Remarkable interest has risen in the idea that oxidative/nitrosative stress is mediated in the etiology of numerous human diseases. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress is the result of an disequilibrium in oxidant/antioxidant which reveals from continuous increase of Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species production. The aim of this review is to emphasize with current information the importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular responce against oxidative/nitrosative stress, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue. Products of lipid peroxidation have commonly been used as biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress damage. Lipid peroxidation generates a variety of relatively stable decomposition end products, mainly α, β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2-propenal (acrolein) and isoprostanes, which can be measured in plasma and urine as an indirect index of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Antioxidants are exogenous or endogenous molecules that mitigate any form of oxidative/nitrosative stress or its consequences. They may act from directly scavenging free radicals to increasing antioxidative defences. Antioxidant deficiencies can develop as a result of decreased antioxidant intake, synthesis of endogenous enzymes or increased antioxidant utilization. Antioxidant supplementation has become an increasingly popular practice to maintain optimal body function. However, antoxidants exhibit pro-oxidant activity depending on the specific set of conditions. Of particular importance are their dosage and redox conditions in the cell.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in all wound‐healing processes. Raftlin also plays an important role in the induction of the autoimmune response and the vascular inflammatory response. Inflammatory mediators induce continuous synthesis and secretion. To the best of our knowledge, although there are studies in the literature on antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT]) and oxidative stress markers, there are no studies on the comparison of these levels in wound patients with the activities of Raftlin, which is known to play a role in the vascular endothelial response. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant response between wound patients and a control group and to compare the levels of Raftlin between the two groups, which is a new biomarker in inflammatory diseases. Between January 2018 and September 2018, 30 healthy control patients and 30 patients with wounds were enrolled in the study as volunteers. Tissue samples were collected and were sent to the biochemistry laboratory to determine the levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, and Raftlin, which play an important role in wound healing. The following were evaluated: SOD and CAT levels (as a measure of antioxidant enzymes); malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (as a measure of free oxygen radicals); and Raftlin, which is a lipid raft protein used in determining the level of inflammatory and autoimmune response. The analyses determined a statistically significant correlation between MDA, SOD, CAT, and Raftlin values in wound patients (p<0.05). Raftlin was a considerable parameter in determining the prognostic process of wound healing. The levels of tissue Raftlin were significantly higher in wounded patients. A significant increase in MDA, SOD, and CAT activities of the wounded patients also suggested that the oxidant and antioxidant effect was balanced and that external antioxidant supplementation was not required.

Acne vulgaris is one of the common dermatological diseases and its pathogenesis is multifactorial. In this study, we aim to determine the effects of oxidative stress in acne vulgaris. Forty‐three consecutive acne patients and 46 controls were enrolled. The parameters of oxidative stress such as catalase (CAT), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the venous blood of cases were measured spectrophotometrically. The values compared with control group, the relation between the severity and distribution of acne, and the correlation of each enzyme level were researched. CAT and G6PD levels in patients were found to be statistically decreased, and SOD and MDA levels were found to be statistically increased (P < .001). However, any statistical difference and correlation could not be found between the severity and distribution of lesions and the mean levels of enzymes. In addition, we found that each enzyme is correlated with one another. Our findings show that oxidative stress exists in the acne patients. It will be useful to apply at least one antioxidant featured drug along with the combined acne treatment.

Objectives.The aim of this study was to evaluate if xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase levels quantitation method may alternate routine culture method, which takes more time in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections.Material and Methods.Five hundred and forty-nine outpatients who had admitted to Clinic Microbiology Laboratory were included in the study. The microorganisms were identified by using VITEK System. The urine specimens that were negative from the quantitative urine culture were used as controls. The activities of MPO and XO in spot urine were measured by spectrophotometric method.Results.Through the urine cultures, 167 bacteria were isolated from 163 urine specimens; 386 cultures yielded no bacterial growth.E. coliwas the most frequent pathogen. In infection withE. coliboth XO and MPO levels were increased the most. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for XO were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. These values for MPO were 87%, 100%, 100%, and 94%, respectively.Conclusion.These data obtained suggest that urine XO and MPO levels may be new markers in the early detection of UTI.