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Henk Ritzema
Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in Water
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Excessive soil erosion hampers the functioning of many irrigation schemes throughout sub-Saharan Africa, increasing management difficulties and operation and maintenance costs. River water is often considered the main source of sedimentation, while overland sediment inflow is overlooked. From 2016 to 2018, participatory research was conducted to assess sediment influx in two irrigation schemes in Ethiopia. Sediment influx was simulated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and compared to the amount of sediment removed during desilting campaigns. The sediment deposition rate was 308 m3/km and 1087 m3/km, respectively, for the Arata-Chufa and Ketar schemes. Spatial soil losses amounts to up to 18 t/ha/yr for the Arata-Chufa scheme and 41 t/ha/yr for the Ketar scheme. Overland sediment inflow contribution was significantly high in the Ketar scheme accounting for 77% of the deposited sediment, while only 4% of the sedimentation at the Arata-Chufa scheme came from overland flow. Feeder canal length and the absence of canal banks increased the sedimentation rate, however, this was overlooked by the stakeholders. We conclude that overland sediment inflow is an often neglected component of canal sedimentation, and this is a major cause of excessive sedimentation and management problems in numerous irrigation schemes in sub-Saharan Africa.

ACS Style

Zerihun Gurmu; Henk Ritzema; Charlotte Fraiture; Michel Riksen; Mekonen Ayana. Sediment Influx and Its Drivers in Farmers’ Managed Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia. Water 2021, 13, 1747 .

AMA Style

Zerihun Gurmu, Henk Ritzema, Charlotte Fraiture, Michel Riksen, Mekonen Ayana. Sediment Influx and Its Drivers in Farmers’ Managed Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zerihun Gurmu; Henk Ritzema; Charlotte Fraiture; Michel Riksen; Mekonen Ayana. 2021. "Sediment Influx and Its Drivers in Farmers’ Managed Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia." Water 13, no. 13: 1747.

Research article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science
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The DSSAT4.7-CERES model was employed to simulate plant-water nexus conditions in the future of Mazandaran province in Iran, using ensemble outputs of various GCMs and emission scenarios with LARS-WG 5.5 in the time period 2010-2100. The results showed during the 21st century, maize water requirement is expected to be reduced by 3.3-14.1%. Under climate change scenarios, both negative and positive changes in crop yield are projected, between -37.4% to 36.1%, which consequently results in a 5.1-27.2% reduction in water use efficiency (WUE) in the future periods. Deficit irrigation (DI) with 25% reduction in irrigation water depth (DI75) lead to a moderate reduction of 4.3-5.5% in WUE, but WUE was highly reduced under DI55. While early planting may reduce WUEs by 0.4-17%, late planting almost resulted in improved WUE, especially under DI75. Less frequent irrigation significantly reduces actual evapotranspiration, which consequently resulted in improved WUE by 0.57-42.47%. In conclusion, the integrated assessment reveals that DI75, with an irrigation interval of 5 days, together with a 20 days delay in cropping date of maize in Mazandaran province, may be considered as an effective adaptation solution, when considering both food and water security.

ACS Style

Mahdi Kalanaki; Fatemeh Karandish; Henk Ritzema; Moosa Kalanaki. New pathways and the associated uncertainties for increasing maize water use efficiency under global warming. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 2020, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Mahdi Kalanaki, Fatemeh Karandish, Henk Ritzema, Moosa Kalanaki. New pathways and the associated uncertainties for increasing maize water use efficiency under global warming. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2020; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mahdi Kalanaki; Fatemeh Karandish; Henk Ritzema; Moosa Kalanaki. 2020. "New pathways and the associated uncertainties for increasing maize water use efficiency under global warming." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science , no. : 1-15.

Erratum
Published: 06 November 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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ACS Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi; Omolbani Mohammadrezapour; Masoomeh Delbari; Abbas KhasheiSiuki; Henk Ritzema; Ali Cherati. Corrigendum to “Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum” [Agric. Water Manage. 234 (2020) 106117]. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 245, 106612 .

AMA Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi, Omolbani Mohammadrezapour, Masoomeh Delbari, Abbas KhasheiSiuki, Henk Ritzema, Ali Cherati. Corrigendum to “Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum” [Agric. Water Manage. 234 (2020) 106117]. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 245 ():106612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi; Omolbani Mohammadrezapour; Masoomeh Delbari; Abbas KhasheiSiuki; Henk Ritzema; Ali Cherati. 2020. "Corrigendum to “Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum” [Agric. Water Manage. 234 (2020) 106117]." Agricultural Water Management 245, no. : 106612.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Under conditions of water shortage, utilizing unconventional waters, such as treated urban wastewater and/or seawater, in combination with soil amendments such as zeolite, can reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on crop yield. To investigate the agronomic and physiological effects of a mix of water qualities and soil treatments on sorghum, a randomized split-plot research was conducted at Gharakheil agricultural research station, Ghaemshahr, Northeast Iran. Six combinations of water qualities and three different use of soil amendments were tested over two seasons in 2016 and 2017. The water quality treatments with increasing salinity included well water as the control (W1); 75 % well water and 25 % seawater (W2); 25 % well water and 75 % seawater (W3); 100 % treated urban wastewater alternating with 100 % seawater (W4); 50 % seawater and 50 % treated urban wastewater (W5) and 100 % treated urban wastewater (W6). The soil amendments were no-zeolite as the control (Z1) and calsic (Z2) and potasic (Z3) zeolite. With increasing salinity, the forage yield decreased significantly. Maximum and minimum forage yield were respectively 129.6 ton.ha−1 inW6-Z2 in 2016 and 46.9 ton.ha−1 in W3-Z1 in 2017. Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) was the highest with the treated urban wastewater in combination with zeolite. All six combinations (W4-Z2, W4-Z3, W5-Z2, W5-Z3, W6-Z2 and W6-Z3) had significantly higher IWUEs (range 2.0–2.4) compared to the control (IWUE = 1.7) and the other soil and water treatments. The combinations of 75 % seawater and no zeolite had by far the lowest IWUE (range 1.1–1.7). The same trends were observed for the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and leaf and stem protein. The use of saline sea water increased the soil salinity levels significantly, but the levels were still well below the FAO threshold values for yield reduction. Overall, we can recommend use of treated wastewater in combination with calsic zeolite soil amendment as the combination that had the best effect on crop yield, IWUE, LAI and leaf and stem protein for sorghum production under the conditions of north of Iran.

ACS Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi; Omolbani Mohammadrezapour; Masoomeh Delbari; Abbas KhasheiSiuki; Henk Ritzema; Ali Cherati. Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 234, 106117 .

AMA Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi, Omolbani Mohammadrezapour, Masoomeh Delbari, Abbas KhasheiSiuki, Henk Ritzema, Ali Cherati. Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 234 ():106117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fakhroddin GhassemiSahebi; Omolbani Mohammadrezapour; Masoomeh Delbari; Abbas KhasheiSiuki; Henk Ritzema; Ali Cherati. 2020. "Effect of utilization of treated wastewater and seawater with Clinoptilolite-Zeolite on yield and yield components of sorghum." Agricultural Water Management 234, no. : 106117.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2019 in Sustainability
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This study used crop budgets to assess the impact of declining groundwater levels on the economic value of irrigation water in the Wadi Zabid region of Yemen. The study found that returns to land and water were highly sensitive to changes in groundwater depths over time and the free availability of spate water for irrigation. Crops differed in the amounts of irrigation water applied and in their returns to land and water. Banana had the highest irrigation requirement, but also delivered the highest return to land. Banana’s return to water was greater than that of date palm and feed sorghum, but lower than that of mango and food sorghum.

ACS Style

Wahib Al-Qubatee; Petra Hellegers; Henk Ritzema. The Economic Value of Irrigation Water in Wadi Zabid, Tihama Plain, Yemen. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6476 .

AMA Style

Wahib Al-Qubatee, Petra Hellegers, Henk Ritzema. The Economic Value of Irrigation Water in Wadi Zabid, Tihama Plain, Yemen. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahib Al-Qubatee; Petra Hellegers; Henk Ritzema. 2019. "The Economic Value of Irrigation Water in Wadi Zabid, Tihama Plain, Yemen." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6476.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2019 in Sustainability
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Irrigated agriculture, particularly small-scale irrigation (SSI), is a mainstay for sustainable livelihoods in the developing world. In Ethiopia, SSI sustainability is threatened mainly due to excessive sedimentation. Stakeholders’ perceptions of the causes of sedimentation and how they sustain SSI under excessive sedimentation conditions were investigated in two SSI schemes in Ethiopia. A participatory rapid diagnosis and action planning was implemented, consisting of a literature review, participatory rural appraisal, and semi-structured interviews. Results show that farmers slightly differed in perception of excessive sedimentation drivers. Farmers reported design problems as the main cause of excessive sedimentation (64%), followed by poor operation and maintenance (O and M) practices (21%) and external factors (15%). In contrast, 62% of the interviewed engineers indicated erosion and irrigation technologies as the main causes of excessive sedimentation, while few reported poor design (13%). In addition to an intensive desilting campaign, farmers delayed the start of the irrigation season to avoid the intake of highly sedimented water. Local social capital and knowledge appeared to be more important than formal knowledge and blue-print institutions for dealing with sedimentation problems. Well-organized structure and extra time devoted by famers were vital for SSI sustainability. Integration of the farmers’ knowledge with that of the engineers could yield more effective ways to deal with sedimentation problems.

ACS Style

Zerihun Anbesa Gurmu; Henk Ritzema; Charlotte De Fraiture; Mekonen Ayana. Stakeholder Roles and Perspectives on Sedimentation Management in Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6121 .

AMA Style

Zerihun Anbesa Gurmu, Henk Ritzema, Charlotte De Fraiture, Mekonen Ayana. Stakeholder Roles and Perspectives on Sedimentation Management in Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zerihun Anbesa Gurmu; Henk Ritzema; Charlotte De Fraiture; Mekonen Ayana. 2019. "Stakeholder Roles and Perspectives on Sedimentation Management in Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6121.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Land Use Policy
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Rural areas face major challenges in adapting to the impacts of climate change, in particular to floods and droughts. This calls for both adaptation of rural functions and climate-proof and water-resilient design of the rural area, often implying improvement of water retention and flood protection. Implementation of such climate change-related goals in spatial planning often involves adaptations in water management, perhaps even leading to land consolidation. Water management and land consolidation thus form important tools for spatial adaptation. Land consolidation is also a tool to support the integration of other claims that need room, such as agriculture, nature, landscape and tourism functions. This paper investigates the history of and approaches to land consolidation and water management in Poland and the Netherlands, and illustrates the integration of land consolidation and water management to realize a multifunctional climate resilient rural area by two examples in each country. We qualitatively compared the extent to which the planned activities in water retention and flood protection were realized and planned results were achieved for other functions. We found that the two adaptation measures, water retention and flood protection, were more effective in the Netherlands, stemming from ample attention for the impact of climate change and the incorporation of climate change adaptation goals in water policy. Furthermore, the water retention and flood protection measures in the Netherlands better serve multiple functions: agriculture, nature, recreation, landscape and infrastructure. Reasons for this are the multidisciplinary and participatory approach, attention to public awareness and communication and promotion of the process. On the other hand, the Dutch have much to learn from Poland’s vast, undisturbed natural areas, which contribute to a climate resilient landscape. Both Poland and the Netherlands could therefore benefit from bringing together ideas and experiences regarding climate proofing the rural area.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek; Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska; Henk Ritzema; Jantsje M. van Loon-Steensma. Integration of water management and land consolidation in rural areas to adapt to climate change: Experiences from Poland and the Netherlands. Land Use Policy 2018, 77, 498 -511.

AMA Style

Małgorzata Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek, Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska, Henk Ritzema, Jantsje M. van Loon-Steensma. Integration of water management and land consolidation in rural areas to adapt to climate change: Experiences from Poland and the Netherlands. Land Use Policy. 2018; 77 ():498-511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Stańczuk-Gałwiaczek; Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska; Henk Ritzema; Jantsje M. van Loon-Steensma. 2018. "Integration of water management and land consolidation in rural areas to adapt to climate change: Experiences from Poland and the Netherlands." Land Use Policy 77, no. : 498-511.

Review
Published: 01 September 2018 in Geoderma Regional
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In this paper, we analyze the methods that are used in The Netherlands to upscale in-situ groundwater measurements in time and in space, and how the selected combinations of upscaling methods affect the resulting groundwater characteristic. In The Netherlands, a three-step approach is used to obtain groundwater characteristics for a specific area: (1) in-situ monitoring of the water table depth; (2) temporal upscaling; and (3) spatial interpolation and aggregation. The three-step approach is, however, not standardized, but a combination of the following methods is used: (i) four methods to measure/monitor the phreatic water table; (ii) four methods for temporal aggregation; and (iii) four methods for spatial interpolation and/or aggregation. Over the past sixty years, several combinations of these methods have been used. Our review shows that the use of these different combinations in the approach to measure and interpret water table depths has resulted in significant systematic differences in the corresponding groundwater characteristics and that there are many sources of potential error. Error in the in-situ measurement of the water table depth can be as high as 1 m. Errors in the temporal aggregation are in the range of 10 to 20 cm and for the spatial interpolation between 20 and 50 cm. We show that there has been no systematic assessment of how these errors influence the resulting groundwater characterization. Thus, we cannot answer the question of whether drought stress in The Netherlands is under- or overestimated. Based on these findings we give recommendations for a systematic approach to groundwater characterizations studies that can minimize the impact of errors.

ACS Style

H.P. Ritzema; G.B.M. Heuvelink; M. Heinen; P.W. Bogaart; F.J.E. van der Bolt; M.J.D. Hack-Ten Broeke; T. Hoogland; M. Knotters; H.T.L. Massop; H.R.J. Vroon; H. Van Den Bosch. Review of the methodologies used to derive groundwater characteristics for a specific area in The Netherlands. Geoderma Regional 2018, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

H.P. Ritzema, G.B.M. Heuvelink, M. Heinen, P.W. Bogaart, F.J.E. van der Bolt, M.J.D. Hack-Ten Broeke, T. Hoogland, M. Knotters, H.T.L. Massop, H.R.J. Vroon, H. Van Den Bosch. Review of the methodologies used to derive groundwater characteristics for a specific area in The Netherlands. Geoderma Regional. 2018; 14 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.P. Ritzema; G.B.M. Heuvelink; M. Heinen; P.W. Bogaart; F.J.E. van der Bolt; M.J.D. Hack-Ten Broeke; T. Hoogland; M. Knotters; H.T.L. Massop; H.R.J. Vroon; H. Van Den Bosch. 2018. "Review of the methodologies used to derive groundwater characteristics for a specific area in The Netherlands." Geoderma Regional 14, no. : 1.

Editorial
Published: 31 July 2018 in Irrigation and Drainage
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ACS Style

Ruey-Chy Kao; Hsiao-Wen Wang; Henk P. Ritzema. Editorial. Irrigation and Drainage 2018, 67, 3 -5.

AMA Style

Ruey-Chy Kao, Hsiao-Wen Wang, Henk P. Ritzema. Editorial. Irrigation and Drainage. 2018; 67 ():3-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruey-Chy Kao; Hsiao-Wen Wang; Henk P. Ritzema. 2018. "Editorial." Irrigation and Drainage 67, no. : 3-5.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2018 in Agricultural Water Management
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Conventional free subsurface drainage practices in the Moghan Plan, in northwest Iran, result in low irrigation efficiency and excessive volumes of drainage water causing extensive environmental problems. Controlled drainage (CD) is promoted to boost crop yields and reduce subsurface drainage flows and leaching of nutrients. This study was conducted to test management options for CD in irrigated farmers’ fields in the Moghan plain. Three options were tested: subsurface drains at 2 m with free outflow (FD), controlled drainage at 70 cm below soil surface (CD70) and controlled drainage with a varying depth depending on the crop stage (CDch). Irrigation gifts were based on the daily measured soil water content and thus varied per drainage treatment. In winter, wheat and barley were grown followed by maize in summer. For each crop and treatment, three replicates were made. The highest crop yields (for all crops) were found with CDch, followed by CD70. For wheat, the yields were respectively 27% and 41% higher in the CD70 and CDch compared to FD. For barley these increase was respectively 23% (CD70) and 34% (CDch) and for maize (forage yields) 19% (CD70) and 25% (CDch). The same trends were observed in water use efficiencies (WUE): compared to FD, the WUE was 26% in CD70 and 40% higher in CDch; for barley these increases were respectively 19% (CD70) and 32% (CDch), and for maize (forage yields) 30% (CD70) and 44% (CDch). Controlled drainage not only reduced subsurface drainage rates, but also nitrate and phosphorous losses. The average drain discharges with CDch were respectively 33%, 45% and 44% lower than FD for wheat, barley and maize. Flow-weighted NO3 concentration in drainage discharge of CD70 and CDch were, respectively, 15% and 9% for wheat, 9% and 13% for barley, and 8% and 7% for maize lower than in FD. Soil salinity decreased in FD, but slightly increased in the CD treatments. Thus, although controlled drainage clearly has advantages above free drainage practices, to optimize CD management options, more research is needed on the long-term effects of controlled drainage on soil salinity.

ACS Style

Hamidreza Javani Jouni; Abdolmajid Liaghat; Alireza Hassanoghli; Ritzema Henk. Managing controlled drainage in irrigated farmers’ fields: A case study in the Moghan plain, Iran. Agricultural Water Management 2018, 208, 393 -405.

AMA Style

Hamidreza Javani Jouni, Abdolmajid Liaghat, Alireza Hassanoghli, Ritzema Henk. Managing controlled drainage in irrigated farmers’ fields: A case study in the Moghan plain, Iran. Agricultural Water Management. 2018; 208 ():393-405.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamidreza Javani Jouni; Abdolmajid Liaghat; Alireza Hassanoghli; Ritzema Henk. 2018. "Managing controlled drainage in irrigated farmers’ fields: A case study in the Moghan plain, Iran." Agricultural Water Management 208, no. : 393-405.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2018 in Sustainability
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In Iran, as in the rest of the world, land and water for agricultural production is under pressure. Integrating irrigation and drainage management may help sustain intensified agriculture in irrigated paddy fields. This study was aimed to investigate the long-term effects of such management strategies in a newly subsurface drained paddy field in a pilot area in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Three strategies for managing subsurface drainage systems were tested, i.e., free drainage (FD), midseason drainage (MSD), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The pilot area consisted of subsurface drainage systems, with different combinations of drain depth (0.65 and 0.90 m) and spacing (15 and 30 m). The traditional surface drainage of the region’s consolidated paddy fields was the control. From 2011 to 2017, water table depth, subsurface drainage system outflow and nitrate, total phosphorous, and salinity levels of the drainage effluent were monitored during four rice- and five canola-growing seasons. Yield data was also collected. MSD and AWD resulted in significantly lower drainage rates, salt loads, and N losses compared to FD, with MSD having the lowest rates. Phosphorus losses were low for all three practices. However, AWD resulted in 36% higher rice yields than MSD. Subsurface drainage resulted in a steady increase in canola yield, from 0.89 ton ha−1 in 2011–2012 to 2.94 ton ha−1 in 2016–2017. Overall, it can be concluded that managed subsurface drainage can increase both water productivity and crop yield in poorly drained paddy fields, and at the same time reduce or minimize negative environmental effects, especially the reduction of salt and nutrient loads in the drainage effluent. Based on the results, shallow subsurface drainage combined with appropriate irrigation and drainage management can enable sustained agricultural production in northern Iran’s paddy fields.

ACS Style

Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali; Henk Ritzema. Integrating Irrigation and Drainage Management to Sustain Agriculture in Northern Iran. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1775 .

AMA Style

Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali, Henk Ritzema. Integrating Irrigation and Drainage Management to Sustain Agriculture in Northern Iran. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali; Henk Ritzema. 2018. "Integrating Irrigation and Drainage Management to Sustain Agriculture in Northern Iran." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1775.

Research article
Published: 09 May 2018 in Irrigation and Drainage
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On irrigated lands, drainpipe performance is often below standard due to clogging, siltation and root growth inside the pipe. To tackle these problems, an innovative pipe–envelope concept was tested on a 50 ha pilot area in Harran, Turkey, in 2015 and 2016. The new concept, HYDROLUIS, consists of a corrugated inner pipe with three rows of perforations at the top and an unperforated outer pipe that covers about 2/3 of the inner pipe leaving only the unperforated bottom part of the inner pipe in contact with the soil. The main advantages of the new concept are that it works for a wide range of soil textures and there is better protection against root growth inside the pipe. The new concept was compared with a geotextile envelope, a gravel envelope and a control with no envelope. The HYDROLUIS and gravel envelopes had a significantly lower entrance resistance compared to the geotextile, the best drain performance and no signs of sedimentation nor of root growth inside the pipe. The production costs of the HYDROLUIS envelope are comparable to those of pre‐wrapped synthetic envelopes and considerably lower than gravel envelopes. It can be concluded that the HYDROLUIS envelope is a promising alternative for sand/gravel or synthetic envelopes in irrigated lands. © 2018 The Authors. Irrigation and Drainage published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage

ACS Style

Idris Bahçeci; Abdullah Suat Nacar; Lui Topalhasan; Ali Fuat Tari; Henk P. Ritzema. A New Drainpipe-Envelope Concept for Subsurface Drainage Systems in Irrigated Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage 2018, 67, 40 -50.

AMA Style

Idris Bahçeci, Abdullah Suat Nacar, Lui Topalhasan, Ali Fuat Tari, Henk P. Ritzema. A New Drainpipe-Envelope Concept for Subsurface Drainage Systems in Irrigated Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage. 2018; 67 ():40-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idris Bahçeci; Abdullah Suat Nacar; Lui Topalhasan; Ali Fuat Tari; Henk P. Ritzema. 2018. "A New Drainpipe-Envelope Concept for Subsurface Drainage Systems in Irrigated Agriculture." Irrigation and Drainage 67, no. : 40-50.

Article
Published: 12 March 2017 in Irrigation and Drainage
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The expected effects of climate change and economic and population growth have motivated the Netherlands government to reformulate its policies on flood protection and water management. Flood protection and drainage are needed to make this low-lying country habitable and suitable for agriculture and other land uses: more than 65% of the Netherlands is protected by dykes against flooding. The likely impacts of climate change in combination with socio-economic developments call for proactive and innovative plans. The new policies and standards are based on an innovative approach: instead of focusing only on prevention, the new standards take into account both the probability of flooding as well as the potential impacts and risks of flooding, for example the individual risk of being hit by a flood. Based on these new standards, conservation, adaptation and mitigation actions are used to create a multi-layer safety approach that focuses on the water management system as well as spatial planning. Examples are presented of changes in perspectives and how flood protection, water management and spatial planning are being combined. These examples can be a basis for further adaptation measures in both the Netherlands as well as in other low-lying countries worldwide. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.RésuméLes effets escomptés du changement climatique et de la croissance économique et démographique ont motivé le gouvernement néerlandais à reformuler ses politiques en matière de protection contre les inondations et de gestion de l'eau. La protection contre les inondations et le drainage sont nécessaires pour rendre ce pays de basse altitude, habitable et adapté à l'agriculture et à d'autres utilisations du sol: plus de 65% des Pays-Bas sont protégés par des digues contre les inondations. Les effets probables du changement climatique combinés aux évolutions socio-économiques exigent des plans proactifs et novateurs. Les nouvelles politiques et normes reposent sur une approche innovante: au lieu de se concentrer uniquement sur la prévention, les nouvelles normes prennent en compte à la fois la probabilité d'inondation ainsi que les impacts potentiels et les risques d'inondation (par exemple le risque individuel d'être touché par une inondation). Sur la base de ces nouvelles normes, des mesures de conservation, d'adaptation et d'atténuation sont utilisées pour créer une approche de sécurité multicouche qui met l'accent sur le système de gestion de l'eau ainsi que sur l'aménagement du territoire. On y présente des exemples d'évolution des perspectives, de combinaison de la protection contre les inondations, de la gestion de l'eau et de l'aménagement du territoire. Ces exemples peuvent servir de base à une nouvelle adaptation tant aux Pays-Bas que dans d'autres pays de basse altitude du monde. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

H.P. Ritzema; J.M. Van Loon-Steensma. Coping with Climate Change in a densely Populated Delta: A Paradigm Shift in Flood and Water Management in The Netherlands. Irrigation and Drainage 2017, 67, 52 -65.

AMA Style

H.P. Ritzema, J.M. Van Loon-Steensma. Coping with Climate Change in a densely Populated Delta: A Paradigm Shift in Flood and Water Management in The Netherlands. Irrigation and Drainage. 2017; 67 ():52-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.P. Ritzema; J.M. Van Loon-Steensma. 2017. "Coping with Climate Change in a densely Populated Delta: A Paradigm Shift in Flood and Water Management in The Netherlands." Irrigation and Drainage 67, no. : 52-65.

Review
Published: 01 October 2016 in Agricultural Water Management
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At present, about 299 Mha (or 18%) of the arable and permanent cropped areas worldwide are irrigated and, although drainage is an important component of irrigation, only 22% of these irrigated lands are drained. As a consequence, salinity and waterlogging problems affect about 10–16% of these areas because the natural drainage is not sufficient for controlling soil salinity levels. Additional, artificial drainage is needed to address this problem. Although the total area under irrigation continues to grow, very little is being invested in drainage systems to sustain the investments in irrigation. This is due in part to drainage being at the end of the pipeline where it has to clean up the “mess” that other activities leave behind: i.e. salts brought in by irrigation water, residues of fertilisers and pesticides etc. However, to move towards more reasonable sustainability, drainage has to be given its appropriate role in agricultural water management. In this paper seven reasons why drainage is needed are discussed, followed by seven aspects of why drainage is different than irrigation, and seven challenges to making drainage work. The paper concludes with a three-step approach reversing the negative trends in drainage management that result in salinity build-up in irrigated lands.

ACS Style

H.P. Ritzema. Drain for Gain: Managing salinity in irrigated lands—A review. Agricultural Water Management 2016, 176, 18 -28.

AMA Style

H.P. Ritzema. Drain for Gain: Managing salinity in irrigated lands—A review. Agricultural Water Management. 2016; 176 ():18-28.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.P. Ritzema. 2016. "Drain for Gain: Managing salinity in irrigated lands—A review." Agricultural Water Management 176, no. : 18-28.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2016 in Sustainability
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In the present era, permanent grasslands and other grazed habitats, i.e., moorlands and heath, are appreciated as avant la lettre green infrastructure (GI) resources, providing a wide range of ecosystem services, the delivery of many of which require water management to be in place. This paper discusses the role of water management and, in particular, that of drainage. We contend that controlled drainage and drainage-irrigation systems can contribute to the sustainable use of grasslands and associated habitats in the European Union. We present examples from a range of habitats in several EU Member States and attempt to identify the contemporary (short-term) costs as well as the short-term revenues covering these costs. Options for enhancing the role of the Green Infrastructure in Europe to achieve sustainable land use by including all “permanent grassland” are discussed.

ACS Style

Henk Ritzema; Hilary Kirkpatrick; Jakub Stibinger; Hans Heinhuis; Heinrich Belting; Raymond Schrijver; Herbert Diemont. Water Management Supporting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services for Grassland, Heath and Moorland. Sustainability 2016, 8, 440 .

AMA Style

Henk Ritzema, Hilary Kirkpatrick, Jakub Stibinger, Hans Heinhuis, Heinrich Belting, Raymond Schrijver, Herbert Diemont. Water Management Supporting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services for Grassland, Heath and Moorland. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (5):440.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henk Ritzema; Hilary Kirkpatrick; Jakub Stibinger; Hans Heinhuis; Heinrich Belting; Raymond Schrijver; Herbert Diemont. 2016. "Water Management Supporting the Delivery of Ecosystem Services for Grassland, Heath and Moorland." Sustainability 8, no. 5: 440.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2016 in Sustainability
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“Egypt is a gift of the Nile,” wrote Herodotus, and indeed, without the Nile there would be no Egypt as the world knows it. Egypt is mainly dependent on the flow in the Nile River (with an agreed share of 55.5 BCM) and it receives about 1.3 BCM rainfall annually (mainly along the north coast). The overall water use efficiency is already high, due to e.g., water scarcity and reuse of drainage water. Egypt’s water resources are managed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI), with agriculture as by far the largest user of irrigation water, with a share of about 85%. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the major issues and challenges in the spatial and temporal allocation of water, in relation to a free cropping pattern and the characteristics of the irrigation system. We conclude that the current world-wide call for “crop-demand-based precision irrigation supply” will not be easily attainable in Egypt. Instead, “water security” in the form of “guaranteed or agreed” water supply may be a preferred water allocation aim for various reasons, including lack of large storage possibilities, impossibility of fine-tuning supplies in the system, and the needed capacity to deal with (future) droughts. Although the paper concentrates on technical issues, it is increasingly realized that the challenges are not only of a technical nature and that there is a need for integration of policies as well as a need to establish effective science–business–policy interfaces at the national level.

ACS Style

Wouter Wolters; Robert Smit; Mohamed Nour El-Din; Eman Sayed Ahmed; Jochen Froebrich; Henk Ritzema. Issues and Challenges in Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Nile Delta. Sustainability 2016, 8, 383 .

AMA Style

Wouter Wolters, Robert Smit, Mohamed Nour El-Din, Eman Sayed Ahmed, Jochen Froebrich, Henk Ritzema. Issues and Challenges in Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Nile Delta. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):383.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wouter Wolters; Robert Smit; Mohamed Nour El-Din; Eman Sayed Ahmed; Jochen Froebrich; Henk Ritzema. 2016. "Issues and Challenges in Spatial and Temporal Water Allocation in the Nile Delta." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 383.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2016 in Sustainability
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Subsurface drainage is a prerequisite to grow winter crops in the consolidated paddy fields in Northern Iran. A four-year study (2011–2015) was conducted to quantify the effects of subsurface drainage on the saturated hydraulic conductivity, water table, drain discharge and winter crop yields. Subsurface drainage systems with two drain depths of 0.65 and 0.90 m and two drain spacings of 15 and 30 m were installed at the consolidated paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran. During four successive winter seasons, the water table depth and drain discharge were measured daily. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured twice; before drainage system installation and four years following the installation. Canola grain yields were determined at harvest of each cultivation season. During the study period, the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with the highest increase in the top 0–30 cm. The deeper drains were more effective in controlling the water table compared to the shallow, and the daily drain discharge of the deeper drains in the fourth year were higher than those of shallow drains. The canola grain yield of all drainage systems increased significantly by the seasons, and the largest difference in canola grain yield between first and fourth seasons was 2191 kg·ha−1 (318% increase) in the fields with 0.90 m drain depth and 30 m drain spacing. Totally, it became clear that installation of subsurface drainage systems with 0.90 m depth and 30 m spacing in the paddy fields of Northern Iran can be recommended to achieve high yield of winter crop, soil condition improvement, and multi-purpose land use.

ACS Style

Mehdi Jafari-Talukolaee; Henk Ritzema; Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali; Ali Shahnazari. Subsurface Drainage to Enable the Cultivation of Winter Crops in Consolidated Paddy Fields in Northern Iran. Sustainability 2016, 8, 249 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Jafari-Talukolaee, Henk Ritzema, Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali, Ali Shahnazari. Subsurface Drainage to Enable the Cultivation of Winter Crops in Consolidated Paddy Fields in Northern Iran. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (3):249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Jafari-Talukolaee; Henk Ritzema; Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali; Ali Shahnazari. 2016. "Subsurface Drainage to Enable the Cultivation of Winter Crops in Consolidated Paddy Fields in Northern Iran." Sustainability 8, no. 3: 249.

Original articles
Published: 27 March 2015 in Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science
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Since the Middle Ages the Dutch have reclaimed many lakes and parts of the sea, creating polders. Drainage is required to use the land: for the inhabitants, for agriculture and for nature. Traditionally drainage was by gravity: through open (and later pipe) drains excess rainfall was transferred into open collector drains, from where the water was pumped out to a river, lake or the sea. Since the 1950s, land use has been changing towards a more diverse and intensive agriculture, more attention for nature, recreation and continuing urbanization. On top of this, the climate is changing: significant increases in precipitation, both average and extreme. Until recently, the solution to more excess water was to increase pump capacity. Yet the combined problems of climate change, sea level rise, subsidence and urbanization require more structural changes in water management. Drainage systems have to be modified to enable the shift from a strategy of rapid removal of all excess water to one that continuously controls water levels individually in each agricultural plot. A new approach of ‘retention, storage and controlled removal’ is being used to develop climate adaptation scenarios for the three hydro-ecological zones in the Netherlands, i.e.: (1) the man-made polder areas with marine clay soils along the North Sea coast and the former Zuider Sea; (2) the low-lying peat lands in the west and north; and (3) the sandy and loamy soils areas in the centre, south and east. New approaches for tailor-made drainage solutions following this strategy are being tested in various pilot areas in the three zones. Although the research is still ongoing, this paper presents the lessons learned to date related to the challenges, risks and limitations associated with the introduction of these new drainage strategies for coping with climate change in the Netherlands.

ACS Style

H.P. Ritzema; L.C.P.M. Stuyt. Land drainage strategies to cope with climate change in the Netherlands. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 2015, 65, 80 -92.

AMA Style

H.P. Ritzema, L.C.P.M. Stuyt. Land drainage strategies to cope with climate change in the Netherlands. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. 2015; 65 (sup1):80-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.P. Ritzema; L.C.P.M. Stuyt. 2015. "Land drainage strategies to cope with climate change in the Netherlands." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 65, no. sup1: 80-92.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2014 in Irrigation and Drainage
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Most drain spacing calculations do not take the horizontal flow in the unsaturated zone above the groundwater table into consideration. In this paper, a solution is presented that includes the contribution of unsaturated flow above the groundwater table. Drain spacing calculated with the newly derived equation is compared to that calculated with the Hooghoudt equation and the two‐dimensional Hydrus‐2D model. Results show that drain spacing calculated with the new equation results in a wider value. The effects are most pronounced for tiles located close to the impervious layer, particularly in coarse, sandy soils. These effects rapidly decrease if the depth of the impervious layer increases. The effect of the unsaturated zone flow contribution is limited to sandy soils, for low infiltration ratios and tiles placed on top of an impervious layer. The maximum increase in drain spacing calculated by the new formula is about 30% higher, suggesting that inclusion of the contribution of the unsaturated zone flow in the computation of drain spacing may result in greater economy in the design of subsurface drainage systems. Moreover, the new equation is more general and is applicable for tiles lying on or far from an impervious layer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. La plupart des équations utilisées pour le calcul d'écartement des drains ne tiennent pas compte des écoulements horizontaux vers les drains provenant de la zone non saturée. Dans ce présent travail, nous proposons une nouvelle équation tenant compte de la contribution au débit des drains de la zone non saturée au‐dessus du niveau de la nappe. L'écoulement vers un drain est la somme de trois composantes: les deux premières représentent la contribution des flux dans l'écoulement vers le drain provenant de la zone saturée au‐dessus et au‐dessous du drain, le troisième représente la contribution au flux provenant de la zone non saturée. Les deux premières sont identiques à celles trouvées dans les équations ordinaires pour calculer l'écartement des drains, alors que le troisième représente notre contribution. Pour examiner l'effet de la zone non saturée sur l'écartement des drains, ces derniers sont calculés par notre nouvelle formule et celle développée par Hooghoudt. Les résultats montrent que l'écartement calculé par notre formule donne des valeurs supérieures à celles de Hooghoudt. La différence est plus grande pour des drains reposant sur le substratum imperméable et pour des sols de texture sableuse. Cette différence décroit rapidement avec l'accroissement de la profondeur du substratum par rapport aux drains. L'effet de la zone non saturée est limité aux sols sableux avec un rapport (|q0|/Ks) faible et des drains reposant ou peu éloignés du substratum imperméable. La différence maximale obtenue entre écartement calculé par notre formule et celle calculée par la formule de Hooghoudt peut atteindre 30%. Ceci suggère l'importance d'utiliser notre formule pour minimiser les coûts d'investissement dans les projets de drainage agricole. En plus, la formule développée s'applique pour des drains reposant ou non sur un substratum imperméable ce qui n'est pas le cas pour les autres formules. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

A. Yousfi; M. Mechergui; Henk Ritzema. A DRAIN-SPACING EQUATION THAT TAKES THE HORIZONTAL FLOW IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER TABLE INTO ACCOUNT. Irrigation and Drainage 2014, 63, 373 -382.

AMA Style

A. Yousfi, M. Mechergui, Henk Ritzema. A DRAIN-SPACING EQUATION THAT TAKES THE HORIZONTAL FLOW IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER TABLE INTO ACCOUNT. Irrigation and Drainage. 2014; 63 (3):373-382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Yousfi; M. Mechergui; Henk Ritzema. 2014. "A DRAIN-SPACING EQUATION THAT TAKES THE HORIZONTAL FLOW IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER TABLE INTO ACCOUNT." Irrigation and Drainage 63, no. 3: 373-382.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2013 in Irrigation and Drainage
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ACS Style

Ruey-Chy Kao; Henk P. Ritzema. EDITORIAL. Irrigation and Drainage 2013, 62, 1 .

AMA Style

Ruey-Chy Kao, Henk P. Ritzema. EDITORIAL. Irrigation and Drainage. 2013; 62 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruey-Chy Kao; Henk P. Ritzema. 2013. "EDITORIAL." Irrigation and Drainage 62, no. : 1.