In this paper, a Modified Integral Derivative (MID) controller is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of multi-area multi-source power system in deregulated environment. The multi-source power system is having different sources of power generation such as thermal, hydro, wind and diesel generating units considering boiler dynamics for thermal plants, Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB) non-linearity. The superiority of proposed hybrid Differential Evolution and Pattern Search (hDE-PS) optimized MID controller over GA and DE techniques is demonstrated. Further, the effectiveness of proposed hDE-PS optimized MID controller over Integral (I) and Integral Derivative (ID) controller is verified. Then, to further improve the system performance, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is placed in the tie-line and Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are considered in the first area. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated at all possible power transactions that take place in a deregulated power market

This paper presents the design and analysis of Proportional-Integral-Double Derivative (PIDD) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of multi-area power systems with diverse energy sources using Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) algorithm. At first, a two-area reheat thermal power system with appropriate Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) is considered. The design problem is formulated as an optimization problem and TLBO is employed to optimize the parameters of the PIDD controller. The superiority of the proposed TLBO based PIDD controller has been demonstrated by comparing the results with recently published optimization technique such as hybrid Firefly Algorithm and Pattern Search (hFA-PS), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and conventional Ziegler Nichols (ZN) for the same interconnected power system. Also, the proposed approach has been extended to two-area power system with diverse sources of generation like thermal, hydro, wind and diesel units. The system model includes boiler dynamics, GRC and Governor Dead Band (GDB) non-linearity. It is observed from simulation results that the performance of the proposed approach provides better dynamic responses by comparing the results with recently published in the literature. Further, the study is extended to a three unequal-area thermal power system with different controllers in each area and the results are compared with published FA optimized PID controller for the same system under study. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the system parameters and operating load conditions in the range of ±25% from their nominal values to test the robustness

In this paper, Proportional Integral Derivative with Filter (PIDF) is proposed for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of a multi-area power system in deregulated environment. Initially, a two area four units thermal system without any physical constraints is considered and the gains of the PIDF controller are optimized employing Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm using ITAE criterion. The superiority of proposed DE optimized PIDF controller over Fuzzy Logic controller is demonstrated. Then, to further improve the system performance, an Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is placed in the tie-line and Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) is considered in the first area and the controller parameters are tuned. Additionally, to get an accurate insight of the AGC problem, important physical constraints such as Time Delay (TD) and Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) are considered and the controller parameters are retuned. The performance of proposed controller is evaluated under different operating conditions that take place in a deregulated power market. Further, the proposed approach is extended to a two area six units hydro thermal system. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the system parameters and operating load conditions from their nominal values