Chronic rhinosinusitis is a process involving a number of adverse changes in the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses and nasal polyps. The main histological features of tissue remodeling are changes in epithelial structure, oedema, degradation of ECM (extracellular matrix), angiogenesis, and subepithelial fibrosis. In this study, patients were divided into two groups: group 1—patients with CRSwNP (chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps) taking a nasal steroid and an oral steroid in the preoperative period, and group 2—patients with CRSwNP taking only the nasal steroid in the preoperative period. All samples were subject to histopatologic evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of oral corticosteroids and topical steroids on the tissue of paranasal sinuses. We have shown statistically significant decreases in tissue eosinophilia per 5HPF and decreased fibrosis in group 1. No significant differences were presented in the percentage of total tissue oedema, epithelium, neutrophils, basement membrane thickening and vessels. Using systemic administration of 40 mg of prednisone for seven days decreased the counts of eosinophils and decreased fibrosis in the nasal polyps tissue in CRSwNP.

There have been a few reports confirming that vitamin D (VD3) deficiency increases inflammation in the paranasal sinuses. The work brings new information that, despite the presence of inflammation before surgery, patients with higher vitamin D levels had less inflammation, and this has been proven on three levels. We show that vitamin D levels clearly correlate with the severity of the disease in chronic sinusitis. These results have been confirmed in imaging studies (Lund MacKay scale), endoscopy (Lund-Kennedy scale) and in the SNOT 20 questionnaire. 40 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis were divided into two equal groups: group 1: with less severe radiological changes (10 or less points on the Lund-Mackay scale), group 2: with a more advanced form (>10 points). The relationship between VD3 and the severity of the disease (clinical and nasal endoscopy) was assessed. The mean VD3 level in patients in group 2 before surgery was lower (23.01 ng/mL) than in group 1 (28.02 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). They presented a higher degree of advanced changes in all the above scales, i.e., before the SNOT 20 procedure, the mean was: group 1: 30.33, group 2: 31.80 (p < NS); Lund-Kennedy: group 1: 3.21, group 2: 6.30 (p < 0.05). After surgery an increase in VD3 levels was observed in both study groups: in group 1 to the value of 37.98 ng/mL (p < 0.002) and in group 2 to 27.67 ng/mL (p < 0.004). Lower VD3 levels were found in patients with a higher stage of the disease. Reduction of inflammation increases the level of VD3 and reduces subjective and objective symptoms of chronic inflammation.

Background: In addition to its hemostatic and stabilization role, biodegradable nasal packing can be used as a carrier for drugs after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The aim of this study was to compare the influence of biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foam (NasoPore) soaked with ciprofloxacin, or betamethasone, or both to the same foam soaked with saline after FESS. Methods: 120 adults with chronic rhinosinusitis, with and without polyps, directed for bilateral full-house FESS were enrolled for the study. The patients were randomized and blinded into 3 groups, depending on the type of postoperative procedure applied. Thus, NasoPore soaked with antibiotic was provided to the first group; in the second group, the steroid was used; and the combination of both, in the third group. In each case, the aforementioned procedure was administered on one side of the nose, while NasoPore was soaked in saline on the other, at the end of the surgery, respectively. The patients were requested to complete a questionnaire during their postoperative visits at 2, 10, 30, 90, and 180 days, scoring the level of complaints on the VAS scale, separately for each side. The evaluation of the healing process was performed at each visit using rigid endoscopy and subsequently rated on numerical scales. Results: Decreased mucosal edema and secretion; reduced Lund-Kennedy score; and favorable influences on facial pressure, nasal blockage, and smell were most evidently seen in the group receiving the antibioticsteroid combination. Conclusions: The application of biodegradable nasal packing with betamethasone and ciprofloxacin in sino-nasal surgery has positive effects not only on the healing process but also impacts patient’s comfort. To optimize it, however, further research is needed.

(1) Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of treatment with prednisone on nasal and systemic periostin and eotaxin expression, IgE in plasma and eosinophils in tissue. (2) Methods: We compared the values of nasal and systemic periostin, eotaxin, IgE and eosinophils in tissue in patients treated with only nasal steroids before FESS, group 1, with those treated with an oral steroid–prednisone, group 2. (3) Results: A statistically significant decrease in the level of periostin, eotaxin and IgE in plasma was achieved in patients treated with prednisone one week before and after surgery (in sequence: p < 0.0476, p < 0.0006, p < 0.0031). In patients treated with steroids, we also observed a lower level of periostin in the epithelium (p < 0.044), eotaxin in the stroma (p limit value < 0.075) and eosinophils (p < 0.031) in the tissues collected during the operation. (4) Conclusions: Systemic steroid treatment with prednisone distinctly decreases periostin, eotaxin and IgE expression in plasma. We also observed a lower level of periostin in the epithelium, eotaxin in the stroma and eosinophils in the tissues. We need more attempts to find inflammatory markers associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Identifying drugs that decrease inflammatory parameters would allow for more targeted therapy.