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Rachmat Mulia
World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

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Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Land
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The conversion of natural forests to different land uses still occurs in various parts of Southeast Asia with poor records of impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity. We quantified such impacts on earthworm diversity in two communes of Quang Nam province, Vietnam. Both communes are situated within buffer zones of a nature reserve where remaining natural forests are under threat of continued conversion. We identified 25 different earthworm species, out of which 21 were found in natural forests, 15 in agroforestry, 14 in planted forests, and seven each in annual croplands and home gardens. Out of the six species that were omnipresent inhabitants of all observed habitats, Pontoscolex corethrurus largely dominated habitats with intensive anthropogenic activities but was rare in natural forests. Natural and regenerated forests had a much denser earthworm population in the top 10 cm of soil rather than in deeper soil layers. We conclude that the conversion of natural forests into different land uses has reduced earthworm diversity which can substantially affect soil health and ecosystem functions in the two communes. Protection of the remaining natural forests is urgent, while the promotion of a tree-based farming system such as agroforestry can reconcile earthworm conservation and local livelihoods.

ACS Style

Rachmat Mulia; Sam Van Hoang; Van Mai Dinh; Ngoc Bich Thi Duong; Anh Duc Nguyen; Dang Hai Lam; Duyen Thu Thi Hoang; Meine Van Noordwijk. Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Land 2021, 10, 36 .

AMA Style

Rachmat Mulia, Sam Van Hoang, Van Mai Dinh, Ngoc Bich Thi Duong, Anh Duc Nguyen, Dang Hai Lam, Duyen Thu Thi Hoang, Meine Van Noordwijk. Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Land. 2021; 10 (1):36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachmat Mulia; Sam Van Hoang; Van Mai Dinh; Ngoc Bich Thi Duong; Anh Duc Nguyen; Dang Hai Lam; Duyen Thu Thi Hoang; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2021. "Earthworm Diversity, Forest Conversion and Agroforestry in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam." Land 10, no. 1: 36.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Land
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The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of several non-Annex I countries mention agroforestry but mostly without associated mitigation target. The absence of reliable data, including on existing agroforestry practices and their carbon storage, partially constrains the target setting. In this paper, we estimate the mitigation potential of agroforestry carbon sequestration in Vietnam using a nationwide agroforestry database and carbon data from the literature. Sequestered carbon was estimated for existing agroforestry systems and for areas into which these systems can be expanded. Existing agroforestry systems in Vietnam cover over 0.83 million hectares storing a 1346 ± 92 million ton CO2 equivalent including above-, belowground, and soil carbon. These systems could be expanded to an area of 0.93–2.4 million hectares. Of this expansion area, about 10% is considered highly suitable for production, with a carbon sequestration potential of 2.3–44 million ton CO2 equivalent over the period 2021–2030. If neglecting agroforestry’s potential for modifying micro-climates, climate change can reduce the highly suitable area of agroforestry and associated carbon by 34–48% in 2050. Agroforestry can greatly contribute to Vietnam’s 2021–2030 NDC, for example, to offset the greenhouse gas emissions of the agriculture sector.

ACS Style

Rachmat Mulia; Duong Dinh Nguyen; Mai Phuong Nguyen; Peter Steward; Van Thanh Pham; Hoang Anh Le; Todd Rosenstock; Elisabeth Simelton. Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate. Land 2020, 9, 528 .

AMA Style

Rachmat Mulia, Duong Dinh Nguyen, Mai Phuong Nguyen, Peter Steward, Van Thanh Pham, Hoang Anh Le, Todd Rosenstock, Elisabeth Simelton. Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate. Land. 2020; 9 (12):528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachmat Mulia; Duong Dinh Nguyen; Mai Phuong Nguyen; Peter Steward; Van Thanh Pham; Hoang Anh Le; Todd Rosenstock; Elisabeth Simelton. 2020. "Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate." Land 9, no. 12: 528.

Journal article
Published: 17 November 2020 in Land
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Rapid expansion of unsustainable farming practices in upland areas of Southeast Asia threatens food security and the environment. This study assessed alternative agroforestry systems for sustainable land management and livelihood improvement in northwest Vietnam. The performance of fruit tree-based agroforestry was compared with that of sole cropping, and farmers’ perspectives on agroforestry were documented. After seven years, longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-maize-forage grass and son tra (Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne)-forage grass systems had generated 2.4- and 3.5-fold higher average annual income than sole maize and sole son tra, respectively. Sole longan gave no net profit, due to high investment costs. After some years, competition developed between the crop, grass, and tree components, e.g., for nitrogen, and the farmers interviewed reported a need to adapt management practices to optimise spacing and pruning. They also reported that agroforestry enhanced ecosystem services by controlling surface runoff and erosion, increasing soil fertility and improving resilience to extreme weather. Thus, agroforestry practices with fruit trees can be more profitable than sole-crop cultivation within a few years. Integration of seasonal and fast-growing perennial plants (e.g., grass) is essential to ensure quick returns. Wider adoption needs initial incentives or loans, knowledge exchange, and market links.

ACS Style

Van Hung Do; Nguyen La; Rachmat Mulia; Göran Bergkvist; A. Sigrun Dahlin; Van Thach Nguyen; Huu Thuong Pham; Ingrid Öborn. Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment. Land 2020, 9, 451 .

AMA Style

Van Hung Do, Nguyen La, Rachmat Mulia, Göran Bergkvist, A. Sigrun Dahlin, Van Thach Nguyen, Huu Thuong Pham, Ingrid Öborn. Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment. Land. 2020; 9 (11):451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Van Hung Do; Nguyen La; Rachmat Mulia; Göran Bergkvist; A. Sigrun Dahlin; Van Thach Nguyen; Huu Thuong Pham; Ingrid Öborn. 2020. "Fruit Tree-Based Agroforestry Systems for Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Vietnam—A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment." Land 9, no. 11: 451.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2019 in Sustainability
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Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock, can lead to multiple economic and ecological benefits compared to trees and crops/livestock grown separately. Field experimentation has been the primary approach to understanding the tree–crop interactions inherent in agroforestry. However, the number of field experiments has been limited by slow tree maturation and difficulty in obtaining consistent funding. Models have the potential to overcome these hurdles and rapidly advance understanding of agroforestry systems. Hi-sAFe is a mechanistic, biophysical model designed to explore the interactions within agroforestry systems that mix trees with crops. The model couples the pre-existing STICS crop model to a new tree model that includes several plasticity mechanisms responsive to tree–tree and tree–crop competition for light, water, and nitrogen. Monoculture crop and tree systems can also be simulated, enabling calculation of the land equivalent ratio. The model’s 3D and spatially explicit form is key for accurately representing many competition and facilitation processes. Hi-sAFe is a novel tool for exploring agroforestry designs (e.g., tree spacing, crop type, tree row orientation), management strategies (e.g., thinning, branch pruning, root pruning, fertilization, irrigation), and responses to environmental variation (e.g., latitude, climate change, soil depth, soil structure and fertility, fluctuating water table). By improving our understanding of the complex interactions within agroforestry systems, Hi-sAFe can ultimately facilitate adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice.

ACS Style

Christian Dupraz; Kevin Wolz; Isabelle Lecomte; Grégoire Talbot; Grégoire Vincent; Rachmat Mulia; François Bussière; Harry Ozier-Lafontaine; Sitraka Andrianarisoa; Nick Jackson; Gerry Lawson; Nicolas Dones; Hervé Sinoquet; Betha Lusiana; Degi Harja; Susy Domenicano; Francesco Reyes; Marie Gosme; Meine Van Noordwijk. Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2293 .

AMA Style

Christian Dupraz, Kevin Wolz, Isabelle Lecomte, Grégoire Talbot, Grégoire Vincent, Rachmat Mulia, François Bussière, Harry Ozier-Lafontaine, Sitraka Andrianarisoa, Nick Jackson, Gerry Lawson, Nicolas Dones, Hervé Sinoquet, Betha Lusiana, Degi Harja, Susy Domenicano, Francesco Reyes, Marie Gosme, Meine Van Noordwijk. Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Dupraz; Kevin Wolz; Isabelle Lecomte; Grégoire Talbot; Grégoire Vincent; Rachmat Mulia; François Bussière; Harry Ozier-Lafontaine; Sitraka Andrianarisoa; Nick Jackson; Gerry Lawson; Nicolas Dones; Hervé Sinoquet; Betha Lusiana; Degi Harja; Susy Domenicano; Francesco Reyes; Marie Gosme; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2019. "Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2293.

Original articles
Published: 01 May 2011 in International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
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Managers of agro-ecosystems trade off food production and livelihood strategies against environmental services. They need tools to prospect a wide range of external conditions. Integrated simulation models allow stakeholders to discuss the plausible behaviour of agro-ecosystems and to evaluate dynamic trade-offs, as a basis for planning and policy making in agriculture and natural resource management. However, simulation models need to gain stakeholders’ acceptance before they will be utilized. Gaining stakeholders’ acceptance likely requires salience, credibility and legitimacy. We surveyed the perceptions and expectations of 122 potential model users in four countries, prioritizing these model attributes. A possible shift in user perception was assessed during a participatory model evaluation of a resource management model (FALLOW) for post-tsunami development in West Aceh (Indonesia). Potential model users, comprising natural resource managers, policy makers, lecturers and scientists, ranked salience as the most important characteristic for an integrated simulation model, followed by credibility and legitimacy. Model users’ occupation, prior exposure and interest in using a simulation model did not have a statistically significant influence on users’ perceptions of model attributes.

ACS Style

Betha Lusiana; Meine Van Noordwijk; Desi Suyamto; Rachmat Mulia; Laxman Joshi; Georg Cadisch. Users’ perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 2011, 9, 364 -378.

AMA Style

Betha Lusiana, Meine Van Noordwijk, Desi Suyamto, Rachmat Mulia, Laxman Joshi, Georg Cadisch. Users’ perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2011; 9 (2):364-378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Betha Lusiana; Meine Van Noordwijk; Desi Suyamto; Rachmat Mulia; Laxman Joshi; Georg Cadisch. 2011. "Users’ perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9, no. 2: 364-378.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2010 in Plant and Soil
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Dynamic models of tree root growth and function have to reconcile the architectural rules for coarse root topology with the dynamics of fine root growth (and decay) in order to predict the strategic plus opportunistic behaviour of a tree root system in a heterogeneous soil. We present an algorithm for a 3D model based on both local (soil voxel level) and global (tree level) controls of root growth, with development of structural roots as a consequence of fine root function, rather than as driver. The suggested allocation rules of carbon to fine root growth in each rooted voxel depend on the success in water uptake in this voxel during the previous day, relative to overall supply and demand at plant level. The allocated C in each voxel is then split into proliferation (within voxel growth) and extension into neighbouring voxels (colonisation), with scale-dependent thresholds and transfer coefficients. The fine root colonisation process defines a dynamic and spatially explicit demand for transport functions. C allocation to development of a coarse root infrastructure linking all rooted voxels depends on the apparent need for adjustment of root diameter to meet the topologically defined sap flow through this voxel during the previous day. The allometric properties of the coarse root system are maintained to be in line with fractal branching theory. The model can predict the dynamics of the shape and structure (fine root density, coarse root topology and biomass) of the root system either independently of soil conditions (purely genetically-driven) or including both the genetic and environmental effects of roots interacting with soil water supply and its external replenishment, linking in with existing water balance models. Sensitivity of the initial model to voxel dimensions was addressed through explicit scaling rules resulting in scale-independent parameters. The model was parameterised for two tree species: hybrid walnut (Juglans nigra × regia) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) using results of a pot experiment. The model satisfactorily predicted the root growth behaviour of the two species. The model is sparse in parameters and yet applicable to heterogeneous soils, and could easily be upgraded to include additional local influences on root growth (and decay) such as local success in nutrient uptake or dynamic soil physical properties.

ACS Style

Rachmat Mulia; Christian Dupraz; Meine Van Noordwijk. Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata. Plant and Soil 2010, 337, 77 -92.

AMA Style

Rachmat Mulia, Christian Dupraz, Meine Van Noordwijk. Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata. Plant and Soil. 2010; 337 (1):77-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachmat Mulia; Christian Dupraz; Meine Van Noordwijk. 2010. "Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata." Plant and Soil 337, no. 1: 77-92.