Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were developed in 2009 and have led to a number of significant improvements in clean energy technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has increased exponentially and currently stands at 22%. PSCs are transforming photovoltaic (PV) technology, outpacing many established PV technologies through their versatility and roll-to-roll manufacturing compatibility. The viability of low-temperature and solution-processed manufacturing has further improved their viability. This article provides a brief overview of the stoichiometry of perovskite materials, the engineering behind various modes of manufacturing by solution processing methods, and recommendations for future research to achieve large-scale manufacturing of high efficiency PSCs.

High-efficiency perovskite solar cells were fabricated using low thermal budget photonic-cured compact TiO₂ as the electron transport layer. The best device on glass substrate exhibited an efficiency of 15% with average efficiency of 12.7%, comparable to the devices with furnace-annealed TiO₂. Flexible devices were as efficient as 11.2%.