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Dr. ir. Wendy Tan is Associate Professor at the Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (Institute Byggfagg) and senior researcher at Wageningen University and Research. She is PI in the NWO funded project R-LINK: Redressing Long-term societal challenges through space for Incremental urban development, small-scale and bottom-up initiatives to produce New Knowledge for vital and inclusive urban regions (2016 - 2021). Her research expertise focuses on the implementation of land use and transportation integration, mobility issues and institutional perspective in planning processes in Europe, America and Southeast Asia. From 2010 2014, she was a board member of the Megacities Foundation. She received the Georges Allaert Prize in 2014 for her research contributions to mobility and spatial planning in our society.
This article studies how social learning can contribute to change, by applying the concepts of Turning Points and Critical Junctures to the pre-implementation lifecycles of small-scale bottom-up initiatives. It proposes that Turning Points, which have a relatively small immediate impact, and Critical Junctures, which have larger, more visible and more immediate effects, should both be considered crucial to the pre-implementation lifecycle of such initiatives and their capacity to endure and act towards implementation. It shows how social learning contributes to Turning Points, Near Misses and Critical Junctures by, for example, turning frustrations into spite, which fuels endurance and eventually implementation; or by allowing long-term endurance to make at first rejected possibilities become acceptable. The emerging Turning Points, Near Misses and Critical Junctures each play relevant roles for endurance and implementation dynamics. These findings highlight the importance of a more differentiated approach to bottom-up initiatives (including those not yet implemented) in urban planning and urban studies, recognizing their struggles for implementation, and the potentials and hurdles that social learning processes can provide therein. To support this differentiated approach, a micro-level application of Turning Points and Critical Junctures is shown to provide a useful lens, especially when considered in conjunction.
Kim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan. Endurance and implementation in small-scale bottom-up initiatives: How social learning contributes to turning points and critical junctures. Cities 2021, 117, 103280 .
AMA StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan. Endurance and implementation in small-scale bottom-up initiatives: How social learning contributes to turning points and critical junctures. Cities. 2021; 117 ():103280.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan. 2021. "Endurance and implementation in small-scale bottom-up initiatives: How social learning contributes to turning points and critical junctures." Cities 117, no. : 103280.
The burgeoning landscape of literature on mobility inequalities has led to discrepancies between a conceptual understanding of mobility inequalities and its implementation in planning practice. Reviewing 270 publications across five decades, this article identifies intrinsic and extrinsic factors and approaches for understanding and analyzing mobility inequality. Using two thought experiments to critically locate variations in factors and approaches, dilemmas and challenges in addressing mobility inequality for the marginalized are exposed. The article concludes with future research directions for investigating mobility inequality.
Isti Hidayati; Wendy Tan; Claudia Yamu. Conceptualizing Mobility Inequality: Mobility and Accessibility for the Marginalized. Journal of Planning Literature 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleIsti Hidayati, Wendy Tan, Claudia Yamu. Conceptualizing Mobility Inequality: Mobility and Accessibility for the Marginalized. Journal of Planning Literature. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsti Hidayati; Wendy Tan; Claudia Yamu. 2021. "Conceptualizing Mobility Inequality: Mobility and Accessibility for the Marginalized." Journal of Planning Literature , no. : 1.
This article investigates how planning policies have shaped urban form and mobility behavior in the rapidly urbanized metropolitan area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We argue that the complex chain of consequences of previous policies and their implementation processes can be understood from the socio-spatial dynamics that result from the interaction between people and their built environment. Using the case of Kuala Lumpur, we provide empirical evidence of these socio-spatial dynamics through (1) the identification of key policies, (2) an understanding of Kuala Lumpur’s spatial configuration using space syntax, and (3) in-depth interviews to reveal mobility behavior. Our findings suggest that Kuala Lumpur’s previous road expansion policies, national car project, and fragmented new town development have created an urban form that encourages vehicular instead of pedestrian movement. Consequently, this has induced an automobile dependence and culture that conflicts with the country’s current initiatives on sustainable development. For policymakers and planners, these findings provide awareness that policy impacts span across generations and scales, making them difficult to reverse and take a long time to be fixed. We conclude with practical insights on how to reverse the unsustainable path through socio-spatial innovations and research directions to address the ongoing vehicular dominance and automobile society in Kuala Lumpur.
Isti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; Wendy Tan. You have to drive: Impacts of planning policies on urban form and mobility behavior in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Journal of Urban Management 2021, 10, 69 -83.
AMA StyleIsti Hidayati, Claudia Yamu, Wendy Tan. You have to drive: Impacts of planning policies on urban form and mobility behavior in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Journal of Urban Management. 2021; 10 (1):69-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; Wendy Tan. 2021. "You have to drive: Impacts of planning policies on urban form and mobility behavior in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Journal of Urban Management 10, no. 1: 69-83.
This introduction presents a varied and multidimensional view of challenges of governance in Southeast Asia and ASEAN through the variety of disciplines and nationalities involved in the book. In light of 50 years of regional collaboration and integration as the member states of ASEAN seek to chart out a future path for the region, this book is dedicated to showcasing the different facets and challenges to governance that occur due to internal and external pressures for the various member states. The editors are particularly interested in the multilevel governance challenges on issues of democracy, equity and sustainability, the adaptation of policies and norms to fit an ASEAN way, and the changing roles of civil society and citizens in this process of seeking a common identity and voice. The book is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the fundamental political and institutional dynamics that are in play within the region and the interplay between regional forces and national norms. The second section tackles the economic and legal discourses that various member states face in relation to external and internal pressures related to international and regional trade and industry. The third section focuses on issues of sustainability and equity resulting from the vast socio-spatial differences in the varied cities and regions of the member states. In the final section, the dilemmas resulting from economic growth in exploitative industries and the impact that has on the local and regional community through the lenses of inclusivity and justice are discussed. Written by a diverse collection of policy makers, researchers, educators and activists, this book provides an authoritative firsthand analysis of key challenges to governance in Southeast Asia and ASEAN.
Wendy Guan Zhen Tan; Ronald L. Holzhacker. Introduction. Challenges of Governance 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleWendy Guan Zhen Tan, Ronald L. Holzhacker. Introduction. Challenges of Governance. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy Guan Zhen Tan; Ronald L. Holzhacker. 2021. "Introduction." Challenges of Governance , no. : 1-20.
Energy usage in cities is intertwined with its spatial configuration—the denser and more compact the city, the more concentrated and efficient the energy usage is to be expected. To achieve sustainable communities, cities (and their inhabitants) must reconsider its spatial configurations in the context of rapid urbanisation and growth in light of limited resources and conflicting spatial claims. This article seeks to understand how spatial configurations affect transport energy usage in cities and propose an integrated assessment approach factoring spatial configurational analysis in relation to transport energy usage at the micro- and macroscale. Comparing Bergen, Norway, and Zürich, Switzerland, findings showed that spatial configurations were positively correlated to transport energy usage. Street structures suitable for walking and less suitable for car traffic tended to exhibit lower amounts of energy usage. Following this, nine typologies of transport and land use patterns are described to support planning for more sustainable means of transport.
Remco Koning; Wendy Tan; Akkelies Van Nes. Assessing Spatial Configurations and Transport Energy Usage for Planning Sustainable Communities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8146 .
AMA StyleRemco Koning, Wendy Tan, Akkelies Van Nes. Assessing Spatial Configurations and Transport Energy Usage for Planning Sustainable Communities. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8146.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRemco Koning; Wendy Tan; Akkelies Van Nes. 2020. "Assessing Spatial Configurations and Transport Energy Usage for Planning Sustainable Communities." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8146.
This article argues that a more critical approach to innovation policy within planning is needed and offers recommendations for achieving this. These recommendations entail rethinking the values, focus, speed, and legitimacy of innovations. It takes a critical perspective on how contemporary societies treat rapid innovation as having necessarily positive results in the achievement of objectives such as sustainability and justice. This critical perspective is needed because innovation can both contribute to and drive a form of maladaptive planning: a collective approach to reality that imposes constant and rapid changes to societal configurations due to an obsession with the new and with too little rapport with the problems in place or that it creates. A maladaptive direction for transport planning is used as a sectorial illustration of the broader conceptual ideas presented: for both sustainability and social justice reasons, it would be desirable to see peak car occurring. However, the car industry is presenting driving automation as an innovation with the potential to restore the vitality of the private vehicles market while creating effective means to dismiss alternatives to car dominance.
António Ferreira; Kim Carlotta Von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Enrica Papa. Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles. Urban Science 2020, 4, 41 .
AMA StyleAntónio Ferreira, Kim Carlotta Von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan, Enrica Papa. Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles. Urban Science. 2020; 4 (3):41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntónio Ferreira; Kim Carlotta Von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Enrica Papa. 2020. "Maladaptive Planning and the Pro-Innovation Bias: Considering the Case of Automated Vehicles." Urban Science 4, no. 3: 41.
To date, little is known about the interplay between transport, land use and the social systems that influence potential and realised accessibility in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to understand these relationships in an informal settlement – a kampong – at the edge of the upscale Menteng district, Jakarta. We applied a mixed-methods approach of (1) a computational street network analysis using space syntax, (2) video analysis to understand travel behaviour and land use and (3) an analysis of street users’ experiences collected through interviews. Our findings indicated that the pedestrian accessibility was not fully realised due to unsupportive land uses and negative perceptions of walking experienced by kampong inhabitants. Marginalised groups became captive pedestrians limited in their mobility choices. This study provides insights into Jakarta’s informal settlements and how urban planning can contribute to sustainable development for inclusive, safe, and resilient cities.
Isti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; W. Tan. Realised pedestrian accessibility of an informal settlement in Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 2020, 1 -23.
AMA StyleIsti Hidayati, Claudia Yamu, W. Tan. Realised pedestrian accessibility of an informal settlement in Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. 2020; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; W. Tan. 2020. "Realised pedestrian accessibility of an informal settlement in Jakarta, Indonesia." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability , no. : 1-23.
Every-day mobility anecdotes provide in-depth insights into, and a deeper connection with, the complex reality of how mobility practices are conceived and perceived in a way that more aggregated research approaches overlook in their quest for the summary of travel patterns. Drawing on a study conducted between 2017 and 2019, this article proposes the use of a research method that adds rich insights into understanding travel mode choice from the users' perspective in a way that primarily expert-oriented perceptions of sustainable mobility may not. Furthermore, this method encourages an inter- or post-disciplinary understanding of reality, which researchers have indicated may also contribute to a more sustainable future.
Kim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carey Curtis; Jurrian Frank Visser. Every-day mobility anecdotes: Addressing the blind spot of goal- and expert-oriented mobility research. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 2020, 7, 100169 .
AMA StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan, Carey Curtis, Jurrian Frank Visser. Every-day mobility anecdotes: Addressing the blind spot of goal- and expert-oriented mobility research. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2020; 7 ():100169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carey Curtis; Jurrian Frank Visser. 2020. "Every-day mobility anecdotes: Addressing the blind spot of goal- and expert-oriented mobility research." Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 7, no. : 100169.
Despite numerous studies on how gender differences affect transport mobility choices and perception of safety, there has been little emphasis on the influence of spatial and socio-cultural constructs on it, particularly in the Southeast Asian context. This article investigates this relation through (1) an on-street survey involving 383 participants in eight neighbourhoods in Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur, (2) analysing videos taken with the walking with video approach, and (3) a computational analysis of the street network using space syntax. Findings suggest that a large proportion of women ascribed to negative perceptions of safety as compared to men. Negative perceptions of safety were related to wariness towards motorcycles in Jakarta and absence of other pedestrians and the image of the place in Kuala Lumpur. This difference can be attributed to distinctions in spatial configurations and socio-cultural constructs between both cities. Findings provide practical insights – mode segregation or changes to street design – to address gendered mobility for sustainable urban transport in the region.
Isti Hidayati; Wendy Tan; Claudia Yamu. How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2020, 73, 155 -173.
AMA StyleIsti Hidayati, Wendy Tan, Claudia Yamu. How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2020; 73 ():155-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsti Hidayati; Wendy Tan; Claudia Yamu. 2020. "How gender differences and perceptions of safety shape urban mobility in Southeast Asia." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 73, no. : 155-173.
Kim Carlotta Von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan. Re-evaluating the power of social learning and social innovation: an application to transport. Transportation Research Procedia 2019, 41, 184 -186.
AMA StyleKim Carlotta Von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan. Re-evaluating the power of social learning and social innovation: an application to transport. Transportation Research Procedia. 2019; 41 ():184-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Carlotta Von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan. 2019. "Re-evaluating the power of social learning and social innovation: an application to transport." Transportation Research Procedia 41, no. : 184-186.
Despite numerous studies suggesting a path-dependent relationship between transport–land use policies and urban structures, particularly on the emergence of car-oriented development, this connection has rarely been explained with spatial evidence. To address this gap, this paper investigated the historical and spatial urban transformation of Greater Jakarta from three different time periods to understand today’s extensive use of and dependence on private vehicles. This study applied a multi-method approach of (1) historical literature review, (2) computational analysis of the street network using space syntax, and (3) visual analysis of video recordings to allow for a comprehensive insight into the socio-spatial aspects of urbanization as a path-dependent course. The findings indicate that Jakarta’s pedestrian network has been diminishing over time against the well-connected vehicular network. Furthermore, the remaining potential for walking cannot be actualized due to walking inconveniences at the street level. This suggests mobility inequality, since access to citywide urban functions is highly dependent on the access to private vehicles. It also provides spatial evidence that previous policies have had a long-term impact on socio-spatial structures. This paper contributes not only scientific reference for transport and mobility studies in the Southeast Asia region, but also a practical reference for urban planners and policy-makers on how to achieve sustainable development goals and to provide equal access for all.
Isti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; Wendy Tan. The Emergence of Mobility Inequality in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: A Socio-Spatial Analysis of Path Dependencies in Transport–Land Use Policies. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5115 .
AMA StyleIsti Hidayati, Claudia Yamu, Wendy Tan. The Emergence of Mobility Inequality in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: A Socio-Spatial Analysis of Path Dependencies in Transport–Land Use Policies. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):5115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsti Hidayati; Claudia Yamu; Wendy Tan. 2019. "The Emergence of Mobility Inequality in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: A Socio-Spatial Analysis of Path Dependencies in Transport–Land Use Policies." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 5115.
Social learning is the process of exchanging and developing knowledge (including skills and experiences) through human interaction. This key planning process needs to be better understood, given the increase and variety of non-planners influencing planning processes. This article explores who learns what from whom through social learning in planning. We unpack social learning theoretically to be able to map it, and employ empirically-based storytelling to discuss its relevance to planning practice. We conclude that social learning can lead to positive and negative outcomes and provides a useful analytical lens to understand planning practices at the level of individuals.
Kim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carina Wiekens; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Unpacking social learning in planning: who learns what from whom? Urban Research & Practice 2019, 13, 411 -433.
AMA StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan, Carina Wiekens, Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Unpacking social learning in planning: who learns what from whom? Urban Research & Practice. 2019; 13 (4):411-433.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carina Wiekens; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. 2019. "Unpacking social learning in planning: who learns what from whom?" Urban Research & Practice 13, no. 4: 411-433.
Kim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carina Wiekens; Willem Salet; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Social learning as an analytical lens for co-creative planning. European Planning Studies 2019, 27, 1291 -1313.
AMA StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld, Wendy Tan, Carina Wiekens, Willem Salet, Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Social learning as an analytical lens for co-creative planning. European Planning Studies. 2019; 27 (7):1291-1313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim Carlotta von Schönfeld; Wendy Tan; Carina Wiekens; Willem Salet; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. 2019. "Social learning as an analytical lens for co-creative planning." European Planning Studies 27, no. 7: 1291-1313.
Wendy Tan. The Missing Link: Sustainable Mobility for Sustainable Cities and Communities. Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN 2018, 210 -231.
AMA StyleWendy Tan. The Missing Link: Sustainable Mobility for Sustainable Cities and Communities. Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN. 2018; ():210-231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy Tan. 2018. "The Missing Link: Sustainable Mobility for Sustainable Cities and Communities." Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN , no. : 210-231.
Leonie Janssen-Jansen; Wendy Tan. A Dutch perspective on urban growth boundaries: from containing to stimulating growth. Instruments of Land Policy 2018, 137 -141.
AMA StyleLeonie Janssen-Jansen, Wendy Tan. A Dutch perspective on urban growth boundaries: from containing to stimulating growth. Instruments of Land Policy. 2018; ():137-141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeonie Janssen-Jansen; Wendy Tan. 2018. "A Dutch perspective on urban growth boundaries: from containing to stimulating growth." Instruments of Land Policy , no. : 137-141.
J.R. Homrighausen; Wendy Tan. Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Mobility: Comparing Groningen (NL) and Phoenix (US). Transportation Research Procedia 2016, 19, 151 -163.
AMA StyleJ.R. Homrighausen, Wendy Tan. Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Mobility: Comparing Groningen (NL) and Phoenix (US). Transportation Research Procedia. 2016; 19 ():151-163.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.R. Homrighausen; Wendy Tan. 2016. "Institutional Innovations for Sustainable Mobility: Comparing Groningen (NL) and Phoenix (US)." Transportation Research Procedia 19, no. : 151-163.
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Els Beukers; Wendy Tan. Leerproces voor planologisch wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de praktijk. Bestuurskunde 2015, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleEls Beukers, Wendy Tan. Leerproces voor planologisch wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de praktijk. Bestuurskunde. 2015; 24 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEls Beukers; Wendy Tan. 2015. "Leerproces voor planologisch wetenschappelijk onderzoek en de praktijk." Bestuurskunde 24, no. 4: 1.
In the Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR), the lack of coordination and appropriate governance has resulted in paralyzing traffic jams at the metropolitan scale that cannot be resolved by a single government entity. The issue of metropolitan governance is especially crucial here as the JMR lacks an established and formally predesigned system of governance (e.g., in a constitution or other legal regulations). Instead, it relies on the interaction, coordination, and cooperation of a multitude of different stakeholders, ranging from local and regional authorities to private entities and citizens. This chapter offers a discussion on the various governance approaches relating to an appropriate institutional design required for transportation issues at the metropolitan scale. The case used is a regional Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system as an extension to the metropolitan transport system. Institutional design analysis is applied to the case and three possible improvements, (i) a “Megapolitan” concept, (ii) a regional spatial plan, and (iii) inter-local government cooperation, were identified that correspond to current debates on metropolitan governance approaches of regionalism, localism, and new regionalism. The findings, which are relevant to similar metropolitan regions, suggest that (i) improvements at the meso-level of institutional design are more readily accepted and effective than improvements at the macro-level and (ii) the appropriate institutional design for governing metropolitan transportation in the JMR requires enhanced coordination and cooperation amongst four important actors: local governments, the regional agency, the central government, and private companies.
Taufiq Hidayat Putra; Johan Woltjer; Wendy Guan Zhen Tan. Metropolitan Governance and Institutional Design: Transportation in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region. Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia 2015, 171 -200.
AMA StyleTaufiq Hidayat Putra, Johan Woltjer, Wendy Guan Zhen Tan. Metropolitan Governance and Institutional Design: Transportation in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region. Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia. 2015; ():171-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaufiq Hidayat Putra; Johan Woltjer; Wendy Guan Zhen Tan. 2015. "Metropolitan Governance and Institutional Design: Transportation in the Jakarta Metropolitan Region." Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia , no. : 171-200.
Transit-oriented development strategies (TODS) are widely embraced. However, their implementation remains challenging. Institutional barriers play a key role here, and the literature provides an overview of the most important ones and ways of overcoming them. Yet, application of such insights remains elusive, due to the context-specific nature of barriers. As a first and necessary step to cope with the implementation challenge of TODS, this paper proposes an approach to identify barriers within a given context. The approach is applied to a hypothesis-generating case, the Netherlands. The findings indicate a vicious cycle of mutually reinforcing formal and informal barriers hampering implementation. The approach could be useful for cities elsewhere that face similar implementation difficulties
Wendy Tan; Luca Bertolini; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Identifying and conceptualising context-specific barriers to transit-oriented development strategies: the case of the Netherlands. Town Planning Review 2014, 85, 639 -663.
AMA StyleWendy Tan, Luca Bertolini, Leonie Janssen-Jansen. Identifying and conceptualising context-specific barriers to transit-oriented development strategies: the case of the Netherlands. Town Planning Review. 2014; 85 (5):639-663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy Tan; Luca Bertolini; Leonie Janssen-Jansen. 2014. "Identifying and conceptualising context-specific barriers to transit-oriented development strategies: the case of the Netherlands." Town Planning Review 85, no. 5: 639-663.
The pursuit of transit-oriented development strategies (TODS) is a worldwide phenomenon but knowledge of the process of implementation remains approximate. The ingredients for changing from a non-conducive to a conducive environment for TODS and how that change occurs remain unclear. In cases of successful TODS implementation, it is hypothesised that a deliberate shift occurred in the institutional context through the introduction of incentives to overcome implementation barriers. A conceptual model proposing the relationship between formal and informal barriers in a vicious cycle as well as the lifting of those barriers through a virtuous cycle of mutually reinforcing formal and informal incentives is applied. The processes of change accompanying the identification and the role of incentives are examined in three metropolitan regions: Perth, Portland and Vancouver. The combinations of incentivising measures used are revealed.
Wendy G.Z. Tan; Leonie B. Janssen-Jansen; Luca Bertolini. The Role of Incentives in Implementing Successful Transit-Oriented Development Strategies. Urban Policy and Research 2013, 32, 33 -51.
AMA StyleWendy G.Z. Tan, Leonie B. Janssen-Jansen, Luca Bertolini. The Role of Incentives in Implementing Successful Transit-Oriented Development Strategies. Urban Policy and Research. 2013; 32 (1):33-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy G.Z. Tan; Leonie B. Janssen-Jansen; Luca Bertolini. 2013. "The Role of Incentives in Implementing Successful Transit-Oriented Development Strategies." Urban Policy and Research 32, no. 1: 33-51.