A new concept is demonstrated for an integrated close to zero waste wheat straw biorefinery combining two novel green technologies, CO₂ extraction and low temperature microwave pyrolysis, to produce a variety of products, including energy and CO₂ which can be internally recycled to sustain the processes. CO₂ adds value to the process by extracting secondary metabolites including fatty acids, wax esters and fatty alcohols. Low temperature microwave pyrolysis (<200 °C) is shown to use less energy and produce higher quality oils and chars than conventional pyrolysis. The oils can be fractionated to produce either transport fuels or platform chemicals such as levoglucosan and levoglucosenone. The chars are appropriate for co-firing. The quality of the chars was improved by washing to remove the majority of the potassium and chlorine present, lowering their fouling potential. The economic feasibility of a wheat straw biorefinery is enhanced by intergrating these technologies.

A silica–polyethylene membrane has been chemically modified to produce ion-exchangeable onium sites, which are more active than their homogeneous analogues in a membrane reactor. The resulting catalytic membrane reactor is compact and energy efficient and provides an excellent low-waste method for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol.