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Increased impervious surfaces due to urbanization have reduced evaporation and infiltration into the soil compared with existing natural water cycle systems, which causes various problems, such as urban floods, landslides, and deterioration of water quality. To effectively solve the urban water cycle issue, green infrastructure using urban green space has emerged to reduce runoff and increase evaporation. It has the advantage of restoring the water cycle system of urban areas by complementing the failure of conventional stormwater treatment systems. However, urban areas under high-density development have limited green space for stormwater treatment. Hence, it is necessary to efficiently utilize street trees and small green spaces to improve the urban water cycle through green space. In this study, we simulated different green space distribution scenarios in the virtual domain to find the optimal strategy of green space planning. Compared to clustered scenarios, dispersed green space distribution scenarios and placing green space downstream were more effective in reducing the runoff amount. The paper provides insights into the considerations for determining green space spatial plan and zoning regulations for stormwater treatment by green infrastructure.
Byungsun Yang; Dongkun Lee. Urban Green Space Arrangement for an Optimal Landscape Planning Strategy for Runoff Reduction. Land 2021, 10, 897 .
AMA StyleByungsun Yang, Dongkun Lee. Urban Green Space Arrangement for an Optimal Landscape Planning Strategy for Runoff Reduction. Land. 2021; 10 (9):897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByungsun Yang; Dongkun Lee. 2021. "Urban Green Space Arrangement for an Optimal Landscape Planning Strategy for Runoff Reduction." Land 10, no. 9: 897.
The effects of urban heat islands (UHIs) comprise one of the most challenging issues in mitigating excessive heat. Existing studies have reported cooling effects from small greenspaces (SGs) and building-shaded spaces (BSs). However, more empirical studies are necessary to fully investigate the role of SGs in heat reduction as a cooling solution for urban microclimatic design and planning. In addition, only a few previous studies have used field studies to examine the cooling effects of SGs and compare them to those of BSs. The purpose of this study was to assess the cooling degrees of SGs and BSs and compare them at the urban block level. Six urban blocks located in Seoul, South Korea were selected as the study area. Based on block size, the selected urban blocks were divided into three pairs featuring different sizes of greenspace. Air temperature was measured via a transect survey on six clear, hot summer days. Datapoints were then classified into three landcover types: SGs, BSs, and paved spaces (PSs) exposed to solar radiation. To measure the cooling effects and compare the air temperatures of each cooling factor, a series of T-tests and ANOVA tests were conducted, after performing a spatial analysis of each block. The result show that the cooling effects of SGs surpassed those of BSs. The SGs’ cooling effects on blocks with larger greenspace were greater than those with small greenspace. In blocks with larger greenspace, SG’s cooling benefits outweighed those of BSs. It is also notable that block size was a decisive factor affecting the magnitude of cooling degrees; SG brought the greatest microclimatic benefits for the largest blocks. Our findings will contribute to optimal cooling designs using SGs and BSs by illustrating where SGs should be included to facilitate cost-effective cooling.
Jonghoon Park; Jun-Hyun Kim; Wonmin Sohn; Dong-Kun Lee. Urban cooling factors: Do small greenspaces outperform building shade in mitigating urban heat island intensity? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2021, 64, 127256 .
AMA StyleJonghoon Park, Jun-Hyun Kim, Wonmin Sohn, Dong-Kun Lee. Urban cooling factors: Do small greenspaces outperform building shade in mitigating urban heat island intensity? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021; 64 ():127256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJonghoon Park; Jun-Hyun Kim; Wonmin Sohn; Dong-Kun Lee. 2021. "Urban cooling factors: Do small greenspaces outperform building shade in mitigating urban heat island intensity?" Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 64, no. : 127256.
The recent outbreak of the deadly coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic poses serious health concerns around the world. The lack of approved drugs or vaccines continues to be a challenge and further necessitates the discovery of new therapeutic molecules. Computer-aided drug design has helped to expedite the drug discovery and development process by minimizing the cost and time. In this review article, we highlight two important categories of computer-aided drug design (CADD), viz., the ligand-based as well as structured-based drug discovery. Various molecular modeling techniques involved in structure-based drug design are molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation, whereas ligand-based drug design includes pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSARs), and artificial intelligence (AI). We have briefly discussed the significance of computer-aided drug design in the context of COVID-19 and how the researchers continue to rely on these computational techniques in the rapid identification of promising drug candidate molecules against various drug targets implicated in the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The structural elucidation of pharmacological drug targets and the discovery of preclinical drug candidate molecules have accelerated both structure-based as well as ligand-based drug design. This review article will help the clinicians and researchers to exploit the immense potential of computer-aided drug design in designing and identification of drug molecules and thereby helping in the management of fatal disease.
Arun Bahadur Gurung; Mohammad Ajmal Ali; Joongku Lee; Mohammad Abul Farah; Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. An Updated Review of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Its Application to COVID-19. BioMed Research International 2021, 2021, 1 -18.
AMA StyleArun Bahadur Gurung, Mohammad Ajmal Ali, Joongku Lee, Mohammad Abul Farah, Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. An Updated Review of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Its Application to COVID-19. BioMed Research International. 2021; 2021 ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArun Bahadur Gurung; Mohammad Ajmal Ali; Joongku Lee; Mohammad Abul Farah; Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. 2021. "An Updated Review of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Its Application to COVID-19." BioMed Research International 2021, no. : 1-18.
This study developed a method of improving Seoul's thermal environment by focusing on sensible heat flux and types of land-use and cover to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. First, the relationships between the sensible heat flux in summer and (a) the land cover ratio, and (b) the heights and densities of buildings in different land-use zoning districts were identified and analysed. The rationale for improving the thermal environment was then considered based on the physical relationships among heat, space, and the thermal-environment type. Energy budget distribution data were then used to identify an optimised land-use plan to mitigate the UHI effect. Spatial data describing the physical elements in land-use zoning were then generated using high-resolution images of the sensible heat flux distribution and directly correlated to existing land-use and thermal comfort. Finally, a K-means clustering analysis was employed to determine the unfavourable and favourable thermal areas in each zoning district based on correlated sensible heat flux data. The results indicate that the highest concentration of unfavourable thermal areas of all studied zoning districts was neighbourhood commercial districts, which accounted for 9.9% of the total identified unfavourable thermal areas, whereas the lowest level of sensible heat flux was observed in single-family residential areas. This study thus developed a basis for a spatial planning framework that can be used to improve the thermal conditions of cities and encourage summer energy savings using zoning-based requirements.
You Jin Kwon; Dong Kun Lee; Jun-Hyun Kim; Kyushik Oh. Improving urban thermal environments by analysing sensible heat flux patterns in zoning districts. Cities 2021, 116, 103276 .
AMA StyleYou Jin Kwon, Dong Kun Lee, Jun-Hyun Kim, Kyushik Oh. Improving urban thermal environments by analysing sensible heat flux patterns in zoning districts. Cities. 2021; 116 ():103276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou Jin Kwon; Dong Kun Lee; Jun-Hyun Kim; Kyushik Oh. 2021. "Improving urban thermal environments by analysing sensible heat flux patterns in zoning districts." Cities 116, no. : 103276.
Rungia gialaiensis, a new species endemic to Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically allied to R. daklakensis and R. khasiana, but differs from both in its stoloniferous branches growing from leaf axils.
Do VAN Hai; Duong Thi Hoan; Zheli Lin; Yunfei Deng; Ritesh Kumar Choudhary; Joongku Lee. Rungia gialaiensis (Acanthaceae), a new species from the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Phytotaxa 2021, 500, 294 -300.
AMA StyleDo VAN Hai, Duong Thi Hoan, Zheli Lin, Yunfei Deng, Ritesh Kumar Choudhary, Joongku Lee. Rungia gialaiensis (Acanthaceae), a new species from the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Phytotaxa. 2021; 500 (4):294-300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDo VAN Hai; Duong Thi Hoan; Zheli Lin; Yunfei Deng; Ritesh Kumar Choudhary; Joongku Lee. 2021. "Rungia gialaiensis (Acanthaceae), a new species from the Central Highlands of Vietnam." Phytotaxa 500, no. 4: 294-300.
Mapping the elderly population exposure to heat hazard in urban areas is important to inform adaptation strategies for increasingly-deadly urban heat under climate change. However, fine-scale mapping is lacking, because global climate change projections have not previously been integrated with urban heat island effects especially with urban three-dimensional characteristics for within-city heat risk analyses. This study compared the spatial patterns of deadly heat exposure for elderly populations in two East Asian megacities, Seoul and Tokyo, using current climate (2006–2015) and two future periods (2040s and 2090s). We integrated global warming projections (the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5 based on Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) with local urban characteristics and demographics. We found that, for the historical period, the overall hotspots of elderly population exposure to urban heat was larger in Tokyo because of relatively higher maximum air temperatures and lack of green spaces, whereas in the future periods, Seoul will have larger hotspots because the elderly population density will have increased. About 20% of the area in Seoul and 0.3–1% of Tokyo will be hotpots in the 2040s, and the size of these hotspots increases to 25–26% and 2–3%, respectively, in the 2090s. The spatial patterns of hotspots identify different types of priority areas and suggest that alternative adaptation strategies for two cities are appropriate. The approach introduced here will be useful for identifying sustainable thermal environments in other cities with high density elderly population and severe heat hazard.
Chae Yeon Park; James H. Thorne; Shizuka Hashimoto; Dong Kun Lee; Kiyoshi Takahashi. Differing spatial patterns of the urban heat exposure of elderly populations in two megacities identifies alternate adaptation strategies. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 781, 146455 .
AMA StyleChae Yeon Park, James H. Thorne, Shizuka Hashimoto, Dong Kun Lee, Kiyoshi Takahashi. Differing spatial patterns of the urban heat exposure of elderly populations in two megacities identifies alternate adaptation strategies. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 781 ():146455.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChae Yeon Park; James H. Thorne; Shizuka Hashimoto; Dong Kun Lee; Kiyoshi Takahashi. 2021. "Differing spatial patterns of the urban heat exposure of elderly populations in two megacities identifies alternate adaptation strategies." Science of The Total Environment 781, no. : 146455.
Climate change poses a disproportionate risk to alpine ecosystems. Effective monitoring of forest phenological responses to climate change is critical for predicting and managing threats to alpine populations. Remote sensing can be used to monitor forest communities in dynamic landscapes for responses to climate change at the species level. Spatiotemporal fusion technology using remote sensing images is an effective way of detecting gradual phenological changes over time and seasonal responses to climate change. The spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) is a widely used data fusion algorithm for Landsat and MODIS imagery. This study aims to identify forest phenological characteristics and changes at the species–community level by fusing spatiotemporal data from Landsat and MODIS imagery. We fused 18 images from March to November for 2000, 2010, and 2019. (The resulting STARFM-fused images exhibited accuracies of RMSE = 0.0402 and R 2 = 0.795. We found that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value increased with time, which suggests that increasing temperature due to climate change has affected the start of the growth season in the study region. From this study, we found that increasing temperature affects the phenology of these regions, and forest management strategies like monitoring phenology using remote sensing technique should evaluate the effects of climate change.
Sang-Jin Park; Seung-Gyu Jeong; Yong Park; Sang-Hyuk Kim; Dong-Kun Lee; Yong-Won Mo; Dong-Seok Jang; Kyung-Min Park. Phenological Analysis of Sub-Alpine Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea, Using Data Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Products. Forests 2021, 12, 286 .
AMA StyleSang-Jin Park, Seung-Gyu Jeong, Yong Park, Sang-Hyuk Kim, Dong-Kun Lee, Yong-Won Mo, Dong-Seok Jang, Kyung-Min Park. Phenological Analysis of Sub-Alpine Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea, Using Data Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Products. Forests. 2021; 12 (3):286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSang-Jin Park; Seung-Gyu Jeong; Yong Park; Sang-Hyuk Kim; Dong-Kun Lee; Yong-Won Mo; Dong-Seok Jang; Kyung-Min Park. 2021. "Phenological Analysis of Sub-Alpine Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea, Using Data Fusion of Landsat and MODIS Products." Forests 12, no. 3: 286.
Urban green space plays an important role in treating stormwater. In a highly dense urban environment, it is difficult to create large areas of green space. To utilize green space in urban areas effectively, locating an effective green space type is important. In this study, we examined the effect of green space on runoff reduction by comparing different green space setting scenarios. By changing the green space area ratio, green space structure, street tree type, and rainfall duration and amount, we compared the runoff rates. The results showed that the green space area ratio was more effective when more than 10% of the area was green space, and the runoff reduction rate was decreased more effectively when the tree canopy LAI (leaf area index) value increased from 2 to 2.5 than when the LAI value was higher. Green space was more effective at lower intensities of rainfall events. Different green space structures cause other effects on evaporation and soil infiltration. Each strategy needs to be implemented correctly for green infrastructure policy purposes.
Byungsun Yang; Dong Lee. Planning Strategy for the Reduction of Runoff Using Urban Green Space. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2238 .
AMA StyleByungsun Yang, Dong Lee. Planning Strategy for the Reduction of Runoff Using Urban Green Space. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2238.
Chicago/Turabian StyleByungsun Yang; Dong Lee. 2021. "Planning Strategy for the Reduction of Runoff Using Urban Green Space." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2238.
Decision-makers are faced with the task to translate the science of future climate change impacts to set policy goals and plans based on their capacities and contexts. However, there is a lack in support tools that translate the preferences and constraints of stakeholders to assess the viability of goals and strategies for adaptation planning. In this study, we introduce a decision-support model that simulates adaptation pathways using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. The model has been applied to find optimal adaptation pathways for reducing heat related morbidity in Seoul, South Korea under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5. We analyzed the effects of six hard and soft adaptation strategies from 2020 to 2100. Decision-maker preference scenarios based on three budget levels, two goal setting approaches and two investment delay plans were evaluated. The results show that after 2065, current adaptation strategies cannot reduce the impacts of heat mortality even with high budgets. A low budget limits adaptation for both ambitious and conservative goal settings while a higher budget did lead to greater adaptation but was not necessary for the conservative goal setting suggesting that efficient pairing of budget level based on the adaptation goal can be beneficial. Further, the longer the delay in investment toward adaptation results in irrecoverable reduction in adaptation. These results imply that different planning approaches are necessary for the desired adaptation effect and level of cost efficiency. This study is significant in that the methodology can be expanded to include other sectors and applied to various locations of different scales to help stakeholders develop more effective long-term adaptation plans based on their needs and constraints.
Jung Hee Hyun; Ji Yeon Kim; Chae Yeon Park; Dong Kun Lee. Modeling decision-maker preferences for long-term climate adaptation planning using a pathways approach. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 772, 145335 .
AMA StyleJung Hee Hyun, Ji Yeon Kim, Chae Yeon Park, Dong Kun Lee. Modeling decision-maker preferences for long-term climate adaptation planning using a pathways approach. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 772 ():145335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung Hee Hyun; Ji Yeon Kim; Chae Yeon Park; Dong Kun Lee. 2021. "Modeling decision-maker preferences for long-term climate adaptation planning using a pathways approach." Science of The Total Environment 772, no. : 145335.
Although many studies have considered urban structure when investigating urban ecological networks, few have considered the three-dimensional (3D) structure of buildings as well as urban green spaces. Airborne LiDAR datasets provide an opportunity to quantify 3D structure and evaluate 3D metrics in connectivity mapping. We examined an urban ecological network using the 3D structure of both green spaces and buildings. Using breeding-season bird species observations and airborne LiDAR data collected, we assessed the influence of 3D structural variables on species diversity. We used correlation analyses to determine if vertical distribution, volume, area, and height of both buildings and vegetation were related to bird species diversity. Then we conducted circuit theory-based current flow betweenness centrality (CFBC) analysis using the LiDAR-derived structural variables. We found that the volumes of buildings and 8–10 m vegetation heights were both highly correlated with species richness per unit area. There were significant differences between 2D and 3D connectivity analysis using LiDAR-derived variables among urban forest patches, boulevards, and apartment complexes. Within urban forest patches and parks, 3D CFBC represented canopy structural characteristics well, by showing high variance in spatial distributions. The 3D CFBC results indicated that adjacent high-rise buildings, dense apartment complexes, and densely urbanized areas were isolated, as characterized by low centrality values, but that vegetation planted in open spaces between buildings could improve connectivity by linking isolated areas to core areas. Our research highlights the importance of considering 3D structure in planning and managing urban ecological connectivity.
Heejoon Choi; YoungKeun Song; Wanmo Kang; James H. Thorne; Wonkyong Song; Dong Kun Lee. LiDAR-derived three-dimensional ecological connectivity mapping for urban bird species. Landscape Ecology 2021, 36, 581 -599.
AMA StyleHeejoon Choi, YoungKeun Song, Wanmo Kang, James H. Thorne, Wonkyong Song, Dong Kun Lee. LiDAR-derived three-dimensional ecological connectivity mapping for urban bird species. Landscape Ecology. 2021; 36 (2):581-599.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeejoon Choi; YoungKeun Song; Wanmo Kang; James H. Thorne; Wonkyong Song; Dong Kun Lee. 2021. "LiDAR-derived three-dimensional ecological connectivity mapping for urban bird species." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 2: 581-599.
The extent to which climate information is used to support decision-making remains unclear for various adaptation planning contexts. Recent research efforts have sought to better understand the needs and requirements of users to better format climate information to relevant parameters. This study examines the development of practice-driven climate change services in South Korea’s adaptation planning based on self-reviews and interviews. A review of current research trends confirmed the need for integrated, flexible, collaborative, and decision-driven climate services. Combining the two findings, we outline and describe the resulting climate change adaptation planning decision support system (ADAPT-Ko) made available for South Korea’s adaptation planners.
Jung Hee Hyun; Ji Yeon Kim; Dong Kun Lee; Ju Young Huh; Chae Young Bae; Huicheul Jung; Tae Yong Jung; Dong Ho Cha. A User-centered Decision Support System for Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 657 -667.
AMA StyleJung Hee Hyun, Ji Yeon Kim, Dong Kun Lee, Ju Young Huh, Chae Young Bae, Huicheul Jung, Tae Yong Jung, Dong Ho Cha. A User-centered Decision Support System for Climate Change Adaptation Planning. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (6-1):657-667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung Hee Hyun; Ji Yeon Kim; Dong Kun Lee; Ju Young Huh; Chae Young Bae; Huicheul Jung; Tae Yong Jung; Dong Ho Cha. 2020. "A User-centered Decision Support System for Climate Change Adaptation Planning." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 6-1: 657-667.
Cities must be able to recover from the impacts and stresses caused by climate change by promoting climate resilience for ensuring climate change adaptation and sustainable urban development. However, there is little research on climate resilience for public facilities constructed for supporting vulnerable populations that are sensitive to damage from natural hazards related to climate change. The purpose of this study is to identify the elements of climate resilience and to develop diagnostic tools for public facility buildings that are mainly used by vulnerable groups, to cope with the negative impacts and potential damages caused by climate change. The developed diagnostic tool was aimed to assess quantitatively the functionality of public buildings and adequacy of building facilities for improving climate resilience. Moreover, the tool was organized using components of climate resilience, identified as system, agent, and institution. A total of 48 items in the diagnostic tool was derived and categorized into seven topics: general climate risk, atmosphere, water, material storage, energy, other media, and education& institution. This study was conducted for actual application to elderly welfare facilities, children day care centers, public health care facilities, etc., as various types of public welfare buildings for vulnerable groups. Except for the items related to institutional issues that need to be reinforced further during actual investigation project, the components representing climate resilience in the diagnostic tools are well balanced. This indicates that the tool is fit for developing public building diagnostic tools to improve climate resilience for vulnerable populations.
Jongook Lee; Yoon Jung Kim; Dong Kun Lee. Development of Public Building Diagnostic Tools to Improve Climate Resilience for Vulnerable Groups. Journal of Climate Change Research 2020, 11, 683 -702.
AMA StyleJongook Lee, Yoon Jung Kim, Dong Kun Lee. Development of Public Building Diagnostic Tools to Improve Climate Resilience for Vulnerable Groups. Journal of Climate Change Research. 2020; 11 (6-2):683-702.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJongook Lee; Yoon Jung Kim; Dong Kun Lee. 2020. "Development of Public Building Diagnostic Tools to Improve Climate Resilience for Vulnerable Groups." Journal of Climate Change Research 11, no. 6-2: 683-702.
As the intensity of the urban heat island effect increases, the cooling effect of urban trees has become important. Urban trees cool surfaces during the day via shading, increasing albedo and transpiration. Many studies are being conducted to calculate the transpiration rate; however, most approaches are not suitable for urban trees and oversimplify plant physiological processes. We propose a multi-layer model for the transpiration of urban trees, accounting for plant physiological processes and considering the vertical structure of trees and buildings. It has been expanded from an urban canopy model to accurately simulate the photosynthetically active radiation and leaf surface temperature. To evaluate how tree and surrounding building conditions affect transpiration, we simulated the transpiration of trees in different scenarios such as building height (i.e., 1H, 2H and 3H, H = 12 m), tree location (i.e., south tree and north tree in a E-W street), and vertical leaf area density (LAD) (i.e., constant density, high density with few layers, high density in middle layers, and high density in lower layers). The transpiration rate was estimated to be more sensitive to the building height and tree location than the LAD distribution. Transpiration-efficient trees differed depending on the surrounding condition and plant location. This model is a useful tool that provides guidelines on the planting of thermo-efficient trees depending on the structure or environment of the city.
Seok Hwan Yun; Chae Yeon Park; Eun Sub Kim; Dong Kun Lee. A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure. Forests 2020, 11, 1164 .
AMA StyleSeok Hwan Yun, Chae Yeon Park, Eun Sub Kim, Dong Kun Lee. A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure. Forests. 2020; 11 (11):1164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeok Hwan Yun; Chae Yeon Park; Eun Sub Kim; Dong Kun Lee. 2020. "A Multi-Layer Model for Transpiration of Urban Trees Considering Vertical Structure." Forests 11, no. 11: 1164.
Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses belonging to family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales which cause infections in birds and mammals. Among the human coronaviruses, highly pathogenic ones are Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which have been implicated in severe respiratory syndrome in humans. There are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines for the treatment of human CoV infection to date. The recent outbreak of new coronavirus pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a high mortality rate and infections around the world which necessitates the need for the discovery of novel anti-coronaviral drugs. Among the coronaviruses proteins, 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is an important drug target against coronaviral infection as the auto-cleavage process catalysed by the enzyme is crucial for viral maturation and replication. The present work is aimed at the identification of suitable lead molecules for the inhibition of 3CLpro enzyme via a computational screening of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral drugs and phytochemicals. Based on binding energies and molecular interaction studies, we shortlisted five lead molecules (both FDA approved drugs and phytochemicals) for each enzyme targets (SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro, SARS-CoV 3CLpro and MERS-CoV 3CLpro). The lead molecules showed higher binding affinity compared to the standard inhibitors and exhibited favourable hydrophobic interactions and a good number of hydrogen bonds with their respective targets. A few promising leads with dual inhibition potential were identified among FDA approved antiviral drugs which include DB13879 (Glecaprevir), DB09102 (Daclatasvir), molecule DB09297 (Paritaprevir) and DB01072 (Atazanavir). Among the phytochemicals, 11,646,359 (Vincapusine), 120,716 (Alloyohimbine) and 10,308,017 (Gummadiol) showed triple inhibition potential against all the three targets and 102,004,710 (18-Hydroxy-3-epi-alpha-yohimbine) exhibited dual inhibition potential. Hence, the proposed lead molecules from our findings can be further investigated through in vitro and in vivo studies to develop into potential drug candidates against human coronaviral infections.
Arun Bahadur Gurung; Mohammad Ajmal Ali; Joongku Lee; Mohammad Abul Farah; Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. Structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of FDA approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3C-like protease enzyme. Journal of King Saud University - Science 2020, 32, 2845 -2853.
AMA StyleArun Bahadur Gurung, Mohammad Ajmal Ali, Joongku Lee, Mohammad Abul Farah, Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. Structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of FDA approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3C-like protease enzyme. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2020; 32 (6):2845-2853.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArun Bahadur Gurung; Mohammad Ajmal Ali; Joongku Lee; Mohammad Abul Farah; Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi. 2020. "Structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of FDA approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3C-like protease enzyme." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 6: 2845-2853.
Capparis kbangensis Sy & D.V. Hai, a new species from Kbang District, Gia Lai Province, Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to Capparis versicolor but differs by several characters such as emarginate leaf apex, hairy margin of sepals, smaller fruits, and fewer seeds per fruit. Its ecology and conservation status are provided along with a taxonomic key to the closely allied species.
Danh Thuong Sy; Do Van Hai; Ritesh Kumar Choudhary; The Bach Tran; Hoang Mau Chu; Huu Quan Nguyen; Thi Thu Nga Nguyen; Gordon C. Tucker; Joongku Lee. Capparis kbangensis (Capparaceae), a new species from central Vietnam. PhytoKeys 2020, 151, 83 -91.
AMA StyleDanh Thuong Sy, Do Van Hai, Ritesh Kumar Choudhary, The Bach Tran, Hoang Mau Chu, Huu Quan Nguyen, Thi Thu Nga Nguyen, Gordon C. Tucker, Joongku Lee. Capparis kbangensis (Capparaceae), a new species from central Vietnam. PhytoKeys. 2020; 151 ():83-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanh Thuong Sy; Do Van Hai; Ritesh Kumar Choudhary; The Bach Tran; Hoang Mau Chu; Huu Quan Nguyen; Thi Thu Nga Nguyen; Gordon C. Tucker; Joongku Lee. 2020. "Capparis kbangensis (Capparaceae), a new species from central Vietnam." PhytoKeys 151, no. : 83-91.
The sky view factor (SVF) is a key indicator in urban structures and is used in research in various fields. Recently, a method was developed to compute SVF in complex urban areas using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). However, it displays low accuracy in areas with trees and buildings, owing to the limited resolution of airborne LiDAR data. In this study, the accuracy of the SVF calculation using terrestrial LiDAR was verified by comparing the reference data calculated from fisheye photographs at the same positions. Our results indicate that the SVF derived using terrestrial LiDAR has higher accuracy. We also tested whether a higher accuracy could be obtained by increasing the spatial resolution of the LiDAR data. The SVF estimation is more accurate when using terrestrial LiDAR, displaying a 60% reduction in the maximum error compared with the SVF estimated using airborne LiDAR. In addition, according to this research, a voxel size of 2.5 cm is sufficient for estimating SVF in a complex urban area. This resolution can be achieved through mobile LiDAR. Therefore, it is anticipated that the SVF calculation technique used in this study will be more practical when used with mobile LiDAR.
Han Kyul Heo; Dong Kun Lee; Chae Yeon Park; Ho Gul Kim. Sky view factor calculation in complex urban geometry with terrestrial LiDAR. Physical Geography 2020, 1 -21.
AMA StyleHan Kyul Heo, Dong Kun Lee, Chae Yeon Park, Ho Gul Kim. Sky view factor calculation in complex urban geometry with terrestrial LiDAR. Physical Geography. 2020; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan Kyul Heo; Dong Kun Lee; Chae Yeon Park; Ho Gul Kim. 2020. "Sky view factor calculation in complex urban geometry with terrestrial LiDAR." Physical Geography , no. : 1-21.
In recent years, the Korean public has become aware of the form of air pollution known as particulate matter, with a consequent growth of public anxiety causing a negative risk perception about outdoor activity. This study aims at determining the causal relationship between risk perceptions about particulate matter and outdoor activity satisfaction in South Korea. An Internet survey was conducted with 412 people, and a structural equation model was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The statistically significant results show that the perceived risk of particulate matter is higher when people do not show interest in or trust public opinion or policy on the subject. This increases people’s perceptions of health risks, which in turn lowers their satisfaction with outdoor activity. Although trust levels in public opinion or policy had a positive impact on outdoor activity satisfaction, this was not statistically significant. These results are expected to contribute to risk communication guidelines in public opinion reporting and to the direction of environmental health policies in developing countries with high levels of air pollution, such as particulate matter.
BoMi Kim; Eun Joo Yoon; Songyi Kim; Dong Kun Lee. The Effects of Risk Perceptions Related to Particulate Matter on Outdoor Activity Satisfaction in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1613 .
AMA StyleBoMi Kim, Eun Joo Yoon, Songyi Kim, Dong Kun Lee. The Effects of Risk Perceptions Related to Particulate Matter on Outdoor Activity Satisfaction in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (5):1613.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoMi Kim; Eun Joo Yoon; Songyi Kim; Dong Kun Lee. 2020. "The Effects of Risk Perceptions Related to Particulate Matter on Outdoor Activity Satisfaction in South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1613.
Climate change has led to increases in global temperatures, raising concerns regarding the threat of lethal heat waves and deterioration of the thermal environment. In the present study, we adopted two methods for spatial modelling of the thermal environment based on sensible heat and temperature. A vulnerability map reflecting daytime temperature was derived to plot thermal vulnerability based on sensible heat and climate change exposure factors. The correlation (0.73) between spatial distribution of sensible heat vulnerability and mortality rate was significantly greater than that (0.30) between the spatial distribution of temperature vulnerability and mortality rate. These findings indicate that deriving thermally vulnerable areas based on sensible heat are more objective than thermally vulnerable areas based on existing temperatures. Our findings support the notion that the distribution of sensible heat vulnerability at the community level is useful for evaluating the thermal environment in specific neighbourhoods. Thus, our results may aid in establishing spatial planning standards to improve environmental sustainability in a metropolitan community.
You Jin Kwon; Dong Kun Lee; You Ha Kwon; Kwon. Is Sensible Heat Flux Useful for the Assessment of Thermal Vulnerability in Seoul (Korea)? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 963 .
AMA StyleYou Jin Kwon, Dong Kun Lee, You Ha Kwon, Kwon. Is Sensible Heat Flux Useful for the Assessment of Thermal Vulnerability in Seoul (Korea)? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):963.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou Jin Kwon; Dong Kun Lee; You Ha Kwon; Kwon. 2020. "Is Sensible Heat Flux Useful for the Assessment of Thermal Vulnerability in Seoul (Korea)?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 963.
Nature-based tourism contributes to the conservation of biodiversity by offering financial stability and enhancing visitors’ interest in nature, and thus has become an increasingly important issue in managing protected areas. However, unsustainable tourism can adversely affect biodiversity due to increased human traffic, and can devastate a wilderness area. Although the demand for nature-based tourism is on the rise, monitoring tourist’s spatial visitation pattern and its characteristics in protected areas is extremely rare. Therefore, this study quantified the spatial visitation pattern of tourists in protected areas in an innovative way by using mobile phone information and evaluated the trade-off between conservation requirements and visitation preferences to offer insights into biodiversity conservation. To clarify the causal relationship between tourism and biodiversity by considering various biodiversity factors at the species and landscape levels, we applied a Bayesian network approach reflecting multi-causality. This study showed significant spatial causality between biodiversity and tourism preference, particularly with respect to biodiversity at the species level. Supporting artifacts in protected areas were not affected in such a relationship. This study highlighted the necessity to monitor 133 protected areas on Jeju Island that were identified as visitation hotspots. The methodology and its applications described in this study may offer insights into the improvement of tourism management and the conservation of biodiversity in protected areas.
Yoon Jung Kim; Dong Kun Lee; Choong Ki Kim. Spatial tradeoff between biodiversity and nature-based tourism: Considering mobile phone-driven visitation pattern. Global Ecology and Conservation 2019, 21, e00899 .
AMA StyleYoon Jung Kim, Dong Kun Lee, Choong Ki Kim. Spatial tradeoff between biodiversity and nature-based tourism: Considering mobile phone-driven visitation pattern. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 21 ():e00899.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon Jung Kim; Dong Kun Lee; Choong Ki Kim. 2019. "Spatial tradeoff between biodiversity and nature-based tourism: Considering mobile phone-driven visitation pattern." Global Ecology and Conservation 21, no. : e00899.
Because conventional responses to urban flooding, such as the extension of sewer conduits, are basically incompatible with recent trends of sustainable development, it is desirable to restore the natural hydrological cycle and maximize the infiltration capacity of a site at the source of flooding. Thus, low-impact development (LID) practices have frequently been suggested as adaptation strategies to local climate change. Studies have demonstrated the potential effects of LID, but they have not quantified and verified the extent of its capacity to mitigate the effects of actual floods. Therefore, this study set up catchment-scale sites located at the boundary where rainwater is treated in an urban area and evaluated the impacts of two types of LID using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) based on actual flood events during the wet season. The results showed that LID could reduce the runoff volume, peak flow, and inundation volume compared with conventional development. This study also used and demonstrated the implications of sensitivity testing and model updating to increase the correlation between the real system and the modeled site; therefore, the results can be used as a reference to assess the effectiveness of green space when planning urban redevelopment and regeneration projects where sewer systems already exist.
Chaeyoung Bae; Dong Kun Lee. Effects of low-impact development practices for flood events at the catchment scale in a highly developed urban area. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2019, 44, 101412 .
AMA StyleChaeyoung Bae, Dong Kun Lee. Effects of low-impact development practices for flood events at the catchment scale in a highly developed urban area. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2019; 44 ():101412.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaeyoung Bae; Dong Kun Lee. 2019. "Effects of low-impact development practices for flood events at the catchment scale in a highly developed urban area." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 44, no. : 101412.