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Transitioning toward Industry 4.0 requires major investment in devices and mechanisms enabling interconnectivity between people, machines, and processes. In this article, we present a low-cost system based on the Raspberry Pi platform to measure the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in real time, and we propose two filtering mechanisms for electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) to measure OEE accurately. The first EMI filtering mechanism is the database filter (DBF), which has been designed to record sealing signals accurately. The DBF works on the database by filtering erroneous signals that have been inserted in it. The second mechanism is the smart coded filter (SCF), which is used to filter erroneous signals associated with machine availability measurements. We have validated our proposal in several production lines in a food industry. The results show that our system works properly, and that it considerably reduces implementation costs compared with proprietary systems offering similar functions. After implementing the proposed system in actual industrial settings, the results show a mean error (ME) of −0.43% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.85 in the sealing signals, and an error of 0% in the availability signal, thus enabling an accurate estimate of OEE.
Angel C. Herrero; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Piedad Garrido; Carlos T. Calafate. Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 63267 -63282.
AMA StyleAngel C. Herrero, Julio A. Sanguesa, Francisco J. Martinez, Piedad Garrido, Carlos T. Calafate. Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():63267-63282.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngel C. Herrero; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Piedad Garrido; Carlos T. Calafate. 2021. "Mitigating Electromagnetic Noise When Using Low-Cost Devices in Industry 4.0." IEEE Access 9, no. : 63267-63282.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) market penetration rate is continuously increasing due to several aspects such as pollution reduction initiatives, government incentives, cost reduction, and fuel cost increase, among others. In the vehicular field, researchers frequently use simulators to validate their proposals before implementing them in real world, while reducing costs and time. In this work, we use our ns-3 network simulator enhanced version to demonstrate the influence of the map layout and the vehicle features on the EVs consumption. In particular, we analyze the estimated consumption of EVs simulating two different scenarios: (i) a segment of the E313 highway, located in the north of Antwerp, Belgium and (ii) the downtown of the city of Antwerp with real vehicle models. According to the results obtained, we demonstrate that the mass of the vehicle is a key factor for energy consumption in urban scenarios, while in contrast, the Air Drag Coefficient (Cd) and the Front Surface Area (FSA) play a critical role in highway environments. The most popular and powerful simulations tools do no present combined features for mobility, realistic map-layouts and electric vehicles consumption. As ns-3 is one of the most used open source based simulators in research, we have enhanced it with a realistic energy consumption feature for electric vehicles, while maintaining its original design and structure, as well as its coding style guides. Our approach allows researchers to perform comprehensive studies including EVs mobility, energy consumption, and communications, while adding a negligible overhead.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Analyzing the Impact of Roadmap and Vehicle Features on Electric Vehicles Energy Consumption. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 61475 -61488.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Analyzing the Impact of Roadmap and Vehicle Features on Electric Vehicles Energy Consumption. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 (99):61475-61488.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. 2021. "Analyzing the Impact of Roadmap and Vehicle Features on Electric Vehicles Energy Consumption." IEEE Access 9, no. 99: 61475-61488.
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum due to several factors, including the price reduction as well as the climate and environmental awareness. This paper reviews the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities. More specifically, an analysis of the worldwide market situation of EVs and their future prospects is carried out. Given that one of the fundamental aspects in EVs is the battery, the paper presents a thorough review of the battery technologies—from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion. Moreover, we review the different standards that are available for EVs charging process, as well as the power control and battery energy management proposals. Finally, we conclude our work by presenting our vision about what is expected in the near future within this field, as well as the research aspects that are still open for both industry and academic communities.
Julio Sanguesa; Vicente Torres-Sanz; Piedad Garrido; Francisco Martinez; Johann Marquez-Barja. A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 372 -404.
AMA StyleJulio Sanguesa, Vicente Torres-Sanz, Piedad Garrido, Francisco Martinez, Johann Marquez-Barja. A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities. 2021; 4 (1):372-404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio Sanguesa; Vicente Torres-Sanz; Piedad Garrido; Francisco Martinez; Johann Marquez-Barja. 2021. "A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges." Smart Cities 4, no. 1: 372-404.
Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become the preferred, and sometimes the only support tool when facing critical scenarios such as earthquakes, search and rescue missions, and border surveillance. In these scenarios, deploying a UAV swarm instead of a single UAV can provide additional benefits when, for example, cargo carrying requirements exceed the lifting power of a single UAV, or when the deployment of several UAVs simultaneously can accelerate the accomplishment of the mission, and broaden the covered area. To this aim, in this paper we present MUSCOP, a protocol that allows multiple UAVs to perfectly coordinate their flight when performing planned missions. Experimental results show that the proposed protocol is able to achieve a high degree of swarm cohesion independently of the swarm formation adopted, and even in the presence of very lossy channels, achieving minimal synchronization delays and very low position offsets with regard to the ideal case.
Francisco Fabra; Willian Zamora; Pablo Reyes; Julio A. Sanguesa; Carlos T. Calafate; Juan-Carlos Cano; Pietro Manzoni. MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 72498 -72511.
AMA StyleFrancisco Fabra, Willian Zamora, Pablo Reyes, Julio A. Sanguesa, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano, Pietro Manzoni. MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol. IEEE Access. 2020; 8 (99):72498-72511.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Fabra; Willian Zamora; Pablo Reyes; Julio A. Sanguesa; Carlos T. Calafate; Juan-Carlos Cano; Pietro Manzoni. 2020. "MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol." IEEE Access 8, no. 99: 72498-72511.
As the number of potential applications for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) keeps rising steadily, the chances that these devices get close to each other during their flights also increases, causing concerns regarding potential collisions. This paper proposed the Mission Based Collision Avoidance Protocol (MBCAP), a novel UAV collision avoidance protocol applicable to all types of multicopters flying autonomously. It relies on wireless communications in order to detect nearby UAVs, and to negotiate the procedure to avoid any potential collision. Experimental and simulation results demonstrated the validity and effectiveness of the proposed solution, which typically introduces a small overhead in the range of 15 to 42 s for each risky situation successfully handled.
Francisco Fabra; Willian Zamora; Julio Sangüesa; Carlos T. Calafate; Juan-Carlos Cano; Pietro Manzoni. A Distributed Approach for Collision Avoidance between Multirotor UAVs Following Planned Missions. Sensors 2019, 19, 2404 .
AMA StyleFrancisco Fabra, Willian Zamora, Julio Sangüesa, Carlos T. Calafate, Juan-Carlos Cano, Pietro Manzoni. A Distributed Approach for Collision Avoidance between Multirotor UAVs Following Planned Missions. Sensors. 2019; 19 (10):2404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco Fabra; Willian Zamora; Julio Sangüesa; Carlos T. Calafate; Juan-Carlos Cano; Pietro Manzoni. 2019. "A Distributed Approach for Collision Avoidance between Multirotor UAVs Following Planned Missions." Sensors 19, no. 10: 2404.
It is essential to establish smart and efficient charging strategies for electric vehicles, due to the increase of their sales, and especially taking into account that many of these vehicles will be recharged in private parking lots, where the charging points features are limited. In this article, we propose four different charging methods: the cheapest (C), the Cheapest Starting (CS), the Low Cost (LC), and the Last Period (LP) schemes, as an alternative to the traditional Plug and Charge (P&C) method. Our objective is to find better strategies for an automatic, efficient, and scheduled electric vehicles’ charging process, avoiding peak power demands and promoting recharges at off-peak hours, where electricity prices are low. According to this, a smart charger could use our proposed methods to enhance the charging process at residential homes. To assess our proposal, we simulate the battery recharging of 1,000 vehicles per day during a full year, considering the use of domestic electrical plugs, and real electricity pricing. Additionally, three different scenarios have been simulated: (i) a regular-demand scenario, (ii) a high-demand scenario, and (iii) an extra-demand scenario, in which the vehicles arrive with an average battery level of only 25%. Simulation results confirm that using our charging methods, we can save between 46.9% to 75.2% in terms of electricity fee while maintaining similar battery levels after the charging process.
Vicente Torres-Sanz; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Piedad Garrido; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Enhancing the Charging Process of Electric Vehicles at Residential Homes. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 22875 -22888.
AMA StyleVicente Torres-Sanz, Julio A. Sanguesa, Francisco J. Martinez, Piedad Garrido, Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Enhancing the Charging Process of Electric Vehicles at Residential Homes. IEEE Access. 2018; 6 ():22875-22888.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVicente Torres-Sanz; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Piedad Garrido; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. 2018. "Enhancing the Charging Process of Electric Vehicles at Residential Homes." IEEE Access 6, no. : 22875-22888.
Due to the progressive increase in the population and the complexity of their mobility needs, the evolution of transportation systems to solve advanced mobility problems has been necessary. Additionally, there are many situations where the application of traditional solutions is not entirely effective, e.g., when the processing of large amounts of data collected from in-vehicle sensors and network devices is required. To overcome these issues, several Artificial Intelligence-based techniques have been applied to different areas related to the transportation environment. In this paper, we present a study of the diverse Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques which have been implemented to improve Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In particular, we grouped them into three main areas depending on the main field where they were applied: (i) Vehicle control, (ii) Traffic control and prediction, as well as (iii) Road safety and accident prediction. The results of this study reveal that the combination of different AI techniques seems to be very promising, especially to manage and analyze the massive amount of data generated in transportation.
Mirialys Machin; Julio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. On the use of artificial intelligence techniques in intelligent transportation systems. 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) 2018, 332 -337.
AMA StyleMirialys Machin, Julio A. Sanguesa, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez. On the use of artificial intelligence techniques in intelligent transportation systems. 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW). 2018; ():332-337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirialys Machin; Julio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. 2018. "On the use of artificial intelligence techniques in intelligent transportation systems." 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) , no. : 332-337.
Vehicular networks make use of the Roadside Units (RSUs) to enhance the communication capabilities of the vehicles in order to forward control messages and/or to provide Internet access to vehicles, drivers and passengers. Unfortunately, within vehicular networks, the wireless signal propagation is mostly affected by buildings and other obstacles (e.g., urban fixtures), in particular when considering the IEEE 802.11p standard. Therefore, a crowded RSU deployment may be required to ensure vehicular communications within urban environments. Furthermore, some applications, notably those applications related to safety, require a fast and reliable warning data transmission to the emergency services and traffic authorities. However, communication is not always possible in vehicular environments due to the lack of connectivity even employing multiple hops. To overcome the signal propagation problem and delayed warning notification time issues, an effective, smart, cost-effective and all-purpose RSU deployment policy should be put into place. In this paper, we propose the genetic algorithm for roadside unit deployment (GARSUD) system, which uses a genetic algorithm that is capable of automatically providing an RSU deployment suitable for any given road map layout. Our simulation results show that GARSUD is able to reduce the warning notification time (the time required to inform emergency authorities in traffic danger situations) and to improve vehicular communication capabilities within different density scenarios and complexity layouts.
Manuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Improving Roadside Unit Deployment in Vehicular Networks by Exploiting Genetic Algorithms. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 86 .
AMA StyleManuel Fogue, Julio A. Sanguesa, Francisco J. Martinez, Johann M. Marquez-Barja. Improving Roadside Unit Deployment in Vehicular Networks by Exploiting Genetic Algorithms. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (1):86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. 2018. "Improving Roadside Unit Deployment in Vehicular Networks by Exploiting Genetic Algorithms." Applied Sciences 8, no. 1: 86.
In Vehicular Networks, some applications require a fast and reliable warning data transmission to the Emergency Services and Traffic Authorities. Nevertheless, communication is not always possible in vehicular environments due to the lack of connectivity. To overcome these issues (i.e., signal propagation problem and delayed warning notification time), an effective, smart, cost-effective, and all-purpose RSU deployment policy should be put into place. In this paper, we propose GARSUD, a system which uses a genetic algorithm that is capable to automatically provide a Roadside Unit deployment suitable for any given road map layout. Simulation results show that our proposal is able to reduce the warning notification time --the time required to inform emergency authorities in traffic danger situations-- and to improve vehicular communication capabilities in different flows of traffic at different times during the day.
Manuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. When Vehicular Networks meet Artificial Intelligence. 2017 IEEE 29th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) 2017, 1304 -1311.
AMA StyleManuel Fogue, Julio A. Sanguesa, Francisco J. Martinez, Johann M. Marquez-Barja. When Vehicular Networks meet Artificial Intelligence. 2017 IEEE 29th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI). 2017; ():1304-1311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Francisco J. Martinez; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. 2017. "When Vehicular Networks meet Artificial Intelligence." 2017 IEEE 29th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI) , no. : 1304-1311.
In this paper, we present the Dynamic Small cell Management (DSM) scheme to improve vehicular communications, focusing on the dynamic allocation of small cells when the macrocells cannot cope with the traffic generated by the connected cars. We have considered real base station deployments in the city of Dublin, Ireland, combined with realistic models of vehicle mobility, and small cell deployments. Simulation results demonstrate that our DSM scheme improves communication capabilities (the number of messages correctly received by the infrastructure increases up to a 43.75%), while it also reduces BS overloading (the number of messages managed by the base stations is reduced up to an 8.72%). Therefore, the use of this smart and dynamic solution not only benefits vehicles' communications but also mobile operators.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Johann M. Marquez-Barja; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. Dynamic Small Cell Management for Connected Cars Communications. 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN) 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Johann M. Marquez-Barja, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez. Dynamic Small Cell Management for Connected Cars Communications. 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN). 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Johann M. Marquez-Barja; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. 2017. "Dynamic Small Cell Management for Connected Cars Communications." 2017 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN) , no. : 1-6.
In this paper, we propose a comprehensive architecture based on vehicular communication technologies, considering vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. In addition, we present a study about EVs charging load. Our proposal addresses three main issues: (i) knowledge of the number of vehicles that are going to recharge their batteries at a particular point and instant, (ii) knowledge of the available charging points, and (iii) predicting the electricity demand. Results show that our system is able to predict the electricity requirements of the EVs that are expected to recharge their batteries up to 180 minutes in advance.
V. Torres-Sanz; Julio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Carlos T. Calafate; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. On the prediction of electric vehicles energy demand by using vehicular networks. 2017 Wireless Days 2017, 198 -200.
AMA StyleV. Torres-Sanz, Julio A. Sanguesa, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Carlos T. Calafate, Johann M. Marquez-Barja. On the prediction of electric vehicles energy demand by using vehicular networks. 2017 Wireless Days. 2017; ():198-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Torres-Sanz; Julio A. Sanguesa; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Carlos T. Calafate; Johann M. Marquez-Barja. 2017. "On the prediction of electric vehicles energy demand by using vehicular networks." 2017 Wireless Days , no. : 198-200.
Highlights•NURA, a Non-Urgent transport Routing Algorithm is proposed in this work•The proposed algorithm is able to generate detailed routes for ambulances•NURA relies on a genetic algorithm, and it includes a scheduling algorithm•A comparison between NURA and human experts’ solutions is presented•NURA reduces the time spent by patients in ambulances and increases ambulance usage AbstractNon-emergency Patient Transport Services (PTS) are provided by ambulance companies for patients who do not require urgent and emergency transport. These patients require transport to or from a health facility like a hospital, but due to clinical requirements are unable to use private or public transport. This task is performed nowadays mainly by human operators, spending a high amount of time and resources to obtain solutions that are suboptimal in most cases. To overcome this limitation, in this paper we present NURA (Non-Urgent transport Routing Algorithm), a novel algorithm aimed at ambulance route planning. In particular, NURA relies on a genetic algorithm to explore the solution space, and it includes a scheduling algorithm to generate detailed routes for ambulances. Experimental results show that NURA is able to outperform human experts in several real scenarios, reducing the time spent by patients in ambulances during non-emergency transportations, increasing ambulance usage, while saving time and money for ambulance companies.
Manuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Fernando Naranjo; Jesus Gallardo; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Jesús Gallardo Casero. Non-emergency patient transport services planning through genetic algorithms. Expert Systems with Applications 2016, 61, 262 -271.
AMA StyleManuel Fogue, Julio A. Sanguesa, Fernando Naranjo, Jesus Gallardo, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Jesús Gallardo Casero. Non-emergency patient transport services planning through genetic algorithms. Expert Systems with Applications. 2016; 61 ():262-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Fogue; Julio A. Sanguesa; Fernando Naranjo; Jesus Gallardo; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Jesús Gallardo Casero. 2016. "Non-emergency patient transport services planning through genetic algorithms." Expert Systems with Applications 61, no. : 262-271.
Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications also known as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to cooperate to increase driving efficiency and safety on the roads. In particular, they are forecasted as one of the key technologies to increase traffic safety by providing useful traffic services. In this scope, vehicle-to-vehicle dissemination of warning messages to alert nearby vehicles is one of the most significant and representative solutions. The main goal of the different dissemination strategies available is to reduce the message delivery latency of such information while ensuring the correct reception of warning messages in the vehicle’s neighborhood as soon as a dangerous situation occurs. Despite the fact that several dissemination schemes have been proposed so far, their evaluation has been done under different conditions, using different simulators, making it difficult to determine the optimal dissemination scheme for each particular scenario. In this paper, besides reviewing the most relevant broadcast dissemination schemes available in the recent literature, we also provide a fair comparative analysis by evaluating them under the same environmental conditions, focusing on the same metrics, and using the same simulation platform. Overall, we provide researchers with a clear guideline of the benefits and drawbacks associated with each scheme.1. IntroductionIn the past, the efforts of administrations to increase traffic safety were focused on building more efficient and safer roads. Over the years, these efforts shifted to the pursuit of creating faster cars to overcome longer distances, thus focusing on mechanical and automotive engineering. Afterward, car manufacturing was greatly impacted by electronics technology, and so sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) were installed on vehicles to make them more sensitive and intelligent and basically safer to drive on [1]. Nowadays, innovations achieved in the field of networking technologies and particularly wireless mobile communications are being integrated into vehicles and roads. This impact will exceptionally modify how people will drive in the future and how transportation systems will be perceived. In particular, a revolution over the next decade is expected, creating a major social, economic, and global impact.Vehicular communications should not be considered as mere basic data transfers since new opportunities to improve road safety and comfort are also available. The applications and potential advantages of vehicular communications, especially those able to enhance driving efficiency and road safety, are diverse. In fact, the interest in this area has grown considerably, receiving a noticeable attention from the research community during past years [2, 3].The excitement about vehicular networks is mostly due to their wide range of solutions and open challenges. There are some important technical challenges to overcome, such as dissemination among vehicles, data delivery, high mobility and speeds of communicating vehicles, or real-time requirements. Such challenges and opportunities justify the increasing interest in vehicular networks of carmakers, governments, industries, and academia [4].In this work, we present a survey and tutorial of the most relevant broadcast dissemination schemes proposed for vehicular environments so far. Specifically, we review and classify twenty-three different dissemination schemes which have been proposed. All these approaches try to improve the alert dissemination process, while mitigating the broadcast storm problem, that is, packet collisions caused by simultaneous broadcasting and packet distribution reduction due to severe message repetitions [5]. For the sake of clarity, the abbreviations used along this paper are presented at the end of the paper.In modern Intelligent Transportation Systems, vehicles will be capable of automatically detecting dangerous situations, that is, their On-Board Units (OBUs), using the data gathered by the accelerometers and the rest of sensors available in the vehicle will be able to determine whether an accident has occurred [6]. Once the accident is detected, the vehicles will immediately send warning messages to their neighbors, and these messages will also be rebroadcasted by receiving vehicles to warn other vehicles, thereby preventing additional risks. More specifically, after a collision is detected, the OBU will build a warning message using the data gathered by the sensors available in the vehicle. All this information will also be useful to make a preliminary assessment of the accident severity [7] and the human and material resources required to optimize the rescue process, thus improving the assistance quality [8]. Therefore, an efficient warning message dissemination protocol should account for the most appropriate forwarding node for each message, thus maximizing the number of vehicles informed about the dangerous situation, while simultaneously reducing the time required to inform them and the amount of traffic generated in the wireless channel.The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents some of the existing surveys that are closely related to this paper. Section 3 provides an introduction to vehicular networks, with an emphasis on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Section 4 reviews existing dissemination schemes including one-hop and multihop approaches. Moreover, we present a classification of existing proposals according to the characteristics and techniques adopted for the dissemination process. In Section 5 we detail the different simulation configurations and parameters used to assess existing broadcast dissemination schemes. Section 6 shows our simulation results, which have been performed under the same conditions, presenting and discussing the advantages and drawbacks of each proposed technique. Derived from simulation results and a qualitative analysis, in Section 7 we summarize the lessons learned, providing some considerations for future research. Lastly, Section 8 closes this paper.2. Existing VANET-Related SurveysAlthough some works (e.g., [9]) have surveyed existing broadcast protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), to the best of our knowledge there are no specific VANET-oriented works offering an overview of recent dissemination approaches.In fact, despite the importance of warning message dissemination schemes in ITS safety applications, there is no survey so far that clearly presents and discusses the most relevant approaches proposed regarding warning message dissemination in VANETs. Additionally, existing proposals are usually evaluated under different conditions, making it quite difficult to determine what is the best dissemination scheme for each specific scenario. Below, we introduce some of the most relevant VANET-related surveys available. Cheng et al. [10] presented VANET data dissemination results by structuring surveyed techniques into three categories: unicast, multicast, and geocast/broadcast techniques, describing the most important ideas in each category. They also considered location services and security issues, in the context of data dissemination in VANETs. Unlike our work, authors did not provide any comparative analysis in terms of dissemination performance of the different approaches studied.Panichpapiboon and Pattara-Atikom [11] classified and provided an in-depth review of existing broadcasting protocols for VANETs. Despite the quality of this work, authors did not provide a thorough analysis of the characteristics of the protocols studied, nor was a fair comparison done. In particular, we consider carrying out an unbiased comparison essential, that is, under the same simulation environment, thereby providing researchers clear guidelines to accurately assess their proposals. X. Li and H. Li [12] presented the most representative results of data dissemination in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. In particular, their review was divided into three sections: routing protocols, mobility model, and security issues.Regarding VANET mobility models, Harri et al. [13] presented a procedure for the implementation of vehicular mobility models. In addition, they introduced the different existing approaches for vehicular mobility and their relationship with network simulators. They also proposed a taxonomy of some existing mobility models commonly used when simulating vehicular ad hoc networks.More recently, Jia et al. [14] presented a comprehensive study of platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems (VCPS). They also introduced two primary approaches based on VCPS, that is, the traffic dynamics, as well as the vehicular networking architecture and standards.Although several authors have published surveys focused on different issues related to vehicular networks such as mobility models [13, 15], security attacks [16], revocation [17], or routing [18–20], none of these works specifically focused on the warning message dissemination process, nor on the broadcast schemes used when dangerous situations take place.Moreover, existing works usually assess their proposals in very specific scenarios, with different vehicles densities, and under a wide variety of simulation tools. Therefore, unlike other surveys, in this work we assess the behavior of the most relevant existing broadcast dissemination protocols, evaluating them fairly, that is, under the same conditions, under same network model, and under same simulation tool and using the same performance metrics. We consider that such a fair evaluation is able to shed some light on the advantages and drawbacks of each solution, making it possible to determine which one is the most suitable scheme to be used on each particular scenario.3. Vehicular NetworksVehicular networking is currently a challenging technology suitable for developing different types of applications related to efficient driving, smart vehicles, passengers’ comfort, infota
Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate. A Survey and Comparative Study of Broadcast Warning Message Dissemination Schemes for VANETs. Mobile Information Systems 2016, 2016, 1 -18.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos T. Calafate. A Survey and Comparative Study of Broadcast Warning Message Dissemination Schemes for VANETs. Mobile Information Systems. 2016; 2016 ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate. 2016. "A Survey and Comparative Study of Broadcast Warning Message Dissemination Schemes for VANETs." Mobile Information Systems 2016, no. : 1-18.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless communication networks which support cooperative driving among vehicles on the road. The specific characteristics of VANETs favor the development of attractive and challenging services and applications which rely on message exchanging among vehicles. These communication capabilities depend directly on the existence of nearby vehicles able to exchange information. Therefore, higher vehicle densities favor the communication among vehicles. However, vehicular communications are also strongly affected by the topology of the map (i.e., wireless signal could be attenuated due to the distance between the sender and receiver, and obstacles usually block signal transmission). In this paper, we study the influence of the roadmap topology and the number of vehicles when accounting for the vehicular communications capabilities, especially in urban scenarios. Additionally, we consider the use of two parameters: the SJ Ratio (SJR) and the Total Distance (TD), as the topology-related factors that better correlate with communications performance. Finally, we propose the use of a new density metric based on the number of vehicles, the complexity of the roadmap, and its maximum capacity. Hence, researchers will be able to accurately characterize the different urban scenarios and better validate their proposals related to cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems based on vehicular communications.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Fernando Naranjo; Vicente Torres-Sanz; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. On the Study of Vehicle Density in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Mobile Information Systems 2016, 2016, 1 -13.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Fernando Naranjo, Vicente Torres-Sanz, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez. On the Study of Vehicle Density in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Mobile Information Systems. 2016; 2016 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Fernando Naranjo; Vicente Torres-Sanz; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez. 2016. "On the Study of Vehicle Density in Intelligent Transportation Systems." Mobile Information Systems 2016, no. : 1-13.
Wireless technologies are making the development of new applications and services in vehicular environments possible since they enable mobile communication between vehicles (V2V), as well as communication between vehicles and infrastructure nodes (V2I). Usually, V2V communications are dedicated to the transmission of small messages mainly focused on improving traffic safety. Instead, V2I communications allow users to access the Internet and benefit from higher level applications. The combination of both V2V and V2I, known as V2X communications, can increase the benefits even further, thereby making intelligent transportation systems (ITS) a reality. In this paper, we introduce V2X-d, a novel architecture specially designed to estimate traffic density on the road. In particular, V2X-d exploits the combination of V2V and V2I communications. Our approach is based on the information gathered by sensors (i.e., vehicles and road side units (RSUs)) and the characteristics of the roadmap topology to accurately make an estimation of the instant vehicle density. The combination of both mechanisms improves the accuracy and coverage area of the data gathered, while increasing the robustness and fault tolerance of the overall approach, e.g., using the information offered by V2V communications to provide additional density information in areas where RSUs are scarce or malfunctioning. By using our collaborative sensing scheme, future ITS solutions will be able to establish adequate dissemination protocols or to apply more efficient traffic congestion reduction policies, since they will be aware of the instantaneous density of vehicles.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Javier Barrachina; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. Sensing Traffic Density Combining V2V and V2I Wireless Communications. Sensors 2015, 15, 31794 -31810.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Javier Barrachina, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos T. Calafate, Pietro Manzoni. Sensing Traffic Density Combining V2V and V2I Wireless Communications. Sensors. 2015; 15 (12):31794-31810.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Javier Barrachina; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. 2015. "Sensing Traffic Density Combining V2V and V2I Wireless Communications." Sensors 15, no. 12: 31794-31810.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. RTAD: A real-time adaptive dissemination system for VANETs. Computer Communications 2015, 60, 53 -70.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos Calafate, Pietro Manzoni. RTAD: A real-time adaptive dissemination system for VANETs. Computer Communications. 2015; 60 ():53-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. 2015. "RTAD: A real-time adaptive dissemination system for VANETs." Computer Communications 60, no. : 53-70.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate. Using topology and neighbor information to overcome adverse vehicle density conditions. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2014, 42, 1 -13.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan Carlos Cano, Carlos T. Calafate. Using topology and neighbor information to overcome adverse vehicle density conditions. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2014; 42 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate. 2014. "Using topology and neighbor information to overcome adverse vehicle density conditions." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 42, no. : 1-13.
Research works regarding vehicular communications usually obviate assessing the proposals in scenarios including adverse vehicle densities, despite such scenarios are quite common in real urban environments. In this paper, we study the effect of these hostile conditions on the performance of different schemes providing warning message dissemination. We then propose the Junction Store and Forward (JSF) and the Nearest Junction Located (NJL) schemes, which were specially designed to be used in very low and very high density scenarios, respectively. Simulation results using real maps demonstrate how our proposed schemes are able to outperform existing warning message dissemination schemes in urban environments under adverse vehicle density conditions.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate; Pablo Garrido. Topology-based broadcast schemes for urban scenarios targeting adverse density conditions. 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) 2014, 2528 -2533.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan Carlos Cano, Carlos T. Calafate, Pablo Garrido. Topology-based broadcast schemes for urban scenarios targeting adverse density conditions. 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). 2014; ():2528-2533.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan Carlos Cano; Carlos T. Calafate; Pablo Garrido. 2014. "Topology-based broadcast schemes for urban scenarios targeting adverse density conditions." 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) , no. : 2528-2533.
In Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs), efficient dissemination of messages is a key factor to speed up the development of useful services and applications. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that automatically chooses the best dissemination scheme trying to fit the warning message delivery policy to the current characteristics of each specific vehicular scenario. Our mechanism uses as input parameters the vehicular density and the topological characteristics of the environment where the vehicles are located, in order to decide which dissemination scheme to use. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, which is able to support more efficient warning message dissemination in vehicular environments.
Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. On the selection of optimal broadcast schemes in VANETs. Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis & simulation of wireless and mobile systems 2013, 411 -418.
AMA StyleJulio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos Calafate, Pietro Manzoni. On the selection of optimal broadcast schemes in VANETs. Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis & simulation of wireless and mobile systems. 2013; ():411-418.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. 2013. "On the selection of optimal broadcast schemes in VANETs." Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis & simulation of wireless and mobile systems , no. : 411-418.
Road traffic is experiencing a drastic increase, and vehicular traffic congestion is becoming a major problem, especially in metropolitan environments throughout the world. Additionally, in modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) communications, the high amount of information that can be generated and processed by vehicles will significantly increase message redundancy, channel contention, and message collisions, thus reducing the efficiency of message dissemination processes. In this work, we present a V2X architecture to estimate traffic density on the road that relies on the advantages of combining V2V and V2I communications. Our proposal uses both the number of beacons received per vehicle (V2V) and per RSU (V2I), as well as the roadmap topology features to estimate the vehicle density. By using our approach, modern Intelligent Transportation Systems will be able to reduce traffic congestion and also to adopt more efficient message dissemination protocols.
Javier Barrachina; Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. V2X-d: A vehicular density estimation system that combines V2V and V2I communications. 2013 IFIP Wireless Days (WD) 2013, 1 -6.
AMA StyleJavier Barrachina, Julio A. Sanguesa, Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano, Carlos Calafate, Pietro Manzoni. V2X-d: A vehicular density estimation system that combines V2V and V2I communications. 2013 IFIP Wireless Days (WD). 2013; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Barrachina; Julio A. Sanguesa; Manuel Fogue; Piedad Garrido; Francisco J. Martinez; Juan-Carlos Cano; Carlos Calafate; Pietro Manzoni. 2013. "V2X-d: A vehicular density estimation system that combines V2V and V2I communications." 2013 IFIP Wireless Days (WD) , no. : 1-6.