Purpose: Electrical and lightning injuries are rare but carry significant risks for ocular complications. This systematic review aims to synthesize data on ocular manifestations, visual outcomes, and treatment approaches following such traumas. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to August 21, 2023, utilizing PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Observational studies, including case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies involving patients with electrical and lightning injuries, were included. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Hoy et al. tools for cross-sectional studies and the Hassan Murad et al. recommendations for case reports and series. Data on ocular manifestations, visual outcomes, and administered treatments were extracted. Manifestations were compared across high-voltage (≥ 1000 V) and low-voltage (< 1000 V) exposures. Visual outcomes were classified into no visual impairment (Best Corrected visual acuity [BCVA] better than 0.4 LogMAR), any vision impairment (BCVA of 0.4 LogMAR or worse), and legal blindness (BCVA of 1.0 LogMAR or worse). This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023453495). Results: The review included 71 studies comprising 183 patients. Cataracts were the most common anterior segment finding (30.05%), and macular cysts were the predominant posterior segment finding (10.38%). Visual outcomes reported for 56 patients showed that 51.35% experienced some degree of visual impairment, with 33.92% classified as legally blind. High-voltage exposure was associated with a higher frequency of cataracts (82.35% vs 37.50%) and macular cysts (11.76% vs. 0%) compared to low-voltage injuries. Patients with legal blindness more frequently exhibited cataracts (73.68% of legally blind patients vs. 61.29% with some visual impairment vs. 56.0% with no visual impairment) and macular cysts (26.32% of legally blind patients vs. 12.0% with no visual impairment). Surgical interventions such as phacoemulsification (15.85%) and vitrectomy (6.02%) were conducted. Conclusion: Electrical and lightning injuries can lead to significant ocular complications; the frequency of those complications varies according to the voltage of exposure and the resulting visual outcomes, occurring more frequently in patients exposed to high voltages and those who are legally blind.

AIM: To describe the distribution of refractive errors by age and sex among schoolchildren in Soacha, Colombia. METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in five urban public schools in the municipality of Soacha. A total of 1161 school-aged and pre-adolescent children, aged 5-12y were examined during the school year 2021-2022. Examinations included visual acuity and static refraction. Spherical equivalent (SE) was analysed as follows: myopia SE≤-0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or worse; high myopia SE≤-6.00 D; hyperopia SE≥+1.00 D (≥7y) or SE≥+2.00 D (5-6y); significant hyperopia SE≥+3.00 D. Astigmatism was defined as a cylinder in at least one eye ≥1.00 D (≥7y) or ≥1.75 D (5-6y). If at least one eye was ametropic, children were classified according to the refractive error found. RESULTS: Of the 1139 schoolchildren included, 50.6% were male, 58.8% were aged between 5 and 9y, and 12.1% were already using optical correction. The most common refractive error was astigmatism (31.1%), followed by myopia (20.8%) and hyperopia (13.1%). There was no significant relationship between refractive error and sex. There was a significant increase in astigmatism (P<0.001) and myopia (P<0.0001) with age. CONCLUSION: Astigmatism is the most common refractive error in children in an urban area of Colombia. Emmetropia decreased and myopia increased with age.

In recent years, prevalence of myopia in the world has increased significantly. The aim of this research work is to consider the combined prevalence of myopia in America, according to the following categories: age, race, gender, and region. Such research will be done also in harmony with the reports found in scientific literature. A systematic review of the literature found in the following databases was carried out: medline, embase, and lilacs. The aim was searching cross-sectional studies containing myopia prevalence information. To find the combined prevalence, the double arc sine method of fixed or random effects by Freeman-Tukey was used. 15 research studies that included 45.349 individuals from the United States, Brazil, and Paraguay, were identified in the literature; studies of subjects aged 0-96 years old. The prevalence of myopia varied from 1,2% to 48% with differences between male and female of 18,4% [95% CI: 13,9-22,8] and 19,8% [95% CI: 18,9-20,7], respectively. The global prevalence of myopia in rural areas was 1,4% [95% CI: 1,3-1,5], and in urban areas 14,3% [95% CI: 13,3-15,2]. At the same time, some differences were identified based on race. In the case of the white race 15,4% [95% CI: 14,4-16,3], Afrodescendants 20,6% [95% CI: 19,6-21,5] and other races (Spanish, non-Spanish, and African American) 2,9% [95% CI: 1,97-3,82]. The lowest figures of myopia prevalence were identified in rural areas in pre-school children (14,1%). There is, probably, a relationship in use and exposure time to electronic items such as screens, in contrast with the development of other indoor activities as outdoor exposure as an environmental factor to slow myopia.

La cirugía refractiva es una alternativa para corregir defectos visuales derivados de alteraciones ópticas en el globo ocular; sin embargo el éxito de este procedimiento depende en gran medida de la valoración pre quirúrgica la cual comprende el examen visual y ocular, la condición de salud general, antecedentes y ocupación. Esta valoración determinará el pronóstico visual y refractivo después de la intervención. Dentro de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas para tal fin se encuentran el PRK/LASEK Y LASIK, procedimientos que modifican la estructura corneal mediante ablación en una de sus capas; estas técnicas quirúrgicas son seleccionadas de acuerdo al defecto refractivo y necesidad visual del paciente. A pesar de los avances tecnológicos en materia de cirugía refractiva, existen limitaciones y complicaciones relacionadas con la cicatrización, la biomecánica, la respuesta corneal y las condiciones personales como: el género, la ametropía, la raza, la ocupación, el estilo de vida y la técnica quirúrgica empleada; estos son factores que limitan la previsibilidad de la intervención en cuanto a sobrecorrección, hipocorrección, regresión e inducción de astigmatismo irregular. El presente trabajo pretende a través de la recopilación de estudios realizados sobre el tema, establecer asociación con factores de riesgo y protectores ya descritos por los autores, con el fin de conocer mejor el pronóstico visual y ocular del paciente, así como la probabilidad de reincidencia de ametropías después de transcurrido un tiempo de la intervención

Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias en los componentes biométricos oculares, como longitud axial, profundidad de la cámara anterior, espesor del cristalino, curvatura corneal y espesor corneal entre hombres y mujeres. Método: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, en 106 estudiantes universitarios en edades entre 18 y 36 años. Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a refracción bajo cicloplejia y valorados mediante autorrefractometría. El error refractivo fue medido después de la aplicación de ciclopentolato al 1%. Para la identificación de los componentes biométricos se realizó una valoración con el equipo Aladdin (Topcon Corporation, Equipos Oftalmológicos Colombia). Resultados: De los 106 participantes, el 71.7% (76) correspondían al sexo femenino, en edades entre 18 y 36 años. En las mujeres, el promedio de la longitud axial fue de 23.3 ± 0.88 mm y en los hombres 23.9 ± 0.99 mm. La profundidad de la cámara anterior fue de 3.5 ± 0.26 mm en las mujeres y de 3.6 ± 0.22 mm en los hombres. El espesor del cristalino en las mujeres fue de 3.47 ± 0.22 mm y en los hombres de 3.53 ± 0.20 mm. El espesor corneal en las mujeres fue de 538.65 ± 0.36 µm y en los hombres de 542.43 ± 32.73 µm. El promedio de la queratometría en las mujeres fue de 43.54 ± 1.35 D y en hombres de 42.76 ± 1.79 D. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la curvatura corneal (-0.78 D; hombres p = 0.01 y mujeres p = 0.003) y la longitud axial (0.63 mm; hombres p = 0.02 y mujeres p = 0.04). Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en la curvatura corneal de hasta 0.75 D, siendo más curva en las mujeres, y un mayor tamaño del globo ocular en los hombres, características anatómicas que intervienen en la prevalencia de errores de refracción.

Based on a literature review, this research aims to identify the associated factors affecting the population with diabetic retinopathy (DR). To do so, an online search for scientific papers was carried out in the databases Medline (PubMed) and LILACS, using Health Science Descriptors [DeCS] and including keywords like risk factors, diabetes and retinopathy. As a result, 9 studies were identified indicating factors associated with DR in the population with diabetes mellitus such as dyslipidemia, glycemic control, living in rural areas, hypertension, duration of diabetes, tobacco use, obesity, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and pre-eclampsia. In general, this work concluded that hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension are combined throughout the diabetes course, thus determining the physiopathology underlying a diabetic retinopathy. This way, keeping an appropriate and balanced blood-pressure and glycemic control becomes the most relevant factor to reduce the risk of disease progress as a retina microvascular condition