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Complex modulus and complex Poisson’s ratio are two parameters which characterise the 3D linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures. Compared to the complex modulus, the complex Poisson’s ratio is more difficult to be measured because of the great accuracy needed for the experimental device. This investigation focuses on the complex Poisson’s ratio of asphalt mixtures and the effect of loading parameters on its values. The three loading parameters considered in the paper include the time–temperature, the strain level and the number of cyclic loadings. To fulfil the objective of study, complex modulus tests, fatigue tests combined with the rest time, large amplitude cyclic loading tests and cyclic permanent deformation tests are performed. The complex modulus tests are conducted at different temperatures, frequencies and strain amplitudes. Thanks to the fatigue tests, the large amplitude cyclic loading tests and the cyclic permanent deformation tests, the change in complex Poisson’s ratio with the number of cycle, the pre-deformation strain level of specimen and the accumulated permanent deformation (up to some %) respectively is also investigated. The obtained results show that the time–temperature and the number of cyclic loading have a clear effect on the complex Poisson’s ratio of asphalt mixtures. No significant change in the complex Poisson’s ratio is observed when varying the strain cyclic loading amplitude within the small strain domain. The change in the complex Poisson’s ratio becomes more important and is observed to be proportional with the norm of the strain deviator tensor when the axial strain is accumulated or pre-loaded up to some percent.
Quang Tuan Nguyen; Hervé Di Benedetto; Thi Thanh Nhan Hoang; Van Phu Bui. Effect of time–temperature, strain level and cyclic loading on the complex Poisson’s ratio of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 294, 123564 .
AMA StyleQuang Tuan Nguyen, Hervé Di Benedetto, Thi Thanh Nhan Hoang, Van Phu Bui. Effect of time–temperature, strain level and cyclic loading on the complex Poisson’s ratio of asphalt mixtures. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 294 ():123564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuang Tuan Nguyen; Hervé Di Benedetto; Thi Thanh Nhan Hoang; Van Phu Bui. 2021. "Effect of time–temperature, strain level and cyclic loading on the complex Poisson’s ratio of asphalt mixtures." Construction and Building Materials 294, no. : 123564.
In the framework of recycling techniques employed in maintenance and rehabilitation projects for the road industry, cement bitumen–treated materials (CBTMs) provide good performance as well as economic and environmental benefits. Because these materials are produced with bitumen emulsion at atmospheric temperature, the environmental factors during production are extremely important to guarantee the quality of the final product. This paper focuses on the stiffness of CBTMs produced and conditioned at low temperatures, and cured in two different conditions (sealed and unsealed). The mixtures were evaluated in terms of rheological properties using complex modulus (E*) tests performed 1 year after production. Results were modeled with an adapted version of the Di Benedetto-Neifar (DBN) model for plastic dissipation for small cycles (PDSC), accordingly called DBNPDSC. Results showed that the curing conditions, as well as the low production temperatures, significantly changed the rheological properties of the material. In fact, mixing or compacting the mixtures at 5°C compared with 25°C resulted in a loss in stiffness of around 30% in the small strain domain. This model is a good tool to describe, in the small strain domain, such material behavior, which shows plastic nonviscous phenomena.
Simone Raschia; Daniel Perraton; Hervé Di Benedetto; Sébastien Lamothe; Andrea Graziani; Alan Carter. Visco-Elasto-Plastic Characterization in the Small Strain Domain of Cement Bitumen–Treated Materials Produced at Low Temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2021, 33, 04021039 .
AMA StyleSimone Raschia, Daniel Perraton, Hervé Di Benedetto, Sébastien Lamothe, Andrea Graziani, Alan Carter. Visco-Elasto-Plastic Characterization in the Small Strain Domain of Cement Bitumen–Treated Materials Produced at Low Temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2021; 33 (4):04021039.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Raschia; Daniel Perraton; Hervé Di Benedetto; Sébastien Lamothe; Andrea Graziani; Alan Carter. 2021. "Visco-Elasto-Plastic Characterization in the Small Strain Domain of Cement Bitumen–Treated Materials Produced at Low Temperatures." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 4: 04021039.
This paper presents results of laboratory tests on hot and warm bituminous mixtures produced with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Additives were used to produce warm bituminous mixtures. Fatigue behaviour and thermomechanical behaviour at low temperature were investigated. Fatigue was studied by analysing the tension/compression fatigue test results. Four different failure criteria were used in order to evaluate fatigue life. The low temperature behaviour of the materials was characterized using the Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST). For each material, three replicates were performed. The experimental device was improved so that radial strains in two directions could be measured during the tests. Tri-dimensional behaviour could thus be investigated. The results of both tests were analysed and the influence of the void content, RAP content, type of additives and manufacturing process was evaluated. The results show that RAP addition and warm bituminous mixtures could be combined to obtain mixtures with performances comparable to classical hot mixtures.
Nguyen Hoang Pham; Cédric Sauzéat; Hervé Di Benedetto; Juan A. González-León; Gilles Barreto; Aurélia Nicolaï. Fatigue and Thermal Cracking of Hot and Warm Bituminous Mixtures with Different RAP Contents. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9812 .
AMA StyleNguyen Hoang Pham, Cédric Sauzéat, Hervé Di Benedetto, Juan A. González-León, Gilles Barreto, Aurélia Nicolaï. Fatigue and Thermal Cracking of Hot and Warm Bituminous Mixtures with Different RAP Contents. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Hoang Pham; Cédric Sauzéat; Hervé Di Benedetto; Juan A. González-León; Gilles Barreto; Aurélia Nicolaï. 2020. "Fatigue and Thermal Cracking of Hot and Warm Bituminous Mixtures with Different RAP Contents." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9812.
This paper focuses on the influence of the RAP-extracted binder and rejuvenator contents on the steady shear viscosity obtained as a linear viscoelastic property of different binder blends. One pure fresh 50/70 binder, a RAP-extracted binder and a rejuvenator of vegetal origin were mixed in different dosages. Steady shear viscosity (η0) values at different temperatures (from 25 °C to 85 °C) were determined from complex shear modulus results for all tested binders. In addition, η0(T) values of all binder blends were estimated from η0(T) values of base constituents by using two different approaches. Good correspondences with experimental results were found.
A. Forton; S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto; P. Marc. Steady shear viscosity of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 269, 121236 .
AMA StyleA. Forton, S. Mangiafico, C. Sauzéat, H. Di Benedetto, P. Marc. Steady shear viscosity of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 269 ():121236.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Forton; S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto; P. Marc. 2020. "Steady shear viscosity of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results." Construction and Building Materials 269, no. : 121236.
The properties of various blends of a fresh binder (50/70 penetration grade) and a RAP-extracted binder, with and without a rejuvenator, were studied. A mixture of vegetal oils was used as rejuvenator in different dosages. A total of 17 binders were tested, including pure fresh and RAP binders. Conventional tests were performed in order to determine penetration at 25 °C, softening point (TR&B), Fraass breaking point (TFraass), ductility (elongation at 25 °C) and density at 25 °C. The steady-shear viscosity (η0) of all binders was calculated from complex modulus test results. Two different approaches were proposed in order to estimate values of penetration, TR&B, TFraass and η0 of blends from properties of base constituents. Excellent correspondences with experimental results were observed.
A. Forton; S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto; P. Marc. Properties of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 236, 117555 .
AMA StyleA. Forton, S. Mangiafico, C. Sauzéat, H. Di Benedetto, P. Marc. Properties of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 236 ():117555.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Forton; S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto; P. Marc. 2019. "Properties of blends of fresh and RAP binders with rejuvenator: Experimental and estimated results." Construction and Building Materials 236, no. : 117555.
In this study, the thermomechanical behaviour of bituminous mixtures produced with CR by dry process was evaluated. Two bituminous mixtures were produced and tested: a reference one without CR and a second one with 3% of CR on the mixture weight. The used CR had a continuous 3/6 mm grain size distribution. Complex modulus was determined using tension/compression tests with sinusoidal loading, at nine temperatures from −25 °C to 50 °C and eight frequencies from 0.003 to 10 Hz with an imposed strain amplitude of 50 μm/m. For both mixtures, Time-Temperature Superposition Principle was validated. At high frequency/low temperatures, lower values of norm of complex modulus were found for the mixture containing CR. Tensile strength was determined using direct tensile tests on two samples at 10 °C and 3.125 × 10−2 %/min imposed strain rate.
Yasmina Mahmoudi; Salvatore Mangiafico; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto; Simon Pouget; Jean-Philippe Faure. Influence of Crumb Rubber Added by Dry Process on Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Tensile Strength of Bituminous Mixtures. Proceedings of EECE 2020 2019, 174 -182.
AMA StyleYasmina Mahmoudi, Salvatore Mangiafico, Cédric Sauzéat, Herve DI Benedetto, Simon Pouget, Jean-Philippe Faure. Influence of Crumb Rubber Added by Dry Process on Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Tensile Strength of Bituminous Mixtures. Proceedings of EECE 2020. 2019; ():174-182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYasmina Mahmoudi; Salvatore Mangiafico; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto; Simon Pouget; Jean-Philippe Faure. 2019. "Influence of Crumb Rubber Added by Dry Process on Linear Viscoelastic Properties and Tensile Strength of Bituminous Mixtures." Proceedings of EECE 2020 , no. : 174-182.
A. Pedraza; Herve DI Benedetto; C. Sauzéat; S. Pouget. Fracture Properties of Multirecycled Asphalt Mixes from Four-Point Bending Test Using Digital Image Correlation and Back Calculation. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2019, 47, 1 .
AMA StyleA. Pedraza, Herve DI Benedetto, C. Sauzéat, S. Pouget. Fracture Properties of Multirecycled Asphalt Mixes from Four-Point Bending Test Using Digital Image Correlation and Back Calculation. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2019; 47 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Pedraza; Herve DI Benedetto; C. Sauzéat; S. Pouget. 2019. "Fracture Properties of Multirecycled Asphalt Mixes from Four-Point Bending Test Using Digital Image Correlation and Back Calculation." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 47, no. 5: 1.
In the presented research, conventional cyclic tension–compression complex modulus tests and dynamic tests were performed on an asphalt mix (AM) specimen. For the tension–compression tests, the complex modulus was calculated from the measurements of the axial strain and axial stress. For the dynamic tests, an automated impact hammer equipped with a load cell and an accelerometer were used to determine the frequency response functions (FRFs) at five different temperatures. A back-analysis using finite element method (FEM) calculations and a very simple modelling of the material behaviour was proposed to determine the complex modulus of the specimen at each tested temperature. Complex modulus results from dynamic and cyclic tests were compared and are in good agreement. The norm of the complex modulus obtained from dynamic test is slightly higher and no significant difference is seen for the phase angle. Part of the differences observed may be explained by the nonlinearity of AM (strain amplitude is about 500 times smaller for dynamic tests).
Jean-Claude Carret; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. Dynamic testing of asphalt mixes. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 92, 04004 .
AMA StyleJean-Claude Carret, Herve DI Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat. Dynamic testing of asphalt mixes. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 92 ():04004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Claude Carret; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. 2019. "Dynamic testing of asphalt mixes." E3S Web of Conferences 92, no. : 04004.
The compaction of bituminous mixture during road pavement construction induces anisotropic properties. However, bituminous mixture is generally considered isotropic. This article presents the investigations on the anisotropic behavior of a bituminous mixture in a road pavement structure. A pavement block (55 by 46 by 28 cm) was sawn and extracted from a highway in France. Cylindrical specimens were cored and sawn from the middle layer of this block in three directions: longitudinal direction I, vertical direction II, and transversal direction III. Complex tension/compression modulus tests were performed at the University of Lyon/Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat (ENTPE) laboratory to investigate the anisotropic behavior of the bituminous mixture. These tests consist in measuring axial stress and radial strains when sinusoidal axial strain, with an amplitude lower than 10−4 m/m, was applied on the specimen. Tests were performed on the specimens cored in Directions I, II, and III at nine temperatures and six frequencies. For each specimen, the complex modulus E* and complex Poisson’s ratios ν* in two perpendicular diameter directions were measured. Thus, the complex modulus in the three directions (E, I, *, , , , , , E, II, , *, , , , , , and E, III, , *, , , , , ) and six complex Poisson’s ratios (ν, I-II, , *, , , , , , ν, I-III, , *, , , , , , ν, II-I, , *, , , , , , ν, II-III, , *, , , , , , ν, III-I, , *, , , , , , ν, III-II, , *, , , , , ) could be obtained and investigated. The Time Temperature Superposition Principle was verified for both the norm and phase angle of E* and ν*. The anisotropic properties of material were studied by comparing the three E* and six ν*. The obtained results reveal an anisotropic behavior of the bituminous mixture. The different E* and ν* respected the Time Temperature Superposition Principle with the same shift factor. In addition, the rheological tensor was shown to be symmetric. The experimental results were simulated using the anisotropic three-dimensional version of the “2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements and 1 Dashpot” (2S2P1D) linear viscoelastic model. A unique normalized curve can be considered for E* and ν*. The stability of the material behavior was also investigated within the tested frequency–temperature range.
Quang Tuan Nguyen; Nguyen Hoang Pham; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. Anisotropic Behavior of Bituminous Mixtures in Road Pavement Structures. Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2019, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleQuang Tuan Nguyen, Nguyen Hoang Pham, Herve DI Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat. Anisotropic Behavior of Bituminous Mixtures in Road Pavement Structures. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2019; 48 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuang Tuan Nguyen; Nguyen Hoang Pham; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. 2019. "Anisotropic Behavior of Bituminous Mixtures in Road Pavement Structures." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48, no. 1: 1.
Bituminous materials are considered as linear viscoelastic for a small number of applied cycles at low strain amplitudes. Their behaviour can be represented considering the complex modulus and the complex Poisson’s ratio (isotropic case), which are obtained for sinusoidal loading. These two properties are independent of strain/stress amplitude in the case of linear viscoelasticity (LVE). However, when increasing amplitude, nonlinearity induces a strain dependence of the measured complex modulus. This paper investigates the phenomenon of nonlinearity in bitumen, mastic and bituminous mixture (BM). Strain amplitude sweep (SAS) tests were performed at different temperatures and frequencies. From LVE characterisation results, it was possible to observe relationships between the rheological behaviours of bitumen, mastic and bituminous mixture. Nonlinearity results show that BM presents non-negligible nonlinearity even for very small strain (few tens of µm/m). Nonlinearity effect is temperature- and frequency- dependent. The LVE limit decreases with temperature for BM and increases for bitumen and mastic. LVE limit in terms of stress amplitude changes following the same factor for all materials, suggesting that the nonlinearity observed on bituminous mixtures is inherited from the bitumen.
Lucas Babadopulos; Gabriel Orozco; Salvatore Mangiafico; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto. Influence of loading amplitude on viscoelastic properties of bitumen, mastic and bituminous mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 20, S780 -S796.
AMA StyleLucas Babadopulos, Gabriel Orozco, Salvatore Mangiafico, Cédric Sauzéat, Herve DI Benedetto. Influence of loading amplitude on viscoelastic properties of bitumen, mastic and bituminous mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 20 (sup2):S780-S796.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucas Babadopulos; Gabriel Orozco; Salvatore Mangiafico; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto. 2019. "Influence of loading amplitude on viscoelastic properties of bitumen, mastic and bituminous mixtures." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. sup2: S780-S796.
The objective of this study is to analyse the differences between experimental LVE properties of both a straight-run bitumen and a bituminous mixture and simulations with analogical 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, and 1 Dashpot) model fitted by 14 different users. Data for the bitumen consisted of isotherms of G∗ and φ obtained from DSR complex modulus tests at 12 different temperatures ranging from −29.9°C to 60.0°C and frequencies ranging from 6.3 to 40 Hz, for a total of 60 data points. Data for the bituminous mixture consisted of isotherms of E∗ and φ obtained from strain-controlled traction/compression complex modulus tests at 8 different temperatures ranging from −29.7°C to 38.8°C and frequencies ranging from 0.01 to 10 Hz, for a total of 55 data points. All users worked independently and for the same time duration of one hour to fit the 2S2P1D model on both sets of data. Successful simulations of experimental data of both bitumen and mixture were generally obtained by all the users over the whole range of frequencies and temperatures, regardless of their familiarity and experience with the model. The accuracy of the model to fit experimental data is all the more evident if the great spans of complex modulus (G∗ of the bitumen between 10−2 and 103 MPa, E∗ of the mixture between 10 and 40000 MPa) are considered. The obtained results highlight the convenience of 2S2P1D model to perform multiscale modelling of LVE behaviour of bituminous materials, from bitumens to mixtures.
S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto. 2S2P1D Model Calibration Error from User Panel for One Bitumen and One Bituminous Mixture. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 2019, 1 -16.
AMA StyleS. Mangiafico, C. Sauzéat, Herve DI Benedetto. 2S2P1D Model Calibration Error from User Panel for One Bitumen and One Bituminous Mixture. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 2019 ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto. 2019. "2S2P1D Model Calibration Error from User Panel for One Bitumen and One Bituminous Mixture." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019, no. : 1-16.
Fatigue is considered the main pavement degradation phenomenon at medium temperature for bituminous pavements. Most mechanical-empirical pavement design (M-E PD) software used nowadays refer to the Wöhler fatigue curve to predict the number of load repetitions needed to have fatigue cracking of asphalt mixtures. At the core of models used in M-E PD, three coefficients of this fatigue curve which allow the quantification of the specific fatigue performance of a given bituminous material are used. To provide an understanding of the different tools available for M-E PD methods, the main fatigue model parameters are examined in the present work, and the different coefficients found in these models are explained and connected together. It is shown that many aspects of fatigue tests have a major impact on the fatigue resistance, and in turn on the fatigue modelling and the pavement design. For instance, the strain amplitude selection of a fatigue test strongly influences the a1 coefficient of Wöhler law. The influence of temperature, which is taken into account with the a3 coefficient, also has a major impact on the modelled fatigue performance. On top of that, the strain amplitude used in laboratory fatigue tests, the slope of the Wöhler curve obtained from fatigue tests, and the risk, or reliability, used in pavement design do change the coefficients, which in turn significantly changes the design of the pavement.
Daniel Perraton; Herve DI Benedetto; Alan Carter; Marc Proteau. Link between different bottom-up fatigue’s law coefficients of mechanical-empirical pavement design software. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 216, 552 -563.
AMA StyleDaniel Perraton, Herve DI Benedetto, Alan Carter, Marc Proteau. Link between different bottom-up fatigue’s law coefficients of mechanical-empirical pavement design software. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 216 ():552-563.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Perraton; Herve DI Benedetto; Alan Carter; Marc Proteau. 2019. "Link between different bottom-up fatigue’s law coefficients of mechanical-empirical pavement design software." Construction and Building Materials 216, no. : 552-563.
Falling (or Heavy) Weight Deflectometer (F/HWD) is a widely used non-destructive device for pavement evaluation. The falling mass system of this device can generate a load representative of a wheel. Deflections are monitored by geophones at several distances from the loading centre. Interpretation of F/HWD deflections is classically done using a static elastic method. However, the F/HWD test is clearly dynamic and the mechanical behaviour of bituminous materials is most likely linear viscoelastic at the temperature and strain conditions of the test. This paper aims at exploring the differences due to the consideration of dynamic and viscoelastic effects of the pavement structure in the numerical simulation of the F/HWD test. Deflections of an existing pavement structure were numerically simulated through a time-domain finite element method. Four numerical simulations are proposed: static elastic, dynamic elastic, static viscoelastic and dynamic viscoelastic. This study shows that dynamic and viscoelastic effects significantly affect time-history and peak values of simulated deflections.
Jean-Marie Roussel; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto; Michaël Broutin. Numerical simulation of falling/heavy weight deflectometer test considering linear viscoelastic behaviour in bituminous layers and inertia effects. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 20, S64 -S78.
AMA StyleJean-Marie Roussel, Cédric Sauzéat, Herve DI Benedetto, Michaël Broutin. Numerical simulation of falling/heavy weight deflectometer test considering linear viscoelastic behaviour in bituminous layers and inertia effects. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 20 (sup1):S64-S78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Marie Roussel; Cédric Sauzéat; Herve DI Benedetto; Michaël Broutin. 2019. "Numerical simulation of falling/heavy weight deflectometer test considering linear viscoelastic behaviour in bituminous layers and inertia effects." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. sup1: S64-S78.
Modal analysis is an economic and efficient test method to characterise the complex modulus of asphalt concrete. In this paper, the precision of modal analysis was evaluated by performing testing at several laboratories on two cylindrical asphalt concrete specimens. In addition, the complex moduli characterised by modal analysis were compared to cyclic tension-compression testing. The results showed that the coefficient of variation was less than 3% at loading frequencies above 10 Hz for the complex modulus determined through modal analysis. The comparison of the complex modulus determined from modal analysis and tension-compression testing resulted in a coefficient of variation values not more than 9% for loading frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 109 Hz.
Anders Gudmarsson; Jean-Claude Carret; Simon Pouget; Richard Nilsson; Abubeker Ahmed; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. Precision of modal analysis to characterise the complex modulus of asphalt concrete. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 20, S217 -S232.
AMA StyleAnders Gudmarsson, Jean-Claude Carret, Simon Pouget, Richard Nilsson, Abubeker Ahmed, Herve DI Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat. Precision of modal analysis to characterise the complex modulus of asphalt concrete. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 20 (sup1):S217-S232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders Gudmarsson; Jean-Claude Carret; Simon Pouget; Richard Nilsson; Abubeker Ahmed; Herve DI Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. 2019. "Precision of modal analysis to characterise the complex modulus of asphalt concrete." Road Materials and Pavement Design 20, no. sup1: S217-S232.
This paper investigates the effects of reversible phenomena (nonlinearity, self-heating and thixotropy) and damage on bitumen. Four specimens were subjected to different cyclic loading tests: complex shear modulus (G∗), strain amplitude sweeps (SAS) and Loading and Rest Periods (LRP). LRP test consists of applying series of cyclic loading at high strain amplitude (γ0), such as in classical fatigue tests, followed by rest periods (five repetitions). During rest, G* was regularly measured. Specimen temperature was carefully measured during all tests. 2S2P1D rheological model was used along with G∗ tests to characterise linear viscoelastic behaviour, and to calculate the self-heating effect on the measured G∗ during LRP test. SAS results were used to evaluate nonlinearity effect. LRP results showed that temperature may significantly increase during loading. About 5°C increase was observed after 10,000 cycles with γ0= 2%. Such increase results in 70% to 80% modulus decrease, depending on the analysed γ0. Damage was found to cumulate linearly with the total number of applied cycles at fixed γ0, with negligible phase angle variation. After correcting temperature and damage effects, thixotropy evolution could be observed on Black diagrams, where a shared direction with nonlinearity was observed. This suggests a shared intrinsic mechanism, possibly on the microstructural level. Finally, it is clear that reversible phenomena play an important role on the measured G∗, especially at higher γ0. Such effects could not be neglected for the analysed LRP tests (whose loading part is similar to classical fatigue tests). Tests producing less reversible effects should be preferred.
Lucas F. De A. L. Babadopulos; Gabriel Orozco; Cédric Sauzéat; Hervé Di Benedetto. Reversible phenomena and fatigue damage during cyclic loading and rest periods on bitumen. International Journal of Fatigue 2019, 124, 303 -314.
AMA StyleLucas F. De A. L. Babadopulos, Gabriel Orozco, Cédric Sauzéat, Hervé Di Benedetto. Reversible phenomena and fatigue damage during cyclic loading and rest periods on bitumen. International Journal of Fatigue. 2019; 124 ():303-314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucas F. De A. L. Babadopulos; Gabriel Orozco; Cédric Sauzéat; Hervé Di Benedetto. 2019. "Reversible phenomena and fatigue damage during cyclic loading and rest periods on bitumen." International Journal of Fatigue 124, no. : 303-314.
In this paper, the moisture susceptibility of different bituminous binders with two substrates (glass and limestone) was investigated. To that end, the tensile strength of different combinations of bituminous binder–substrate bond was measured using a pull-off test. This test was adapted from the pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) test to improve repeatability. Samples were tested in dry condition and after a 7-day conditioning in hot water bath (60 °C). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the test results. Overall, the results show that in dry condition, the pull-off strength is a function of the bituminous binder type rather than of the substrate type. After water conditioning, an increase in the pull-off strength was observed for the bituminous binder without polymers and coupled with glass substrate. This was associated with an increase in binder stiffness. For the limestone substrate, the effect of water conditioning was significant only for one type of binder.
Éric Lachance-Tremblay; Michel Vaillancourt; Daniel Perraton; Herve DI Benedetto. Comparison of the moisture damage of bituminous binder coupled with glass and limestone substrate using pull-off test. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 2019, 46, 188 -194.
AMA StyleÉric Lachance-Tremblay, Michel Vaillancourt, Daniel Perraton, Herve DI Benedetto. Comparison of the moisture damage of bituminous binder coupled with glass and limestone substrate using pull-off test. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 2019; 46 (3):188-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÉric Lachance-Tremblay; Michel Vaillancourt; Daniel Perraton; Herve DI Benedetto. 2019. "Comparison of the moisture damage of bituminous binder coupled with glass and limestone substrate using pull-off test." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 3: 188-194.
The influence of hydrated lime (HL) on linear viscoelastic (LVE) behavior of mastic is investigated. One bitumen and five mastics with different HL content are investigated. The same 35/50 penetration grade bitumen was tested and used for mastics preparation. The LVE properties were obtained by means of complex shear modulus tests using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) on a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. The time–temperature superposition principle in the LVE domain was applicable. Experimental results were modeled using the 2S2P1D model previously developed at the University of Lyon/ENTPE. The reinforcement effect of HL on LVE behavior of mastics was observed and quantified. Results show that the volume of filler increase when limestone is replaced by HL at constant mass, may explain a large part of the observed stiffening effect.
Cong Viet Phan; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat; Didier Lesueur; Simon Pouget. Influence of hydrated lime on linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mastics. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 2019, 24, 25 -40.
AMA StyleCong Viet Phan, Hervé Di Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat, Didier Lesueur, Simon Pouget. Influence of hydrated lime on linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mastics. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials. 2019; 24 (1):25-40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCong Viet Phan; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat; Didier Lesueur; Simon Pouget. 2019. "Influence of hydrated lime on linear viscoelastic properties of bituminous mastics." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 24, no. 1: 25-40.
The linear viscoelastic (LVE) behaviour of several combinations of two binders, a straight run 35/50 bitumen and a RAP-extracted bitumen in various proportions (20%, 40% and 60% of RAP binder), was simulated. Two different methods were used to carry out the simulations, The first method consists of a blending rule from the 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic elements, 1 Dashpot) rheological model, that was calibrated for straight run bitumen and RAP. The second approach is based on the self-consistent model proposed by Hervé and Zaoui [1], considering the two binders as a layered composite sphere embedded in a homogenous medium. Both possible juxtapositions, 35/50 binder over RAP binder (“fresh over RAP”) and vice versa (“RAP over fresh”), were taken into account. All the simulations were compared with 2S2P1D simulations of experimental data obtained from DSR and Tension/Compression tests on samples of perfect blends of the binders, in the same proportions. The two methods yielded different results. Simulations obtained with the blending rule are remarkably close to 2S2P1D simulations of experimental data. “Fresh over RAP” simulations of the self consistent approach are closer than “RAP over fresh” simulations to the results obtained with the blending rule. A statistical analysis was also performed to compare all the considered combinations. Norm (|E*|) and phase angle (φ) of complex modulus at different frequencies (from 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10100 Hz) and steady state viscosity (calculated from norm of complex viscosity, |η*|, at 1 × 10−100 Hz) were considered as responses. First, a block design approach was used to estimate that significant differences were obtained between all various simulations and 2S2P1D fits of experimental data. Then, the Turkey method was applied in order to compare all combinations with each other and to identify which pairs of combinations show significant differences. The results of the statistical analysis generally confirm the conclusions drawn from the visual judgment of the rheological simulations.
S. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto. Comparison of different blending combinations of virgin and RAP-extracted binder: Rheological simulations and statistical analysis. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 197, 454 -463.
AMA StyleS. Mangiafico, C. Sauzéat, H. Di Benedetto. Comparison of different blending combinations of virgin and RAP-extracted binder: Rheological simulations and statistical analysis. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 197 ():454-463.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Mangiafico; C. Sauzéat; H. Di Benedetto. 2018. "Comparison of different blending combinations of virgin and RAP-extracted binder: Rheological simulations and statistical analysis." Construction and Building Materials 197, no. : 454-463.
Eiffage developed a high-performance bituminous mixture known as GB5. It is based on aggregate optimization method. This paper presents the results of a research project checking whether, in the small strain domain, this type of mixture behaves like the more conventional asphalt mixture GB3 currently used as a base layer in French bituminous pavements. Three-dimensional complex modulus tests are performed on GB5 and GB3, two hot mixtures asphalt (HMA) made with the same bitumen but produced with different aggregate skeletons. Tension-compression sinusoidal testing is applied to the specimens over a wide frequency and temperature range. Both axial and radial strains are monitored, thereby allowing the computation of the complex Young’s modulus and complex Poisson’s ratios. From the experimental results, the time–temperature superposition principle (TTSP) is verified for both complex Young’s modulus and complex Poisson’s ratios in two directions. The obtained shift factors and normalized complex modulus curves for the two mixtures indicate that the bitumen phase drives the viscoelastic behaviour of the asphalt mixture, regardless of the granular skeleton. The effect of air-void content on the static, glassy, and characteristic time values of modulus and Poisson’s ratios, which is obtained from simulation using a linear viscoelastic model with two springs, two parabolic elements, one dashpot, is analyzed. The anisotropic properties of the two mixtures and the reproducibility between the two laboratories is also checked.
Daniel Perraton; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat; Quang Tuan Nguyen; Simon Pouget. Three-Dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Two Bituminous Mixtures Made with the Same Binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2018, 30, 04018305 .
AMA StyleDaniel Perraton, Hervé Di Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat, Quang Tuan Nguyen, Simon Pouget. Three-Dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Two Bituminous Mixtures Made with the Same Binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2018; 30 (11):04018305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Perraton; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat; Quang Tuan Nguyen; Simon Pouget. 2018. "Three-Dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Two Bituminous Mixtures Made with the Same Binder." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 11: 04018305.
In the presented research, conventional cyclic tension–compression tests and dynamic tests were performed on two types of asphalt mixes (AM). For the tension–compression tests, the complex modulus was obtained from the measurements of the axial stress and axial strain. For the dynamic tests, an automated impact hammer equipped with a load cell and an accelerometer were used to obtain the frequency response functions (FRFs) of the specimens at different temperatures. Two methods were proposed to back-calculate the complex modulus from the FRFs at each temperature: one using the 2S2P1D (two springs, two parabolic elements and one dashpot) model and the other considering a constant complex modulus. Then, a 2S2P1D linear viscoelastic model was calibrated to simulate the global linear viscoelastic behaviour back calculated from each of the proposed methods of analysis for the dynamic tests, and obtained from the tension–compression test results. The two methods of analysis of dynamic tests gave similar results. Calibrations from the tension–compression and dynamic tests also show an overall good agreement. However, the dynamic tests back analysis gave a slightly higher value of the norm of the complex modulus and a lower value of the phase angle compared to the tension–compression test data. This result may be explained by the nonlinearity of AM (strain amplitude is at least 100 times smaller for dynamic tests) and/or by ageing of the materials during the period between the tension–compression and the dynamic tests.
Jean-Claude Carret; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. Characterization of Asphalt Mixes Behaviour from Dynamic Tests and Comparison with Conventional Cyclic Tension–Compression Tests. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 2117 .
AMA StyleJean-Claude Carret, Hervé Di Benedetto, Cédric Sauzéat. Characterization of Asphalt Mixes Behaviour from Dynamic Tests and Comparison with Conventional Cyclic Tension–Compression Tests. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (11):2117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Claude Carret; Hervé Di Benedetto; Cédric Sauzéat. 2018. "Characterization of Asphalt Mixes Behaviour from Dynamic Tests and Comparison with Conventional Cyclic Tension–Compression Tests." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11: 2117.