The excessive use of agrochemicals in the field to increase production and counteract the negative effects caused by biotic and abiotic factors has led to a deterioration in soil fertility, plus an increment in negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, the application of beneficial microorganisms as bioinoculants is an eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals. Plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi have been effective in promoting plant growth and production, as well as reducing the action of pathogens in multiple crops. However, successful application of such beneficial microorganisms in the agricultural field has faced several difficulties, such as survival, colonization efficiency and short periods of shelf storage. Therefore, it is essential to explore novel ways to encapsulate, formulate and apply bioinoculants. To obtain the expected quality in bioencapsulated products, it is essential to determine the type of polymer, capsule size, encapsulation technique and use the correct chemical and physical cofactors involved in the production process. Thus, this review highlights the various formulation types and application techniques, as well as discussing the multiple advantages of using microbial encapsulates to have better results in agricultural production.

The contribution of domestic lignocellulosic waste and its potential for biodegradation by components, for each category of paper and cardboard, have scarcely been reported. To achieve integral proposals, for managing this type of waste, is essential to know each individual contribution to the “paper and cardboard” category. The objective of this study was to characterize the paper and cardboard waste from the domestic solid waste stream, in the city of Morelia, Mexico, and estimate its methane generation potential (CH₄). The generation of lignocellulosic waste was studied in a housing complex of social interest. The domestic lignocellulosic residues (DLW) that were chemically characterized were derived from paper and cardboard. The average daily generation was 0.5 kg/inhabitant. The highest content of lignin was found in newspaper (24.5%), and toilet paper was the material with the lowest lignin content (1%). The bond paper had a DLW of higher Y_CH4, when degraded anaerobically, in a semi-solid phase and a mesophilic regime. The variety of paper and cardboard, such as DLW, presented differences in their generation (kg/person), chemical composition (lignin content), and their potential for anaerobic biodegradability.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterial genus known mainly for its capability to synthesize, in addition to spores, a parasporal body or crystal (δ––endotoxin), comprised of proteins which are toxic to pest insects, i.e., Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera, and other orders. As well as plant pathogenic nematode and many other applications as endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria, or cleaning enviornmental form some chemicals polluting agents, and even in human medicine for cancer prevention. The Bt coexists in a close relationship with insects to which eventually infects and poisons. It is likely that these unfavorable changes occurred during the evolutionary pathway in the interactions Bacillus–insect, which resulted in the present biochemical diversity between these species. The goal of this minireview is to show role of Bt in comparation with other genus Bacillus and explain why Bt is of interest for biological control of pests in conventional, protected and organic agriculture regarding other biotechnological applications to fully exploit the beneficial potential of Bt

Agricultural production of Cicer arietinum demands, the use of nitrogen fertilizer as NH4NO3, its excessive application causes the loss of soil productivity and global warming by releasing N2O. An ecological to solve this problematic condition could be: to isolate endophytic bacterial genera that promote plant growth such as: Azotobacter vinelandii and Burkholderia vietnamiensis, from Leucaena leucocephala a wild plant able to face nutritional environmental, that allow reducing and optimizing the dose of NH4NO3 at 50%, non-compromising healthy plant growth of C. arietinum. Therefore, the objectives of this work were: i) to isolate of endophytic genus of A. vinelandii and B. vietnamiensis from L. leucocephala, ii) to analyze the effect of A. vinelandii and/or B. vietnamiensis on growth of C. arietinum at 50% NH4NO3, iii) to identify A. vinelandii and B. vietnamiensis based on the biochemical profile. The isolation of A. vinelandii was in Burk agar and B. vietnamiensis on PCAT. The results showed that A. vinelandii and B. vietnamiensis isolated from L. leucocephala were beneficial to the healthy growth of C. arietinum by increasing the germination percentage and reducing the emergence time while both the phenology and biomass of C. arietinum were positively affected by 50% NH4NO3; based on the conversion of organic compounds in the root into phytohormones by A. vinelandii and/or B. vietnamiensis better when inoculated as a mixture than individually with numerical values that were statistically different by ANOVA-Tukey (P < 0.05), compared to the same numerical variables of C. arietinum growth with 100% NH4NO3 uninoculated, used as a relative control. While it was found that A. vinelandii showed a biochemical profile of this genus and species with cyst production while B. vietnamiensis had the biochemical profile of this genus and species. The above supports the idea that L. leucocephala is an important source of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria for sustainable agriculture without damaging the soil or generating N2O to mitigate due to conventional agriculture production of C. arietinum.

The aim of this study was to analyze the response of P. vulgaris to single inoculation or to PGPM of dose reduced to 50% of NF. In that sense seeds of P. vulgaris were inoculated individually with B. cereus, R. etli or T. harzianum and as a PGPM consortium in a hydroponic system Leonard jars, fed with NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate) 50%, reduced dose. Under an experimental randomized block design; response variables measured were: percentage and days to germination, plant height and root length, weight fresh/ dry air and root weight (AFW/ADW/RFW/RDW) to seedling and flowering, experimental data were validated by Tukey, p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that P. vulgaris inoculated with R. etli and T. harzianum had 100% and 95.8% germination in 4.8 and 4.5 days respectively and statistically different compared to 91.7% in 7.17 days of P. vulgaris not inoculated at 100% NF had as a Fertilizer Control (FC). At seedling stage of P. vulgaris with T. harzianum and R. etli had 1.12 g and 0.72 g of ADW and of 0.31 and 0.21 g RDW; while P. vulgaris response used as FC with 0.52 g and ADW and 0.19 g of RDW. This supports the positive potential of R. etli and T. harzianum for producing P. vulgaris reduced dose of NF, as well the positive effect of B cereus and microbial consortium in the legume.