Industry 4.0, characterized by the integration of advanced technologies, has allowed industries to optimise operations, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact. Digitalization has become a cornerstone for achieving sustainability goals, and one of the key enablers of Industry 4.0 is the digital twin. The digital twin provides real-time insights and simulations to optimise processes. Organizations can thus optimise not only their operations but also contribute to a more resilient global supply chain. The aim of the paper is to present a comprehensive methodology for implementing the digital twin principle in the Tecnomatix environment. The Tecnomatix model is connected to Siemens PLC SIMATIC S7-1200 utilizing the OPC UA (Unified Architecture) method and through KEPServerEX, V6.14.263.0. The described approach enables continuous monitoring of critical indicators to optimise production efficiency and address downtime issues.

Traffic modelling and simulation is one of the frequent tools used in road infrastructure design. Software tools designed for traffic simulations are an important supportive tool in decision-making and in choosing the optimal solution. The aim of this paper is to introduce the application of the VISSIM program, in the design and testing a model of the traffic-light-controlled intersection. The traffic on the selected congested intersection is modelled and simulated first for the current state, then for two models with modifications that are to increase the throughput of the intersection. The monitored criterion of the intersection throughput is the length of queues. Both adjustments have led to a significant reduction of the number of vehicles waiting in direction of the greatest congestions. In the first model, the average line length was reduced by 75%, and in the second model, the modifications lead to a fluent passage of right-turn vehicles and a significant reduction in vehicle lines for other directions.

This article presents a methodology for assessing investment projects representing the sequence of steps necessary for a comprehensive assessment and optimization of an investment project. The assessment process starts with the quantitative forecasting of stochastic input factors, with the selection of risk factors and the definition of their uncertainty. That is followed by the design of a mathematical model for calculating the criterion of economic efficiency of investment, its calculation mathematically, and forecasting by Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation output is assessed from the point of view of risk, and in case of an unacceptable result, the possibilities for project optimization are proposed. Finally, the proposed methodology was applied to an investment project model, where individual principles are practically demonstrated.