The EU has been leaning towards evidence-based policymaking with the aim of ensuring coherence between industrial, environmental, climate, and energy policy. It focuses on supporting the development of a business environment which would enable sustainable growth, job creation, and innovation. It is generally agreed upon that, at the current level of development, the EU should focus on boosting innovations and theory and practice deliver an array of suggestions on how to achieve this goal. Among them clusters and cluster-led development play a prominent role. Poland inherently follows this belief and has introduced cluster policy to its policy mix by supporting cluster initiatives and cluster organizations. The objective of the paper is to investigate the evolution of cluster policy in Poland, identify its success factors, and propose recommendations for cluster policy. This case study of cluster policy in Poland is based on a series of in-depth interviews as well as secondary data. The conclusions resulting from this case study indicate that adoption by the government of a cluster policy at the national level and implementation of a comprehensive strategy for cluster development at regional and national levels is a basic condition for cluster policy success. Positive results can be achieved if public intervention is continuous and tailored to the needs of cluster organizations at different development stages with particular emphasis on the internationalization of cluster activities, which was a key measure highly evaluated by the respondents. The paper touches upon the timely issue of the future direction of cluster policy. The debate on it is accompanied by another debate on how to build an economic ecosystem capable of reaching sustainability goals.

Purpose: This paper aims to isolate transformations that have been taking place on the Polish organic food market through the lens of cluster development with the intention to indicate the dynamics of organic food clusterstheir concentration and dispersion. Design/Methodology/Approach: The employed methodology is centred around location quotient as a measure of concentration which allows to pinpoint clusters. The narrative in the paper follows the development of structures as the Polish organic food market undergoes various transitions. Findings: Organic farmland and organic operators in Poland are not evenly distributed regionally. The conducted study allowed the identification of development patterns of their regional concentration at NUTS-2 level. Throughout the analysed period certain regions have become specialised in organic farming and organic food processing. Practical Implications: As organic producers and organic food processors undergo a process of geographic concentration and are located in proximity with each other the clusters that are formed should translate into an increase of the competitive advantage of the supply-side of the Polish organic food market. Given the necessity to compete not only among each other but with conventional farmers and food processors as well as distributors, organic producers and organic food processors should make use of the proximity advantage and cooperate with the aim of strengthening their position on the market. Originality/Value: The authors undertook a study that goes beyond static analysis of the organic food market in Poland.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing at a dynamic pace, playing an increasingly significant role across various sectors, including education. One widely used AI-based tool is ChatGPT, available in both a free version and a subscription-based variant offering extended functionalities. However, while the rapid adoption of such tools by students is well-documented, there remains a significant gap in the literature concerning the economic behaviours governing this new market, particularly regarding the price sensitivity of student users and the factors influencing their decision to convert from free to paid tiers. The existence of a paid version of this tool prompted a study which investigated students’ willingness to incur costs in exchange for additional features, as well as their reactions to potential price changes. The aim of this article is to determine the willingness of economics students to purchase the subscription version of ChatGPT and to analyse their responses to possible price modifications. Moreover, the study addresses the relationship between the perceived quality of the content generated by the tool and students’ willingness to pay for the premium version. A quantitative research approach was employed, based on an online survey (CAWI), in which 342 undergraduate and graduate students participated. The questionnaire included items concerning the frequency of ChatGPT usage, the evaluation of the quality of generated content, and the willingness to purchase the paid version under various pricing scenarios. Statistical methods were applied for data analysis, including measures of central tendency and correlation tests. The results indicate that ChatGPT is widely used among students – 94.4% of respondents reported using the tool, with the majority (88.9%) opting for the free version. The frequency of usage varied. Price sensitivity analysis revealed that a 25% increase in the price of the cheapest subscription would not significantly affect the decisions of most current paid users. However, a 50% price increase would result in 36.1% of them cancelling their subscription, while a 75% increase would lead to a reduction in the number of subscribers by more than half. Conversely, a 25% price decrease in the cheapest paid version would encourage 16.8% of free users to subscribe; a 50% reduction would increase this share to 42.3%, and a 75% reduction could persuade up to 70% of respondents to purchase the subscription. The article also presents the results of a Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, examining the relationship between the perceived quality of ChatGPT’s output and the willingness to purchase the paid version in the event of a price reduction. No significant evidence was found to suggest that individuals who rate the quality of ChatGPT responses more highly are more inclined to subscribe to the paid version if the price decreases.

Purpose: The main aim of the research is to identify and model the attributes of a food product which are regarded as important during the process of the consumers' choice and to verify the methodology for the creation of the optimal market offer. Design/Methodology/Approach: The carried out analysis was based on the assumption that a food product may be viewed as a collection of directly noticeable and unnoticeable features that are regarded as attributes (values) of the offer. The applied model of a food product is composed of three levels, each of them presenting the characteristic features of product's quality. Findings: A sensory evaluation of the products made it possible to diagnose how consistent the consumers are in their declared sensory preferences for brand and non-brand products. It was established that the intention of purchasing a product is determined by its quality and taste preferences. Practical Implications: The analysis may provide information for communicating with the market and promoting food products, especially when the intention of a producer is to change consumer's habits. Originality/Value: The presented methodological approach may provide clues on what attributes should be constructed in the case of new food products.

The aim of the monograph is to discuss selected aspects of innovation performance of the Polish agri-food sector and highlight its key determinants and prospects for improvements. Chapters: Innovativeness and competitiveness of national economies. Factors influencing development of innovations in the agri-food sector. Institutional determinants of innovation transfer in the Polish agri-food sector. Prospects for the growth of innovativeness in the agri-food sector and rural areas in the light of the analysis of the Regional Innovation Strategies.