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The analysis of road safety is critical in road design. Complying to guidelines is not enough to ensure the highest safety levels, so many of them encourage designers to virtually recreate and test their roads, benefitting from the evolution of driving simulators in recent years. However, an accurate recreation of the road and its environment represents a real bottleneck in the process. A very important limitation lies in the diversity of input data, from different sources and requiring specific adaptations for every single simulator. This paper aims at showing a framework for recreating faster virtual scenarios by using an Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)-based file. This methodology was compared to two other conventional methods for developing driving scenarios. The main outcome of this study has demonstrated that with a data exchange file in IFC format, virtual scenarios can be faster designed to carry out safety audits with driving simulators. As a result, the editing, programming, and processing times were substantially reduced using the proposed IFC exchange file format through a BIM (Building Information Modeling) model. This methodology facilitates cost-savings, execution, and optimization resources in road safety analysis.
Juan Dols; Jaime Molina; F. Camacho-Torregrosa; David Llopis-Castelló; Alfredo García. Development of Driving Simulation Scenarios Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Road Safety Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2039 .
AMA StyleJuan Dols, Jaime Molina, F. Camacho-Torregrosa, David Llopis-Castelló, Alfredo García. Development of Driving Simulation Scenarios Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Road Safety Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2039.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Dols; Jaime Molina; F. Camacho-Torregrosa; David Llopis-Castelló; Alfredo García. 2021. "Development of Driving Simulation Scenarios Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Road Safety Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2039.
In Spain, a new challenge is emerging due to the increase of many recreational bicyclists on two-lane rural roads. These facilities have been mainly designed for motorized vehicles, so the coexistence of cyclists and drivers produces an impact, in terms of road safety and operation. In order to analyze the occurrence of crashes and enhance safety for bicycling, it is crucial to know the cycling volume. Standard procedures recommend using data from permanent stations and temporary short counts, but bicycle volumes are rarely monitored in rural roads. However, bicyclists tend to track their leisure and exercise activities with fitness apps that use GPS. In this context, this research aims at analyzing the daily and seasonal variability of the Strava Usage Rate (SUR), defined as the proportion of bicyclists using the Strava app along a certain segment on rural highways, to estimate the Annual Average Daily Bicycle (AADB) volume on rural roads. The findings of this study offer possible solutions to policy makers in terms of planning and design of the cycling network. Moreover, the use of crowdsourced data from the Strava app will potentially save costs to public agencies, since public data could replace costly counting campaigns.
Francisco Camacho-Torregrosa; David Llopis-Castelló; Griselda López-Maldonado; Alfredo García. An Examination of the Strava Usage Rate—A Parameter to Estimate Average Annual Daily Bicycle Volumes on Rural Roadways. Safety 2021, 7, 8 .
AMA StyleFrancisco Camacho-Torregrosa, David Llopis-Castelló, Griselda López-Maldonado, Alfredo García. An Examination of the Strava Usage Rate—A Parameter to Estimate Average Annual Daily Bicycle Volumes on Rural Roadways. Safety. 2021; 7 (1):8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Camacho-Torregrosa; David Llopis-Castelló; Griselda López-Maldonado; Alfredo García. 2021. "An Examination of the Strava Usage Rate—A Parameter to Estimate Average Annual Daily Bicycle Volumes on Rural Roadways." Safety 7, no. 1: 8.
The novel semi-autonomous vehicles are becoming a reality in our roads, being a very important technological advance with promising operational and safety improvements. However, road infrastructure must be ready to host them. The technologies of these driving automation systems require certain road conditions that are not always fulfilled, causing the systems to fail. These failures generally transfer negotiation control to drivers, which may induce a crash if they were not aware of road and traffic conditions. This research analyses how ready the road horizontal alignment is for existing semi-autonomous systems. A Level 2 vehicle has been tested on many different horizontal curves, finding a strong relationship between the maximum speed that the autonomous system can attain and the curve geometry. This maximum speed is proposed as a new concept (automated speed) and has been found to be lower than the design, operating and posted speeds in many cases. Another new concept – automated driving consistency – arises, as the difference between automated and operating speeds. The related inconsistencies can be addressed with the new concept of Level of Service for Automated Driving (LOSAD), which summarizes how ready a corridor is for a certain driving automation system. This parameter should be determined – further certified – for any homogeneous road segment, and later informed to drivers.
Alfredo García; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Pedro Vinicio Padovani Baez. Examining the effect of road horizontal alignment on the speed of semi-automated vehicles. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2020, 146, 105732 .
AMA StyleAlfredo García, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Pedro Vinicio Padovani Baez. Examining the effect of road horizontal alignment on the speed of semi-automated vehicles. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2020; 146 ():105732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfredo García; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Pedro Vinicio Padovani Baez. 2020. "Examining the effect of road horizontal alignment on the speed of semi-automated vehicles." Accident Analysis & Prevention 146, no. : 105732.
Road crash occurrence is closely related to the geometric design consistency, which can be defined as how drivers’ expectancies and road behavior fit. To this regard, the crash rate on a road segment increases as its consistency level decreases. To assess this phenomenon, inertial consistency models were recently developed. These models are based on the difference between the inertial operating speed, which represents drivers’ expectancies, and the operating speed, which represents road behavior. The higher the difference between both speeds, the higher the likelihood of crash occurrence. This research aims to validate and calibrate these consistency models on American two-lane rural roads. For this, a total of 194 homogeneous road segments and 977 horizontal curves along 665 km in North Carolina (US) were used. As a result, the geometric design consistency was identified as a major factor of crash occurrence. The higher the difference between drivers’ expectancies and road behavior, the higher the crash rate. Likewise, the greater the consistency level, the greater the percentage of horizontal curves without reported crashes. A Safety Performance Function was also calibrated to estimate the number of crashes on a road segment. Consistency thresholds were defined and tested to identify where these crashes are more likely to take place. Finally, the results obtained in this study were compared with those obtained previously on Spanish highways. To this regard, the crash rate on an American highway was 1.85 times greater than those observed on a Spanish highway under the same risk exposure and consistency conditions. Therefore, different tools were developed to enhance the assessment of road safety to the geometric design of both new two-lane rural roads and improvements of existing highways.
David Llopis-Castelló; Daniel J. Findley; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Calibration of inertial consistency models on North Carolina two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2019, 127, 236 -245.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Daniel J. Findley, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Calibration of inertial consistency models on North Carolina two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2019; 127 ():236-245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Daniel J. Findley; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2019. "Calibration of inertial consistency models on North Carolina two-lane rural roads." Accident Analysis & Prevention 127, no. : 236-245.
One of every four road fatalities occurs on horizontal curves of two-lane rural roads. To this regard, many studies have been undertaken to analyze the crash risk on this road element. Most of them were based on the concept of geometric design consistency, which can be defined as how drivers’ expectancies and road behavior relate. However, none of these studies included a variable which represents and estimates drivers’ expectancies. This research presents a new local consistency model based on the Inertial Consistency Index (ICI). This consistency parameter is defined as the difference between the inertial operating speed, which represents drivers’ expectations, and the operating speed, which represents road behavior. The inertial operating speed was defined as the weighted average operating speed of the preceding road section. In this way, different lengths, periods of time, and weighting distributions were studied to identify how the inertial operating speed should be calculated. As a result, drivers’ expectancies should be estimated considering 15 s along the segment and a linear weighting distribution. This was consistent with drivers’ expectancies acquirement process, which is closely related to Short-Term Memory. A Safety Performance Function was proposed to predict the number of crashes on a horizontal curve and consistency thresholds were defined based on the ICI. To this regard, the crash rate increased as the ICI increased. Finally, the proposed consistency model was compared with previous models. As a conclusion, the new Inertial Consistency Index allowed a more accurate estimation of the number of crashes and a better assessment of the consistency level on horizontal curves. Therefore, highway engineers have a new tool to identify where road crashes are more likely to occur during the design stage of both new two-lane rural roads and improvements of existing highways.
David Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Calibration of the inertial consistency index to assess road safety on horizontal curves of two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2018, 118, 1 -10.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Calibration of the inertial consistency index to assess road safety on horizontal curves of two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2018; 118 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2018. "Calibration of the inertial consistency index to assess road safety on horizontal curves of two-lane rural roads." Accident Analysis & Prevention 118, no. : 1-10.
The most important factors for road crash occurrence are infrastructure, vehicle, and human factors. In fact, infrastructure and its interaction with human factor have been thoroughly studied in recent years through geometric design consistency, which can be defined as how drivers’ expectations and road behavior relate. Global consistency models were calibrated in the last decade to assess road safety on an entire homogeneous road segment. However, none of them include the underlying consistency phenomenon in their formulation. Recently, a new model was developed based on the difference between the inertial operating speed profile, which represents drivers’ expectancies, and the operating speed profile, which represents road behavior. While the operating speed represents the estimated operating speed for every location along the road, the inertial operating speed aggregates for every station the operating speed effect along some distance already covered by drivers. The authors hypothesized that this ‘aggregation effect’ was connected to drivers’ expectancies, which proved to be true based on the best model fitted. However, the exact distance (or time) that should be considered to estimate the inertial operating speed still remains unknown. This paper aims to complete this model, analyzing how the inertial operating speed varies depending on different distances and periods of time. This impact is measured considering the reliability of the corresponding consistency model. The paper also covers how the inertial operating speed should be determined along the final distance or time. For this, a total of 184 homogeneous road segments along 650 km in Spain were used.
David Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Development of a global inertial consistency model to assess road safety on Spanish two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2018, 119, 138 -148.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Development of a global inertial consistency model to assess road safety on Spanish two-lane rural roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2018; 119 ():138-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2018. "Development of a global inertial consistency model to assess road safety on Spanish two-lane rural roads." Accident Analysis & Prevention 119, no. : 138-148.
Road crashes are mainly caused by three concurrent factors: infrastructure, vehicle, and human factors. The interaction between the infrastructure and human factors leads to the concept of geometric design consistency. Recently, a global consistency model was developed based on the difference between the inertial operating speed profile and the operating speed profile. The first was defined as the weighted average operating speed of the previous road section based on distance, and represents drivers’ expectancies, whereas the second represents road behavior. However, drivers’ expectancies are related to short-term memory which declines gradually and depends on time. Thus, a time-based inertial operating speed would allow a more accurate estimation of the phenomenon. This research analyzes different periods of time and weighting distributions to identify how drivers’ expectancies should be estimated. A set of 71 homogeneous road segments located in Italy were considered in the study. As a result, 25 seconds and a convex parabolic distribution should be used to calculate the inertial operating speed profile. This new way of estimating drivers’ expectancies showed better results than those obtained based on distance. Finally, the proposed consistency model was compared with the previous models and was found to be able to assess more accurately the geometric design consistency. Therefore, the proposed consistency model is a useful tool for engineers to estimate the number of crashes so that they can incorporate road safety considerations into the geometric design of either new two-lane rural roads, or improving the existing ones.
David Llopis Castelló; Francesco Bella; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Time-Based Calibration of the Inertial Operating Speed to Enhance the Assessment of the Geometric Design Consistency. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2018, 2672, 223 -232.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis Castelló, Francesco Bella, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Time-Based Calibration of the Inertial Operating Speed to Enhance the Assessment of the Geometric Design Consistency. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2018; 2672 (38):223-232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis Castelló; Francesco Bella; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2018. "Time-Based Calibration of the Inertial Operating Speed to Enhance the Assessment of the Geometric Design Consistency." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 38: 223-232.
Road crashes are mainly caused by three concurrent factors: infrastructure, vehicles, and human factors. The interaction between infrastructure and human factors leads to the concept of geometric design consistency, which can be defined as how drivers’ expectations and road behavior fit. This paper presents a new global consistency model based on the difference between the inertial operating speed profile (Vi) and the operating speed profile (V85). The first is calculated as the weighted average speed of the previous road section and represents drivers’ expectations, whereas the second represents road behavior. A set of 71 homogeneous two-lane rural road segments located in Italy were used in the calibration of the model. As a result, a safety performance function based on this new consistency model was proposed to estimate the number of crashes on an entire road segment. Finally, the new model was compared with previous global consistency models, concluding that the new consistency parameter better explains the phenomenon than the previous ones. Therefore, the new consistency model is a useful tool for engineers that allows estimation of the number of crashes and incorporates road safety into the geometric design of both new two-lane rural roads and improvements to existing highways.
David Llopis-Castelló; Francesco Bella; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. New Consistency Model Based on Inertial Operating Speed Profiles for Road Safety Evaluation. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 2018, 144, 04018006 .
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Francesco Bella, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Alfredo García. New Consistency Model Based on Inertial Operating Speed Profiles for Road Safety Evaluation. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems. 2018; 144 (4):04018006.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Francesco Bella; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2018. "New Consistency Model Based on Inertial Operating Speed Profiles for Road Safety Evaluation." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems 144, no. 4: 04018006.
David Llopis-Castelló; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Impact of horizontal geometric design of two-lane rural roads on vehicle co 2 emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2018, 59, 46 -57.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Impact of horizontal geometric design of two-lane rural roads on vehicle co 2 emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2018; 59 ():46-57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2018. "Impact of horizontal geometric design of two-lane rural roads on vehicle co 2 emissions." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 59, no. : 46-57.
Las curvas con un bajo ángulo de deflexión pueden ser un problema para la percepción por parte de los conductores. Para evitar este aspecto, las diferentes normativas establecen criterios de desarrollo o radios mínimos, que las haga apreciables por los conductores. Los criterios que están incorporados en las normativas españolas nunca tuvieron una base experimental científica sino fueron fruto de juicios técnicos. Los objetivos de esta investigación son analizar la percepción subjetiva y caracterizar la respuesta de los usuarios de carreteras convencionales ante curvas de bajo ángulo de deflexión, para conseguir unas recomendaciones de diseño para este tipo de curvas. Estas curvas se restituyen geométricamente con el objetivo de identificar cuál servirá para un posterior estudio más detallado in situ. Para ello se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de un cuestionario online, el cual incorpora una base de datos de curvas de bajo ángulo de deflexión presentes en carreteras convencionales españolas. El cuestionario consiste en mostrar a un amplio número de conductores una serie de vídeos aleatorios donde se visualiza, desde el punto de vista del usuario de la carretera, el recorrido de varias de las curvas. Tras este paso, los encuestados deben expresar su percepción y comportamiento a través de varias preguntas de tipo abierto y cerrado. Estos resultados quedan registrados en una base de datos, para su posterior filtrado, tratamiento e interpretación estadística.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4118
José Luis Ulpiano Cogollos; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García García. ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE CONDUCTORES EN CURVAS DE BAJO ÁNGULO DE DEFLEXIÓN. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleJosé Luis Ulpiano Cogollos, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Alfredo García García. ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE CONDUCTORES EN CURVAS DE BAJO ÁNGULO DE DEFLEXIÓN. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Luis Ulpiano Cogollos; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Alfredo García García. 2016. "ANÁLISIS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO DE CONDUCTORES EN CURVAS DE BAJO ÁNGULO DE DEFLEXIÓN." Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte , no. : 1.
La velocidad de operación, definida como el percentil 85 de la distribución de velocidad de vehículos ligeros circulando en carreteras convencionales en condiciones de flujo libre, es una de las principales variables en la evaluación de la consistencia del diseño geométrico. De esta forma, los únicos vehículos considerados en el análisis son los vehículos ligeros, obviando la influencia de los vehículos pesados. Para la estimación de la velocidad de operación de estos vehículos el número de modelos existentes es mínimo. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo que se presenta es el estudio experimental de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales. El estudio no se centra únicamente en la velocidad de operación, sino en el estudio de la distribución completa de la velocidad, ya que los percentiles bajos están relacionados con el riesgo de alcance de vehículos ligeros. Se han analizado las diferentes variables que pueden influir con especial énfasis en las variables geométricas de la carretera. El estudio se ha basado en los datos obtenidos gracias a la colaboración de dos empresas, que han permitido la colocación de dispositivos GPS de 1 Hz en vehículos de su flota. Los GPS registraron de forma continua la velocidad desarrollada por los vehículos durante la realización de su ruta habitual. La influencia sobre el comportamiento de los conductores fue mínima al tratarse de un dispositivo de pequeño tamaño ubicado en el exterior del vehículo. Tras la restitución de la geometría de las carreteras objeto de estudio y el tratamiento de los datos de velocidad registrados, se analizó la influencia de las variables geométricas del trazado, especialmente en cuanto a alzado se refiere, en la velocidad. Se ha concluido que la pendiente no tiene una influencia significativa en la elección de la velocidad por parte de los conductores de vehículos pesados en curvas de carreteras convencionales, donde el principal control de la velocidad son los radios de las propias curvas.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1904
Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; David Llopis Castelló; Alfredo García García. Estudio de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleAna María Pérez Zuriaga, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, David Llopis Castelló, Alfredo García García. Estudio de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna María Pérez Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; David Llopis Castelló; Alfredo García García. 2016. "Estudio de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos pesados en carreteras convencionales." Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte , no. : 1.
La velocidad de operación es uno de los factores más estudiados en el análisis de la seguridad vial por su relación con la siniestralidad. En la fase de explotación es relativamente sencillo calcular la velocidad de operación a partir de datos empíricos, pero, en las fases de planeamiento y de proyecto, sólo será posible estimarla. Numerosos autores han modelizado la velocidad de operación de vehículos ligeros en curvas de carreteras convencionales considerando su velocidad mínima. Algunos a partir de observaciones en aquellos puntos de la carretera más significativos como el punto medio de la curva (velocidad mínima), otros a partir de datos continuos utilizando, por ejemplo, dispositivos GPS. La mayoría de los modelos que estiman esta velocidad se basan únicamente en el percentil 85 de la distribución o en su velocidad media. Además, la mayoría de los estudios asumen que sus datos se distribuyen según una normal sin, en muchos casos, comprobar dicha hipótesis. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la distribución de la velocidad desarrollada por vehículos ligeros circulando en condiciones de flujo libre en curvas de carreteras convencionales. Para ello, la investigación se basa en determinar si los datos de velocidad de 63 curvas disponibles de una base de más de 16.000 vh·km se distribuyen según una normal, y en el análisis del comportamiento de la media y la desviación típica de la distribución de velocidades en curvas. Se ha concluido que la distribución normal no es la que mejor se ajusta al comportamiento de la velocidad en la mayoría de los casos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.4112
Mª Elena García Jiménez; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Davis Llopis Castelló; Alfredo García. VELOCIDAD DE OPERACIÓN DE VEHÍCULOS LIGEROS EN CURVAS DE CARRETERAS CONVENCIONALES. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleMª Elena García Jiménez, Ana María Pérez Zuriaga, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Davis Llopis Castelló, Alfredo García. VELOCIDAD DE OPERACIÓN DE VEHÍCULOS LIGEROS EN CURVAS DE CARRETERAS CONVENCIONALES. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMª Elena García Jiménez; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Davis Llopis Castelló; Alfredo García. 2016. "VELOCIDAD DE OPERACIÓN DE VEHÍCULOS LIGEROS EN CURVAS DE CARRETERAS CONVENCIONALES." Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte , no. : 1.
Muy diversas investigaciones previas han mostrado cómo la percepción del riesgo afecta el comportamiento de los conductores. Muchas de ellas van dirigidas a observar la diferencia de percepción entre conductores experimentados y noveles, o entre el riesgo objetivo y el percibido. Mientras que el riesgo objetivo puede ser obtenido a partir de las estadísticas de siniestralidad, el riesgo percibido es más complicado de evaluar. Existen diversos métodos, yendo desde la encuesta directa hasta técnicas de rastreo de la visión.En este estudio se presenta una nueva metodología para recoger datos de Percepción Subjetiva de Riesgo (PSR) de forma quasi-naturalística. Con esta metodología, los conductores pueden indicar de forma sencilla su percepción de confort tras recorrer cada una de las curvas que compone un trazado. Posteriormente, la correlación de estos datos con la geometría de las curvas y otras variables permite derivar sencillas reglas para obtener un diseño consistente de la carretera. Igualmente, si esta metodología es válida para ser llevada a cabo en un entorno simulado, permitiría evaluar carreteras en fase de proyecto, convirtiéndose en una valiosa herramienta para los ingenieros.Un total de 28 conductores participaron en la toma de datos, recorriendo el mismo tramo de carretera en la realidad y en entorno simulado, de 32 km. En ambos casos indicaron su percepción de PSR tras cada una de las curvas aisladas. En este estudio se muestran los resultados alcanzados, tanto en el entorno real como el simulado. Igualmente, se establecen conexiones y correlaciones entre ambos métodos, mostrando bajo qué condiciones el entorno simulado arroja valores válidos.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.1902
Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Javier Marín Morales; David Llopis Castelló; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Alfredo García García. Análisis y Validación de la Consistencia en un Simulador de Conducción. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Javier Marín Morales, David Llopis Castelló, Ana María Pérez Zuriaga, Alfredo García García. Análisis y Validación de la Consistencia en un Simulador de Conducción. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Javier Marín Morales; David Llopis Castelló; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Alfredo García García. 2016. "Análisis y Validación de la Consistencia en un Simulador de Conducción." Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte , no. : 1.
La cantidad de estudios de seguridad vial basados en simuladores de conducción está en continuo crecimiento. En este sentido, la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) ha desarrollado un simulador de conducción de bajo coste: SE2RCO (Simulador para la Evaluación, Entrenamiento y Rehabilitación de Conductores). El principal objetivo de la investigación es la validación de este simulador, con el fin de desarrollar estudios relacionados con la seguridad vial y el diseño geométrico de carreteras incorporando el factor humano. Dicha validación se ha realizado a partir de la observación en campo de los perfiles continuos de velocidad desarrollados por 28 voluntarios conduciendo su propio vehículo en un tramo de carretera convencional de 30 km. Los mismos voluntarios condujeron posteriormente en el simulador de conducción ese mismo tramo de carretera reconstruido en un entorno virtual. Un total de 79 curvas y 52 rectas fueron objeto de análisis. La comparación entre las velocidades desarrolladas en la realidad y las observadas durante la simulación permitieron llevar a cabo la validez objetiva del simulador de conducción. Los resultados mostraron que la velocidad media en el simulador y en la realidad era similar cuando la velocidad simulada era inferior a 87.3 km/h. En caso de ser superior, la velocidad media en la realidad era menor que en el simulador. En cuanto a la velocidad de operación, se observó que la velocidad real era aproximadamente 5 km/h menor que la simulada. Finalmente, estos resultados estuvieron apoyados por la percepción de los conductores, ya que la mayoría de ellos evaluaron la calidad del entorno simulado y el grado de similitud entre la tarea de conducción real y simulada como medio o alto, consiguiendo de esta manera la validez subjetiva del simulador de conducción.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3444
David Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Javier Marín-Morales; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Alfredo García; Juan Francisco Dols. Validación de un simulador de conducción de bajo coste para el diseño de carreteras convencionales. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló, Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa, Javier Marín-Morales, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, Alfredo García, Juan Francisco Dols. Validación de un simulador de conducción de bajo coste para el diseño de carreteras convencionales. Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis-Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho-Torregrosa; Javier Marín-Morales; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Alfredo García; Juan Francisco Dols. 2016. "Validación de un simulador de conducción de bajo coste para el diseño de carreteras convencionales." Libro de Actas CIT2016. XII Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte , no. : 1.
The number of road safety studies that are based on driving simulators is growing significantly. The Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, developed a low-cost driving simulator for the assessment, training, and rehabilitation of drivers (SE2RCO). The main objective of this research was the validation of the driving simulator so that studies about road safety and highway geometric design that considered human factors could be performed. The validation was based on continuous speed profiles collected from 28 volunteers on a 30-km-long, two-lane rural road section. The same volunteers drove through the same road section built in SE2RCO. Speed data of 79 curves and 52 tangents were selected for the analysis. Comparison of the real and simulated speeds ensured the simulator’s objective validity according to average and operating speeds. Two models were developed to predict field speeds from simulated speeds. Results showed that a simulated average speed lower than approximately 90 km/h was linked to a similar real average speed. For higher simulated speeds, the average speed in the real environment was lower than the simulated one. In addition, the actual operating speed was around 5 km/h lower than the operating speed in the driving simulator. Most volunteers assessed the quality and similarity of the virtual environment compared with the real world as medium or high and assessed the driving tasks similarly, thus achieving subjective validation of the simulator.
David Llopis Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Javier Marín-Morales; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Alfredo García; Juan F. Dols. Validation of a Low-Cost Driving Simulator Based on Continuous Speed Profiles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2016, 2602, 104 -114.
AMA StyleDavid Llopis Castelló, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Javier Marín-Morales, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, Alfredo García, Juan F. Dols. Validation of a Low-Cost Driving Simulator Based on Continuous Speed Profiles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2016; 2602 (1):104-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Llopis Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Javier Marín-Morales; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Alfredo García; Juan F. Dols. 2016. "Validation of a Low-Cost Driving Simulator Based on Continuous Speed Profiles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2602, no. 1: 104-114.
Free-flow speed variation of passenger vehicles along a road segment is one of the most used factors in road safety studies, as a surrogate measure to evaluate road design consistency. Free-flow speed may be measured when a road segment is already built but must be estimated during the design phase. Several studies have been carried out to calibrate models to estimate free-flow speed, with geometric features as explanatory variables. Currently, most free-flow speed models focus only on mean speed or speed in particular percentiles, such as the 85th or 95th. Moreover, most studies have assumed normality in the free-flow speed distribution without checking this hypothesis. The main objective of this study was to analyze the free-flow speed distribution on two-lane rural road curves and tangents. The research focused on two main issues: determining whether speed data were normally distributed at a specific site and analyzing the behavior of the mean and standard deviation of speed on curves and tangents. The study was based on continuous operating speed profiles, which were obtained from a database of more than 16,000 vehicles/km. A total of 63 horizontal curves and 78 tangents were analyzed. According to the results, the normal distribution is not the best distribution in most cases for describing free-flow speeds. In 46 of the curves and 64 of the tangents, free-flow speed cannot be assumed to be normally distributed. Therefore, some other distributions should be tested in further research.
Elena García-Jiménez; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; David Llopis Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Examination of the Free-Flow Speed Distribution on Two-Lane Rural Roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2016, 2556, 86 -97.
AMA StyleElena García-Jiménez, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, David Llopis Castelló, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Examination of the Free-Flow Speed Distribution on Two-Lane Rural Roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2016; 2556 (1):86-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena García-Jiménez; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; David Llopis Castelló; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2016. "Examination of the Free-Flow Speed Distribution on Two-Lane Rural Roads." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2556, no. 1: 86-97.
Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Hugo Coll Carrillo; Julián Alcalá González; Inmaculada Romero Gil; María Elvira Garrido De La Torre. Desarrollo de un Trabajo de Fin de Grado Multidisciplinar en Ingeniería Civil como preparación del alumno para la vida profesional. Libro de Actas IN-RED 2015 - Congreso Nacional de Innovación Educativa y de Docencia en Red 2015, 1249 -1263.
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Ana María Pérez Zuriaga, Hugo Coll Carrillo, Julián Alcalá González, Inmaculada Romero Gil, María Elvira Garrido De La Torre. Desarrollo de un Trabajo de Fin de Grado Multidisciplinar en Ingeniería Civil como preparación del alumno para la vida profesional. Libro de Actas IN-RED 2015 - Congreso Nacional de Innovación Educativa y de Docencia en Red. 2015; ():1249-1263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez Zuriaga; Hugo Coll Carrillo; Julián Alcalá González; Inmaculada Romero Gil; María Elvira Garrido De La Torre. 2015. "Desarrollo de un Trabajo de Fin de Grado Multidisciplinar en Ingeniería Civil como preparación del alumno para la vida profesional." Libro de Actas IN-RED 2015 - Congreso Nacional de Innovación Educativa y de Docencia en Red , no. : 1249-1263.
This article proposes a new method for fitting the horizontal alignment of a road to a set of (x, y) points. Those points can be obtained from digital imagery or GPS‐data collection. Unlike current methods that represent road alignment through its curvature, the proposed method describes the horizontal alignment as a sequence of headings. An analytic–heuristic approach is introduced. The proposed method produces unique solutions even for complex horizontal alignments. Some examples and a case study are presented. This solution may not be accurate enough for road redesign, but it allows researchers and departments of transportation to obtain accurate geometric features.
Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; José M. Campoy-Ungría; Alfredo García; Andrew P. Tarko. Use of Heading Direction for Recreating the Horizontal Alignment of an Existing Road. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 2015, 30, 282 -299.
AMA StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, José M. Campoy-Ungría, Alfredo García, Andrew P. Tarko. Use of Heading Direction for Recreating the Horizontal Alignment of an Existing Road. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering. 2015; 30 (4):282-299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; José M. Campoy-Ungría; Alfredo García; Andrew P. Tarko. 2015. "Use of Heading Direction for Recreating the Horizontal Alignment of an Existing Road." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 30, no. 4: 282-299.
To assist in the on-going effort to reduce road fatalities as much as possible, this paper presents a new methodology to evaluate road safety in both the design and redesign stages of two-lane rural highways. This methodology is based on the analysis of road geometric design consistency, a value which will be a surrogate measure of the safety level of the two-lane rural road segment. The consistency model presented in this paper is based on the consideration of continuous operating speed profiles. The models used for their construction were obtained by using an innovative GPS-data collection method that is based on continuous operating speed profiles recorded from individual drivers. This new methodology allowed the researchers to observe the actual behavior of drivers and to develop more accurate operating speed models than was previously possible with spot-speed data collection, thereby enabling a more accurate approximation to the real phenomenon and thus a better consistency measurement. Operating speed profiles were built for 33 Spanish two-lane rural road segments, and several consistency measurements based on the global and local operating speed were checked. The final consistency model takes into account not only the global dispersion of the operating speed, but also some indexes that consider both local speed decelerations and speeds over posted speeds as well. For the development of the consistency model, the crash frequency for each study site was considered, which allowed estimating the number of crashes on a road segment by means of the calculation of its geometric design consistency. Consequently, the presented consistency evaluation method is a promising innovative tool that can be used as a surrogate measure to estimate the safety of a road segment.
Francisco J. Camacho-Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; J. Manuel Campoy-Ungría; Alfredo Garcia. New geometric design consistency model based on operating speed profiles for road safety evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2013, 61, 33 -42.
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Camacho-Torregrosa, Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga, J. Manuel Campoy-Ungría, Alfredo Garcia. New geometric design consistency model based on operating speed profiles for road safety evaluation. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2013; 61 ():33-42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Camacho-Torregrosa; Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; J. Manuel Campoy-Ungría; Alfredo Garcia. 2013. "New geometric design consistency model based on operating speed profiles for road safety evaluation." Accident Analysis & Prevention 61, no. : 33-42.
In the road geometric design process, speed variation along the road segment is one of the most popular criteria to evaluate road consistency, hence the importance of estimating operating speed and its variations. Most of the estimation models are based on speed spot data collection, usually assuming some hypotheses like operating speed remains constant at curves and speed variations take place entirely at preceding tangent. This paper presents the results of the study of the deceleration phenomenon using a new methodology based on data collection by global positioning system devices. By means of this new methodology, not only new and more accurate models can be developed, but also the previous hypotheses can be checked and new studies can be carried out. Tangent-to-curve speed variations have been evaluated, comparing the 85th percentile speed differential (Δ85V) and the differential of the 85th percentile operating speed (ΔV85), analyzing the percentage of deceleration length that takes place at curves, and developing two deceleration models with radius of horizontal curve and parameter of transition curve as explanatory variables.
Ana María Pérez-Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. Tangent-to-Curve Transition on Two-Lane Rural Roads Based on Continuous Speed Profiles. Journal of Transportation Engineering 2013, 139, 1048 -1057.
AMA StyleAna María Pérez-Zuriaga, Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa, Alfredo García. Tangent-to-Curve Transition on Two-Lane Rural Roads Based on Continuous Speed Profiles. Journal of Transportation Engineering. 2013; 139 (11):1048-1057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna María Pérez-Zuriaga; Francisco Javier Camacho Torregrosa; Alfredo García. 2013. "Tangent-to-Curve Transition on Two-Lane Rural Roads Based on Continuous Speed Profiles." Journal of Transportation Engineering 139, no. 11: 1048-1057.