Musculoskeletal simulation and dynamic modeling programs have been used to gain insight into lower-limb musculoskeletal injury mechanisms. In addition to the temporospatial, kinematic, and kinetic data obtained from motion analysis systems, musculoskeletal simulation programs also can provide information on joint contact and muscle forces, musculotendinous lengths and velocities, and muscle activation levels. Musculoskeletal simulation platforms may help in the assessment of risk factors for sports-related injuries. Using musculoskeletal simulations for injury prevention programs may help lower the incidence of sports injuries, and may allow for fast recovery from injury. In this review, injury mechanisms and risk factors of some of the most common lower-limb musculoskeletal injuries, including anterior cruciate ligament, patellofemoral, and hamstring injuries were summarized from a biomechanical perspective. Also, the efficacy of musculoskeletal modeling and dynamic simulation tools in helping our understanding of these injury mechanisms was discussed.

Attenuation of the adverse effects of vehicle vibrations on human health is a challenging problem. One common approach to solve this problem is to use various types of controllers in vehicle suspensions. In this study, in order to decrease the vehicle vibrations and hence improve the ride comfort, a fuzzy logic integrated sliding mode controller was designed. The performance of the controller was tested in a biodynamic human-vehicle combined model. The human body was considered as a lumped parameter model and incorporated into a full vehicle model. The biodynamic responses of a human body to vehicle vibrations were analyzed. Performances of the conventional sliding mode and fuzzy integrated sliding mode controllers were compared with those of a passive control strategy. According to the numerical results, the fuzzy sliding mode controller overcame both classic sliding mode and passive control approaches and decreased vehicle vibrations considerably. It can be deduced from the study that active suspension systems would play a key role in decreasing the negative effects of vehicle vibrations on human health, such as motion sickness, discomfort and spine injuries.