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Inclusive land restoration is increasingly considered to be a critical sustainable pathway to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in developing countries. The literature suggests that good governance practices support successful sustainable natural resource management. The study assesses the role of landscape governance in a long-term thriving forest and landscape restoration project in Shinyanga. We apply the good governance principles, which include participation, representation and legitimacy, actor interactors, equity and fairness, accountability and transparency, and respect for local knowledge. Descriptive methods are used to analyze the data collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The evidence suggests that all of the principles contributed positively to the successful restoration, except for accountability and transparency. Building on local knowledge and institutions, the local rules and norms of restoration constituted the foundation of the success. Equity and empowerment were the least influential attributes due to the exclusion of women in the management of the restoration areas. The actors identified the enhancement of the incentives, equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, performance, and accountability instruments as the key governance aspects that would benefit land restoration at the landscape level. Furthermore, cohesion and synergies amongst the different actors, the governing structures, and recognizing formal and informal institutions’ interactions are vital determinants of restoration outcomes.
Judith Nzyoka; Peter Minang; Priscilla Wainaina; Lalisa Duguma; Lucas Manda; Emmanuel Temu. Landscape Governance and Sustainable Land Restoration: Evidence from Shinyanga, Tanzania. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7730 .
AMA StyleJudith Nzyoka, Peter Minang, Priscilla Wainaina, Lalisa Duguma, Lucas Manda, Emmanuel Temu. Landscape Governance and Sustainable Land Restoration: Evidence from Shinyanga, Tanzania. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7730.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJudith Nzyoka; Peter Minang; Priscilla Wainaina; Lalisa Duguma; Lucas Manda; Emmanuel Temu. 2021. "Landscape Governance and Sustainable Land Restoration: Evidence from Shinyanga, Tanzania." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7730.
Owing to high rates of land and forest degradation, there is consensus that forest landscape restoration is a global priority with the Bonn Challenge and the New York Declaration on Forests committing to restore about 350 Million hectares by 2030, globally. However, there is a need for incentives that motivate these restoration efforts and disincentives aimed at restricting activities that result in further land degradation. We provide insights and understanding of the incentives and disincentives measures applied within the forest restoration systems through a case study in the Shinyanga region of Tanzania. Incentives that have promoted forest landscape restoration in Shinyanga include; conservation benefits, education and information, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), well-defined property rights & increasing land prices and awards while disincentives include; penalties, quotas and permits. Intrinsic incentives that are derived from self-desire within an individual such as conservation benefits and education & information were more preferred within Shinyanga region compared to extrinsic incentives which relied more on external factors such as REDD+ and awards. Nonetheless, a combination of both incentives and disincentives has led to the success of restoration in Shinyanga; positive incentives worked better for privately owned lands while regulatory disincentives worked better for communally owned restoration lands. High levels of social equity and trust have enabled the functioning of these incentives while a robust governance structure at the local level has been instrumental in enforcing the disincentives. There is need for government and all stakeholders to maintain and enhance the gains from restoration, especially empowering communities further, for these incentives to work.
Priscilla Wainaina; Peter A. Minang; Judith Nzyoka; Lalisa Duguma; Emmanuel Temu; Lucas Manda. Incentives for landscape restoration: Lessons from Shinyanga, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 280, 111831 .
AMA StylePriscilla Wainaina, Peter A. Minang, Judith Nzyoka, Lalisa Duguma, Emmanuel Temu, Lucas Manda. Incentives for landscape restoration: Lessons from Shinyanga, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 280 ():111831.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Wainaina; Peter A. Minang; Judith Nzyoka; Lalisa Duguma; Emmanuel Temu; Lucas Manda. 2020. "Incentives for landscape restoration: Lessons from Shinyanga, Tanzania." Journal of Environmental Management 280, no. : 111831.
With the increase in demand for landscape restoration and the limited resources available, there is need for economic analysis of landscape restoration to help prioritize investment of the resources. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a commonly applied tool in the economic analysis of landscape restoration, yet its application seems limited and varied. We undertake a review of CBA applications to understand the breadth, depth, and gaps. Of the 2056 studies identified in literature search, only 31 met our predefined criteria. Three studies offered a global perspective, while more than half were conducted in Africa. Only six countries benefit from at least 2 CBA studies, including Brazil, Ethiopia, Kenya, Vietnam, South Africa, and Tanzania. About 60% focus on agroforestry, afforestation, reforestation, and assisted natural regeneration practices. Only 16% covered all cost categories, with opportunity costs being the least covered. Eighty-four percent apply direct use values, while only 16% captured the non-use values. Similarly, lack of reliable data due to predictions and assumptions involved in data generation influenced CBA results. The limited number of eligible studies and the weaknesses identified hereinabove suggest strong need for improvements in both the quantity and quality of CBA to better inform planning, policies, and investments in landscape restoration.
Priscilla Wainaina; Peter A. Minang; Eunice Gituku; Lalisa Duguma. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landscape Restoration: A Stocktake. Land 2020, 9, 465 .
AMA StylePriscilla Wainaina, Peter A. Minang, Eunice Gituku, Lalisa Duguma. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landscape Restoration: A Stocktake. Land. 2020; 9 (11):465.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Wainaina; Peter A. Minang; Eunice Gituku; Lalisa Duguma. 2020. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landscape Restoration: A Stocktake." Land 9, no. 11: 465.
Studies of improved seed adoption in developing countries are almost always based on household surveys and are premised on the assumption that farmers can accurately self‐report their use of improved seed varieties. However, recent studies suggest that farmers’ reports of seed varieties planted, or even whether the seed is local or improved, are sometimes inconsistent with the DNA fingerprinting results of those crops. We use household survey data from Tanzania to test the alignment between farmer‐reported and DNA‐identified maize seed types planted. In the sample, 70% of maize seed observations are correctly reported as local or improved, while 16% are type I errors (falsely reported as improved) and 14% are type II errors (falsely reported as local). Type I errors are more likely to have been sourced from other farmers, rather than formal channels. An analysis of input use, including seed, fertiliser, and labour allocations, reveals that farmers tend to treat improved maize differently, depending on whether they correctly perceive it as improved. This suggests that errors in farmers’ seed type awareness may translate into suboptimal management practices. The average yield of seed that is correctly identified as improved is almost 700 kg per hectare greater than that of type I errors. This indicates that investments in farmers’ access to information, seed labelling, and seed system oversight are needed to complement investments in seed variety development.
Ayala Wineman; Timothy Njagi; C. Leigh Anderson; Travis W. Reynolds; Didier Yélognissè Alia; Priscilla Wainaina; Eric Njue; Pierre Biscaye; Miltone W. Ayieko. A Case of Mistaken Identity? Measuring Rates of Improved Seed Adoption in Tanzania Using DNA Fingerprinting. Journal of Agricultural Economics 2020, 71, 719 -741.
AMA StyleAyala Wineman, Timothy Njagi, C. Leigh Anderson, Travis W. Reynolds, Didier Yélognissè Alia, Priscilla Wainaina, Eric Njue, Pierre Biscaye, Miltone W. Ayieko. A Case of Mistaken Identity? Measuring Rates of Improved Seed Adoption in Tanzania Using DNA Fingerprinting. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2020; 71 (3):719-741.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyala Wineman; Timothy Njagi; C. Leigh Anderson; Travis W. Reynolds; Didier Yélognissè Alia; Priscilla Wainaina; Eric Njue; Pierre Biscaye; Miltone W. Ayieko. 2020. "A Case of Mistaken Identity? Measuring Rates of Improved Seed Adoption in Tanzania Using DNA Fingerprinting." Journal of Agricultural Economics 71, no. 3: 719-741.
The integration of trees on farms, commonly referred to as agroforestry, has been recognized as a potential strategy to enhance farmers' adaptation to and mitigation of the adverse effects of climate change. Agroforestry is also considered as contributor to sustainable food systems. Due to the complexity of agroforestry systems, their contribution to sustainable food systems is often underestimated as some of the goods and ecosystem services (ESs) provided are not traded in official markets. There is an increasing interest among researchers in trying to measure, model, and value ESs overall and the benefits derived from agroforestry specifically. This chapter reviews available tools that can be applied to value both marketed and nonmarketed goods and ESs from agroforestry. Providing decision-makers with improved value estimates that account for the full value of trees on farms is an important step in ensuring better and more targeted policies that promote biodiversity conservation for more sustainable food systems.
Brian Chiputwa; Hanna J. Ihli; Priscilla Wainaina; Anja Gassner. Accounting for the invisible value of trees on farms through valuation of ecosystem services. The Role of Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Food Systems 2019, 229 -261.
AMA StyleBrian Chiputwa, Hanna J. Ihli, Priscilla Wainaina, Anja Gassner. Accounting for the invisible value of trees on farms through valuation of ecosystem services. The Role of Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Food Systems. 2019; ():229-261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrian Chiputwa; Hanna J. Ihli; Priscilla Wainaina; Anja Gassner. 2019. "Accounting for the invisible value of trees on farms through valuation of ecosystem services." The Role of Ecosystem Services in Sustainable Food Systems , no. : 229-261.
Crop failure due to climate shocks increases the risk of hunger for small-scale farmers. This paper identifies the major climate shocks affecting maize-legume farmers in Kenya, and the factors associated with their decision to adapt including the specific adaptation strategies to employ. During 2000–2010 surveyed farm households reported drought, crop pests and excessive rainfall as the most frequent and severe climate shocks. Probit regression results show that previous experiences of drought reduce the likelihood of adaptation to drought and excessive rainfall. Female-headed households are more inclined than male-headed households to adapt to excessive rainfall. Next, multivariate probit regression results identify farm adjustment (e.g. use of improved varieties and replanting) to be a substitution strategy for selling assets and borrowing for drought adaptation, while reducing consumption seems to be a complementary strategy for borrowing. To adapt to crop pests, farm adjustment seems to be a substitution strategy for selling assets and reducing consumption; however, selling assets is a complementary strategy for borrowing. Policy to encourage adaptation should incorporate implication of multiple shocks and target assistance to poor, food-insecure and female-headed households as these are often disadvantaged in terms of asset endowment and access to the technology necessary for adaptation.
Songporne Tongruksawattana; Priscilla Wainaina. Climate shock adaptation for Kenyan maize-legume farmers: choice, complementarities and substitutions between strategies. Climate and Development 2019, 11, 710 -722.
AMA StyleSongporne Tongruksawattana, Priscilla Wainaina. Climate shock adaptation for Kenyan maize-legume farmers: choice, complementarities and substitutions between strategies. Climate and Development. 2019; 11 (8):710-722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSongporne Tongruksawattana; Priscilla Wainaina. 2019. "Climate shock adaptation for Kenyan maize-legume farmers: choice, complementarities and substitutions between strategies." Climate and Development 11, no. 8: 710-722.
Sustainable intensification of agriculture will have to build on various innovations, but synergies between different types of technologies are not yet sufficiently understood. We use representative data from small farms in Kenya and propensity score matching to compare effects of input-intensive technologies and natural resource management practices on household income. When adopted in combination, positive income effects tend to be larger than when individual technologies are adopted alone. The largest gains occur when improved seeds are adopted together with organic manure and zero tillage. These results point at important synergies between plant breeding technologies and natural resource management practices.
Priscilla Wainaina; Songporne Tongruksawattana; Matin Qaim; Priscilla Wainaina. Synergies between Different Types of Agricultural Technologies in the Kenyan Small Farm Sector. The Journal of Development Studies 2017, 54, 1974 -1990.
AMA StylePriscilla Wainaina, Songporne Tongruksawattana, Matin Qaim, Priscilla Wainaina. Synergies between Different Types of Agricultural Technologies in the Kenyan Small Farm Sector. The Journal of Development Studies. 2017; 54 (11):1974-1990.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Wainaina; Songporne Tongruksawattana; Matin Qaim; Priscilla Wainaina. 2017. "Synergies between Different Types of Agricultural Technologies in the Kenyan Small Farm Sector." The Journal of Development Studies 54, no. 11: 1974-1990.
There is widespread consensus that agricultural technology has an important role to play for poverty reduction and sustainable development. There is no consensus, however, about the types of technologies that are best suited for smallholder farmers in Africa. While some consider natural resource management (NRM) technologies as most appropriate, others propagate input intensification with a stronger role of the private sector. In the public debate, these two strategies are often perceived as incompatible. Environmental non-governmental organizations in particular consider low-external input strategies as the only sustainable form of agriculture, a view that has considerable influence on policymakers and the international donor community. Most existing research studies on smallholder innovation focus on the adoption of individual technologies, so that comparisons between different types of technologies in the same context are not easily possible. We use representative data from maize-producing households in Kenya and a multivariate probit model to analyze the adoption of different types of technologies simultaneously. Results indicate that NRM technologies and strategies that build on external inputs are not incompatible. Interesting complementarities exist, which are not yet sufficiently exploited because many organizations promote either one type of technology or the other, but rarely a combination of both.
Priscilla Wainaina; Songporne Tongruksawattana; Matin Qaim. Tradeoffs and complementarities in the adoption of improved seeds, fertilizer, and natural resource management technologies in Kenya. Agricultural Economics 2016, 47, 351 -362.
AMA StylePriscilla Wainaina, Songporne Tongruksawattana, Matin Qaim. Tradeoffs and complementarities in the adoption of improved seeds, fertilizer, and natural resource management technologies in Kenya. Agricultural Economics. 2016; 47 (3):351-362.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Wainaina; Songporne Tongruksawattana; Matin Qaim. 2016. "Tradeoffs and complementarities in the adoption of improved seeds, fertilizer, and natural resource management technologies in Kenya." Agricultural Economics 47, no. 3: 351-362.
Priscilla Wainaina. Blessing or evil? Contract farming, smallholder poultry production and household welfare in Kenya. 2014, 1 .
AMA StylePriscilla Wainaina. Blessing or evil? Contract farming, smallholder poultry production and household welfare in Kenya. . 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriscilla Wainaina. 2014. "Blessing or evil? Contract farming, smallholder poultry production and household welfare in Kenya." , no. : 1.