as well as the activation of NF-κB (40% at 150 μM) in RAW-blue macrophages, while compound 7 has been described that inhibit the in vivo TPA-induced ear edema, and the in vitro production of NO, and the PLA2 enzyme activity. In addition, quantitative GC-MS analysis showed that the anti-inflammatory metabolites 5 and 7 were not detected in the wild plant. Overall, our results indicated that A. pichinchensis can be used as an alternative biotechnological resource for obtaining anti-inflammatory compounds. This is the first report of the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 5 and its production in a callus culture of A. pichinchensis.

Ageratina pichinchensis (Kunth) is a plant used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat multiple ailments. However, there have not been biotechnological studies on producing compounds in in vitro cultures. The aim of this study was to establish a cell suspension culture of A. pichinchensis, quantify the anti-inflammatory constituents 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (2) and 3-epilupeol (3), evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts, and perform a phytochemical analysis. Cell suspension cultures were established in a MS culture medium of 30-g L⁻¹ sucrose, 1.0-mg L⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and 0.1-mg L⁻¹ 6-furfurylaminopurine. The ethyl acetate extract of the cell culture analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) revealed that the maximum production of anti-inflammatory compounds 2 and 3 occurs on days eight and 16, respectively, improving the time and previously reported yields in callus cultures. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts exhibited a significant inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production. Furthermore, a phytochemical study of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from day 20 led to the identification of 17 known compounds. The structures of the compounds were assigned by an analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data and the remainder by GC–MS. This is the first report of the production of (-)-Artemesinol, (-)-Artemesinol glucoside, encecalin, and 3,5-diprenyl-acetophenone by a cell suspension culture of A. pichinchensis.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a major obstacle in the treatment of cancer, and is associated with mechanisms such as increased drug outflow, reduction of apoptosis, and/or altered drug metabolism. These problems can be mitigated by the coadministration of agents known as chemosensitizers, as they can reverse resistance to anticancer drugs and eventually resensitize cancer cells. We explore the chemosensitizing effect of Achillin, a guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the Mexican medicinal plant Artemisia ludovisiana, to reverse MDR in Hep3B/PTX cells of hepatocellular carcinoma, which present resistance to paclitaxel (PTX). Achillin showed an important effect as chemosensitizer; indeed, the cytotoxic effect of PTX (25 nM) was enhanced, and the induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were potentiated when combining with Achillin (100 μM). In addition, we observed that Achillin decreases P-gp levels and increases the intracellular retention of doxorubicin in Hep3B/PTX cells; in addition, homology structural modeling and molecular docking calculations predicted that Achillin interacts in two regions (M-site and R-site) of transporter drug efflux P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Our results suggest that the chemosensitizer effect demonstrated for Achillin could be associated with P-gp modulation. This work also provides useful information for the development of new therapeutic agents from guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactones like Achillin.

Ageratina pichinchensis (Asteraceae) has been used for a long time in traditional Mexican medicine for treating different skin conditions and injuries. This review aimed to provide an up-to-date view regarding the traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials) that have been achieved using crude extracts, fractions, or pure compounds. Moreover, for a critical evaluation of the published literature, key databases (Pubmed, Science Direct, and SciFinder, among others) were systematically searched using keywords to retrieve relevant publications on this plant. Studies that reported on crude extracts, fractions, or isolated pure compounds of A. pichinchensis have found a varied range of biological effects, including antibacterial, curative, antiulcer, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical analyses of different parts of A. pichinchensis revealed 47 compounds belonging to chromenes, furans, glycosylated flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils. Furthermore, biotechnological studies of A. pichinchensis such as callus and cell suspension cultures have provided information for future research perspectives to improve the production of valuable bioactive compounds.