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Purpose: Clear explication of the conditions necessary to reproduce results is imperative in the development of evidence-based interventions. Methods: This study used a fidelity framework to guide the exploration of implementation fidelity in a study of the Tuning in to Teens (TINT) intervention in New Jersey. TINT is an evidence-based prevention program – previously tested with parents of pre-adolescents to reduce emotionally dismissive parenting – that was adapted for use with adoptive and guardianship families. Results: The review of intervention design adaptation and protocols; intervention training; and monitoring of intervention delivery revealed extensive efforts by an adoption clinician, the purveyor of the program, and an implementation team to support the implementation efforts. Results of the monitoring of intervention receipt indicate that the intervention was implemented with high fidelity. Discussion: Future intervention research should consider assessing the effects of implementation efforts on outcomes to improve replication under real-world conditions. Regardless, this exploration of fidelity has implications for public and private organizations seeking to implement an evidence-based intervention. The framework developed by Gearing and Colleagues and the TIDieR checklist could provide useful guidance when planning for and reporting on implementation fidelity in the furtherance of developing and disseminating evidence-based interventions.
Kerrie Ocasio; Nancy Rolock; Brett Greenfield; Rebecca Gallese; John Webb; Sophie Havighurst; Rowena Fong; Michael J. MacKenzie. Implementation Fidelity in the Replication of Tuning in to Teens (TINT) Adapted for Adoptive Parents and Guardians in the US. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleKerrie Ocasio, Nancy Rolock, Brett Greenfield, Rebecca Gallese, John Webb, Sophie Havighurst, Rowena Fong, Michael J. MacKenzie. Implementation Fidelity in the Replication of Tuning in to Teens (TINT) Adapted for Adoptive Parents and Guardians in the US. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKerrie Ocasio; Nancy Rolock; Brett Greenfield; Rebecca Gallese; John Webb; Sophie Havighurst; Rowena Fong; Michael J. MacKenzie. 2021. "Implementation Fidelity in the Replication of Tuning in to Teens (TINT) Adapted for Adoptive Parents and Guardians in the US." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work , no. : 1-16.
Ensuring the wellbeing and stability of children with foster care experiences is critical. Between 5% and 20% of children experience post-permanency instability, a reentry into foster care after adoption or guardianship; adolescents are at increased risk for post-permanency instability. Few interventions that aim to reduce post-permanency instability have been rigorously tested. This study adapted and tested Tuning in to Teens (TINT), previously tested in Australia as a prevention program with parents of adolescents. TINT teaches caregivers skills in emotion coaching (responding with empathy, support, and guidance when young people express emotions) while helping them to reduce their dismissive or harsh parenting responses and regulate their own emotions. This study found that TINT was effective at reducing the degree to which parents and guardians are struggling, especially for those who expressed difficulty with managing their child’s behaviors. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
Nancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; Kevin White; Sophie Havighurst; Young Cho; Rowena Fong; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner. Tuning in to Teens (TINT) with adoptive parents and guardians in the US: the replication phase of intervention research. Journal of Public Child Welfare 2020, 15, 22 -51.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kerrie Ocasio, Kevin White, Sophie Havighurst, Young Cho, Rowena Fong, Laura Marra, Monica Faulkner. Tuning in to Teens (TINT) with adoptive parents and guardians in the US: the replication phase of intervention research. Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2020; 15 (1):22-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; Kevin White; Sophie Havighurst; Young Cho; Rowena Fong; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner. 2020. "Tuning in to Teens (TINT) with adoptive parents and guardians in the US: the replication phase of intervention research." Journal of Public Child Welfare 15, no. 1: 22-51.
This study explored data obtained from surveys of caregivers who had previously adopted or assumed guardianship of a child from foster care in two U.S. states (N= 937). Descriptive analyses summarized the demographic and wellbeing characteristics of children and families, and multivariate regression models estimated the association between these variables and caregiver commitment. Consistent with previous research, most caregivers (> 80%) reported positive adjustment across measures, but some caregivers indicated family struggles, such as caregiver strain, child behavior difficulties, and lack of access to adoption-competent services. Higher caregiver commitment was associated with higher family nurturing and attachment, lower caregiver strain, less child behavior problems, a younger child age, and a kinship relationship. Results of this study enhance our understanding of the wellbeing of children and caregivers after permanence and provide insight into the malleable factors that may strengthen caregiver commitment after adoption or guardianship from foster care.
Kevin R. White; Nancy Rolock; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner; Kerrie Ocasio; Rowena Fong. Understanding wellbeing and caregiver commitment after adoption or guardianship from foster care. Journal of Public Child Welfare 2020, 15, 105 -130.
AMA StyleKevin R. White, Nancy Rolock, Laura Marra, Monica Faulkner, Kerrie Ocasio, Rowena Fong. Understanding wellbeing and caregiver commitment after adoption or guardianship from foster care. Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2020; 15 (1):105-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin R. White; Nancy Rolock; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner; Kerrie Ocasio; Rowena Fong. 2020. "Understanding wellbeing and caregiver commitment after adoption or guardianship from foster care." Journal of Public Child Welfare 15, no. 1: 105-130.
Racial and ethnic disproportionality and disparity are well documented in child welfare systems. Disproportionality occurs when the percent of persons of a certain race or ethnicity in an identified population differ from the percentage of persons of the same group in a reference population. Disparity occurs when there are unequal outcomes for one racial or ethnic group when compared to a different racial or ethnic group. Disproportionality and disparities have become value laden terms that imply inequities. In this chapter we do not discuss inequities, rather our focus is on how to measure disproportionality and disparities, and the challenges associated with different measurement approaches such as population-based enumeration and decision-based enumeration. When a racial or ethnic group is small, certain types of disproportion and disparity can be hard to detect using typical quantitative methods. Challenges that occur when measuring low-incidence groups, such as low confidence in statistical estimates and heterogeneous populations combined into single categories, are discussed. Alternate ways of examining the experiences of low-incidence racial and ethnic minorities are also presented. Given that comparison between groups is inherent to the definition of disparity, methodological concerns related to the selection of comparison groups are explored. Discussions about the appropriate ways to categorize, measure and interpret disparate engagement with social systems and subsequent outcomes are taking place across several disciplines. The chapter concludes by highlighting measurement approaches within these disciplines and provides a brief synthesis of the overall current state of knowledge.
Nancy Rolock; Qiana Cryer-Coupet; Colleen Janczewski. Measurement Issues in Identifying and Describing Racial Disproportionality and Disparity. Advances in Child Abuse Prevention Knowledge 2020, 25 -44.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Qiana Cryer-Coupet, Colleen Janczewski. Measurement Issues in Identifying and Describing Racial Disproportionality and Disparity. Advances in Child Abuse Prevention Knowledge. 2020; ():25-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Qiana Cryer-Coupet; Colleen Janczewski. 2020. "Measurement Issues in Identifying and Describing Racial Disproportionality and Disparity." Advances in Child Abuse Prevention Knowledge , no. : 25-44.
Nancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; Kevin White; Young Cho; Rowena Fong; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner. Identifying families who may be struggling after adoption or guardianship. Journal of Public Child Welfare 2020, 15, 78 -104.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kerrie Ocasio, Kevin White, Young Cho, Rowena Fong, Laura Marra, Monica Faulkner. Identifying families who may be struggling after adoption or guardianship. Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2020; 15 (1):78-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; Kevin White; Young Cho; Rowena Fong; Laura Marra; Monica Faulkner. 2020. "Identifying families who may be struggling after adoption or guardianship." Journal of Public Child Welfare 15, no. 1: 78-104.
This study evaluated the Illinois Adoption Preservation and Linkages (APAL) program using a regression discontinuity design. APAL is a brief needs assessment and service referral program designed to prevent adjustment difficulties for former foster youth who reside in legally permanent adoptive and guardianship homes. Data for this study was derived from a stratified random sample of adoptive and guardianship caregivers in Illinois who completed a survey. Results showed that APAL participation was associated with fewer child behavior problems and higher caregiver commitment to the child. Findings have implications for interventions designed to support post-adoptive and guardianship families.
Kevin R. White; Mark F. Testa; Nancy Rolock. Evaluation of the Illinois adoption preservation and linkages (APAL) program using a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Public Child Welfare 2019, 1 -28.
AMA StyleKevin R. White, Mark F. Testa, Nancy Rolock. Evaluation of the Illinois adoption preservation and linkages (APAL) program using a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2019; ():1-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin R. White; Mark F. Testa; Nancy Rolock. 2019. "Evaluation of the Illinois adoption preservation and linkages (APAL) program using a regression discontinuity design." Journal of Public Child Welfare , no. : 1-28.
This article describes how implementation science and intervention research guided the process of selecting and implementing an evidence-informed intervention (Tuning in to Teens; TINT). TINT was provided as a selective prevention effort offered to families with youth aged 10 to 13 years old, with characteristics that suggest an elevated risk for post-permanency discontinuity. Usability testing findings: Contact was made with 54% of families, and 12% participated in the intervention. Multivariate results found no statistically significant differences between families who responded to outreach efforts and those who did not; families who participated in TINT and those who did not. Implications: Large public child welfare systems wanting to implement evidence-informed interventions can follow the steps detailed in this paper for selecting, adapting and implementing an intervention. Further, providers that seek to offer post adoption and guardianship services, a growing service need, may gain some insights into activities that promote service usage with this population.
Nancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; John Webb; Dondieneita Fleary-Simmons; Leslie Cohen; Rowena Fong. Implementation Science and Prevention in Action: Application in a Post-Permanency World. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 2018, 16, 1 -17.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kerrie Ocasio, John Webb, Dondieneita Fleary-Simmons, Leslie Cohen, Rowena Fong. Implementation Science and Prevention in Action: Application in a Post-Permanency World. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work. 2018; 16 (1):1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kerrie Ocasio; John Webb; Dondieneita Fleary-Simmons; Leslie Cohen; Rowena Fong. 2018. "Implementation Science and Prevention in Action: Application in a Post-Permanency World." Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work 16, no. 1: 1-17.
Purpose: This study examines foster care reentry after adoption, in Illinois and New Jersey. The provision of services and supports to adoptive families have garnered recent attention due to concern about the long-term stability of adoptive homes. Method: This study used administrative data to examine the pre-adoption characteristics associated with post-adoption foster care reentry. Children were tracked longitudinally, using administrative data, for five to fifteen years (depending on their date of adoption), or the age of majority. Results: Results indicated that most (95%) children did not reenter foster care after adoption. Findings from survival models suggested key covariates that may help to identify children most at risk for post-adoption reentry: child race, age at adoption, number of placement moves in foster care, and time spent in foster care prior to adoption. Conclusion: Study findings may help identify families most at-risk for post-adoption difficulties in order to develop preventative adoption service.
Nancy Rolock; Kevin White; Kerrie Ocasio; Lixia Zhang; Michael J. MacKenzie; Rowena Fong. A Comparison of Foster Care Reentry After Adoption in Two Large U.S. States. Research on Social Work Practice 2018, 29, 153 -164.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kevin White, Kerrie Ocasio, Lixia Zhang, Michael J. MacKenzie, Rowena Fong. A Comparison of Foster Care Reentry After Adoption in Two Large U.S. States. Research on Social Work Practice. 2018; 29 (2):153-164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kevin White; Kerrie Ocasio; Lixia Zhang; Michael J. MacKenzie; Rowena Fong. 2018. "A Comparison of Foster Care Reentry After Adoption in Two Large U.S. States." Research on Social Work Practice 29, no. 2: 153-164.
Purpose: A rich and heterogeneous body of knowledge about adoption breakdown has accumulated in recent years. The goal of this article is to review the existing research literature on the topic. Method: A comprehensive review of journal articles, book chapters, and technical reports addressing the issue of adoption breakdown was conducted. Results: Terminological and methodological difficulties are discussed before the main findings about the incidence of adoption breakdown are presented. A detailed examination of the child, parent, and support and service characteristics associated with the breakdown experience follows. The review ends with the analysis of some policy and practice implications, as well as with suggestions about how to increase and improve the study of adoption breakdown. Discussion: Although research into adoption breakdown has achieved a considerable progress in recent years, improvements are still needed in both the basic research and the applied implications domains.
Jesús Palacios; Nancy Rolock; Julie Selwyn; Maria Barbosa-Ducharne. Adoption Breakdown: Concept, Research, and Implications. Research on Social Work Practice 2018, 29, 130 -142.
AMA StyleJesús Palacios, Nancy Rolock, Julie Selwyn, Maria Barbosa-Ducharne. Adoption Breakdown: Concept, Research, and Implications. Research on Social Work Practice. 2018; 29 (2):130-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesús Palacios; Nancy Rolock; Julie Selwyn; Maria Barbosa-Ducharne. 2018. "Adoption Breakdown: Concept, Research, and Implications." Research on Social Work Practice 29, no. 2: 130-142.
Over the past two decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of children and youth living in guardianship and adoptive homes who were previously in foster care. Further, previous studies compared outcomes for children in guardianship homes to those for children in adoptive homes, despite the fact that many factors likely affect the selection of foster youth into different types of permanent placements. This study examined two counterfactuals for guardianship as a permanent placement type: adoption only and adoption or long-term-fostercare (A+LTFC). Longitudinal outcomes were tracked for children who exited foster care with relatives through guardianship (N=4,884) or adoption (N=12,163), as well as children in long-term foster care with relatives (N=4,840). Propensity scores were used to match children on key indicators. In the matched sample of guardianship versus adoption cases only, children who exited to guardianship were more likely to experience discontinuity than children who exited through adoption, 11% vs. 6% respectively. However, when guardianship was compared to the combination of adoption or long-term foster care, children in guardianship experienced the same proportion of discontinuity, 11% vs. 11% respectively. These results suggest that simply matching guardianship to adoption without taking into account LTFC may be the wrong way to estimate the "what if" counterfactual if children were not discharged to guardianship. Findings also support the use of guardianship as a potential solution for children in LTFC whose caregivers are not planning to adopt.
Nancy Rolock; Kevin R. White. Continuity for children after guardianship versus adoption with kin: Approximating the right counterfactual. Child Abuse & Neglect 2017, 72, 32 -44.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kevin R. White. Continuity for children after guardianship versus adoption with kin: Approximating the right counterfactual. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2017; 72 ():32-44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kevin R. White. 2017. "Continuity for children after guardianship versus adoption with kin: Approximating the right counterfactual." Child Abuse & Neglect 72, no. : 32-44.
For nearly four decades, child welfare policy and practice have focused on the achievement of legal permanence for children in foster care. Although federal child welfare policy has resulted in the movement of children from state custody to legally permanent adoptive or guardianship families, little is known about the quality and enduring nature of these placements. A significant challenge of the twenty-first century child welfare system is how to ensure the well-being of children currently living with adoptive parents or guardians. This paper discusses child welfare policy and trends related to post-permanency well-being, including the decrease in Title IV-E foster care caseloads nationwide and the simultaneous increase in Title IV-E adoptive and guardianship caseloads. We highlight the needs of a twenty-first century child welfare system, including increased federal efforts to ensure child permanence and well-being after legal adoption or guardianship has been achieved, as well as more rigorous longitudinal and interdisciplinary research focused on the post-permanency adjustment of children and their families.
Nancy Rolock; Alfred G. Pérez; Kevin White; Rowena Fong. From Foster Care to Adoption and Guardianship: A Twenty-First Century Challenge. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 2017, 35, 11 -20.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Alfred G. Pérez, Kevin White, Rowena Fong. From Foster Care to Adoption and Guardianship: A Twenty-First Century Challenge. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 2017; 35 (1):11-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Alfred G. Pérez; Kevin White; Rowena Fong. 2017. "From Foster Care to Adoption and Guardianship: A Twenty-First Century Challenge." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 35, no. 1: 11-20.
Nancy Rolock; Kevin R. White. Post-permanency discontinuity: A longitudinal examination of outcomes for foster youth after adoption or guardianship. Children and Youth Services Review 2016, 70, 419 -427.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Kevin R. White. Post-permanency discontinuity: A longitudinal examination of outcomes for foster youth after adoption or guardianship. Children and Youth Services Review. 2016; 70 ():419-427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Kevin R. White. 2016. "Post-permanency discontinuity: A longitudinal examination of outcomes for foster youth after adoption or guardianship." Children and Youth Services Review 70, no. : 419-427.
Between 2000 and 2013, the U.S. foster care caseload decreased while the number of children in adoptive homes doubled. These shifts were a result of federal policies prioritizing the moving of children from state custody into legal permanence (e.g., adoption and guardianship) with the presumption they will live “happily ever after.” This study used a mixed-methods multiphase, iterative process to illuminate the congruencies and incongruencies between the young adults' accounts of their foster care experiences and the legalistic, system-focused view of their experiences. This study highlights the limitations of administrative data as the primary source for evaluating systems, assessing child well-being, and for understanding child welfare outcomes. An important consideration for assessing the success of the child welfare system in finding safe, stable, permanent placements for children involved with the child welfare system is including the perceptions of the young adults with foster care histories. There are often three sides to a foster care story: the lived experiences of the participant, the official case record, and the space in between. This study begins to illuminate this space, through an understanding of the quality and enduring nature of these relationships as reported by young adults who lives were impacted by their foster care histories. Child welfare records indicate a legal permanency status, but the interviews address the enduring nature and quality of the relationships.
Nancy Rolock; Alfred G Pérez. Three sides to a foster care story: An examination of the lived experiences of young adults, their foster care case record, and the space in between. Qualitative Social Work 2016, 17, 195 -215.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Alfred G Pérez. Three sides to a foster care story: An examination of the lived experiences of young adults, their foster care case record, and the space in between. Qualitative Social Work. 2016; 17 (2):195-215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Alfred G Pérez. 2016. "Three sides to a foster care story: An examination of the lived experiences of young adults, their foster care case record, and the space in between." Qualitative Social Work 17, no. 2: 195-215.
Few interventions addressing early childhood trauma have adequate evidence. The Illinois Birth-to-Three Waiver is a 5-year federal project to reduce trauma and increase permanency for young children. In this article the authors describe the explorative and formative phases, including: (a) developing a well-built research question; (b) working with purveyors of evidence-supported interventions (ESIs); (c) adapting ESIs to a large public child welfare system; (d) developing fidelity measures, assessment data and outcomes; and (e) managing the challenges of implementing a randomized controlled trial. Public and private agency staff work in conjunction with university partners to merge implementation science, program evaluation, and intervention research. The project's theory of change stipulates that working with the triad of birth parent(s), foster parent(s), and focal child is critical to achieving project outcomes. The authors articulate the importance of working closely with an interdisciplinary team to achieve these outcomes, and the challenges associated with the early stages of implementation.
Nancy Rolock; Susan M. Snyder; Cynthia Tate. Formative Evaluation: A Case Study of the Illinois Birth-to-Three IV-E Waiver. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 2015, 12, 1 -12.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Susan M. Snyder, Cynthia Tate. Formative Evaluation: A Case Study of the Illinois Birth-to-Three IV-E Waiver. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work. 2015; 12 (5):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Susan M. Snyder; Cynthia Tate. 2015. "Formative Evaluation: A Case Study of the Illinois Birth-to-Three IV-E Waiver." Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work 12, no. 5: 1-12.
A new dynamic faces the U.S. child welfare system. Since 1998 there has been a simultaneous decrease in children in state custody and increase in children in subsidized adoptive and guardianship homes. In 2013 there were 2.8 children in federally assisted adoptive or guardianship homes for every child in a federally assisted foster home. While generally lauded as positive, little empirical research chronicles the post-adoption or post-guardianship outcomes of these children, and there is no agreed-upon terminology for children who leave their legally permanent homes prior to becoming adults. This study examined outcomes for 21,629 children adopted or taken into guardianship, and tracked for at least 10 years, or until age 18. Most (87%) did not reenter foster care or experienced another type of temporary or long-term interruption in care. Based on the experiences of the 13%, this study suggests new terminology, post-permanency discontinuity, to describe these experiences.
Nancy Rolock. Post-Permanency Continuity: What Happens After Adoption and Guardianship From Foster Care? Journal of Public Child Welfare 2015, 9, 153 -173.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock. Post-Permanency Continuity: What Happens After Adoption and Guardianship From Foster Care? Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2015; 9 (2):153-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock. 2015. "Post-Permanency Continuity: What Happens After Adoption and Guardianship From Foster Care?" Journal of Public Child Welfare 9, no. 2: 153-173.
The original thinking behind permanency planning for foster children was to secure a caregiver's intention to provide a permanent home, not to guarantee it. Little is known, however, about how intentions change after permanence or what effect this change has on post-permanency continuity of care. This study examined the mediating effects of caregivers' thoughts about ending an adoption or guardianship, and how this mechanism may be contingent on primordial and bureaucratic factors that child welfare agencies rely on to ensure family continuity after legal permanence. In 2006, a sample of 346 Illinois caregivers who finalized an adoption or guardianship between 1998 and 2002 completed surveys about child behavior problems, the adequacy of financial assistance, and thoughts about maintaining the permanency relationship. Responses were linked to administrative data that tracked continuity of care through 2012. Simple mediation and moderated mediation hypotheses of the effects of caregiver thoughts on post-permanency continuity were tested. At last observation, 8% of caregivers were no longer living with the child or stopped receiving subsidies on the child's behalf. Thoughts expressed at survey time about ending the permanency relationship mediated the effect of child behavior problems on post-permanency discontinuity rates. This indirect effect was more pronounced among distantly related kin, lone caregivers, and caregivers who felt the subsidy was inadequate to cover their expenses. Our findings suggest that post-permanency services should target a narrow segment of caregivers who express weakened permanency commitments that arise from the challenges of parenting a child with multiple behavioral problems.
Mark F. Testa; Susan M. Snyder; Qi Wu; Nancy Rolock; Minli Liao. Adoption and guardianship: A moderated mediation analysis of predictors of post-permanency continuity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2015, 85, 107 -118.
AMA StyleMark F. Testa, Susan M. Snyder, Qi Wu, Nancy Rolock, Minli Liao. Adoption and guardianship: A moderated mediation analysis of predictors of post-permanency continuity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2015; 85 (2):107-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark F. Testa; Susan M. Snyder; Qi Wu; Nancy Rolock; Minli Liao. 2015. "Adoption and guardianship: A moderated mediation analysis of predictors of post-permanency continuity." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 85, no. 2: 107-118.
Nancy Rolock; Ian Jantz; Kristin Abner. Community perceptions and foster care placement: A multi-level analysis. Children and Youth Services Review 2015, 48, 186 -191.
AMA StyleNancy Rolock, Ian Jantz, Kristin Abner. Community perceptions and foster care placement: A multi-level analysis. Children and Youth Services Review. 2015; 48 ():186-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNancy Rolock; Ian Jantz; Kristin Abner. 2015. "Community perceptions and foster care placement: A multi-level analysis." Children and Youth Services Review 48, no. : 186-191.
Eun Koh; Nancy Rolock; Theodore P. Cross; Jennifer Eblen-Manning. What explains instability in foster care? Comparison of a matched sample of children with stable and unstable placements. Children and Youth Services Review 2014, 37, 36 -45.
AMA StyleEun Koh, Nancy Rolock, Theodore P. Cross, Jennifer Eblen-Manning. What explains instability in foster care? Comparison of a matched sample of children with stable and unstable placements. Children and Youth Services Review. 2014; 37 ():36-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun Koh; Nancy Rolock; Theodore P. Cross; Jennifer Eblen-Manning. 2014. "What explains instability in foster care? Comparison of a matched sample of children with stable and unstable placements." Children and Youth Services Review 37, no. : 36-45.
This study used content analysis and qualitative analysis to examine reasons for moves in 53 child welfare cases with placement instability. Coding from case records of reasons for placement moves revealed three categories in most cases: 1) caregiver-related reasons, such as maltreatment by caregivers or changes in caregivers' lives; 2) child behavior-related reasons such as aggressive behaviors; and 3) system- or policy-related reasons, such as the need to use temporary placements or the aim of placing children with siblings. Children's previous instability should be considered in choosing and supporting caregivers, providing mental health resources, and considering moves to improve care.
Theodore P. Cross; Eun Koh; Nancy Rolock; Jennifer Eblen-Manning. Why Do Children Experience Multiple Placement Changes in Foster Care? Content Analysis on Reasons for Instability. Journal of Public Child Welfare 2013, 7, 39 -58.
AMA StyleTheodore P. Cross, Eun Koh, Nancy Rolock, Jennifer Eblen-Manning. Why Do Children Experience Multiple Placement Changes in Foster Care? Content Analysis on Reasons for Instability. Journal of Public Child Welfare. 2013; 7 (1):39-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTheodore P. Cross; Eun Koh; Nancy Rolock; Jennifer Eblen-Manning. 2013. "Why Do Children Experience Multiple Placement Changes in Foster Care? Content Analysis on Reasons for Instability." Journal of Public Child Welfare 7, no. 1: 39-58.
Past studies demonstrate a relationship between race and the likelihood of children entering state custody subsequent to a maltreatment investigation. Research also shows that community structural characteristics such as poverty and residential mobility are correlated with entry rates. The combined effect, however, of race and community characteristics on substitute care entry is unclear. We analyzed 3 years of Illinois child welfare administrative and county-level structural data to assess the combined effect of child characteristics and level of community organization on substitute care entry. Based on county indicators of crime, socioeconomic status, residential mobility, and child care burden, a latent profile analysis classified Illinois counties into three levels of social organization (high, moderate, and low). To test the relationship between community and child level predictors of substitute care entry, a dichotomous variable representing substitute care entry was regressed onto county level and individual covariates (child age, race or ethnicity, gender, and allegation). To test the combined relationship of community and individual level characteristics, interactions between county level of organization and race were explored. Like previous studies, results showed that individual factors of race, age, and allegation were associated with the decision to place children in substitute care. Also consistent with past research, they revealed a general trend in which decreasing levels of social organization were associated with relatively higher odds of entry to care. The magnitude of this effect at each level of social organization, however, varied by race, with African American children in disorganized communities experiencing the greatest risk of removal. These findings suggest that efforts to understand the decision to place a child in substitute care may need to be community specific. In particular the level of community organization may influence the response of the system to maltreatment investigations. In communities with different characteristics and across racial groups, child welfare systems may need to examine decision making processes regarding children's removal from parental care.
Ian Jantz; Nancy Rolock; Sonya J. Leathers; Alan Dettlaff; James P. Gleeson. Substitute care entry: The relationship between race or ethnicity and levels of county organization. Child Abuse & Neglect 2012, 36, 771 -781.
AMA StyleIan Jantz, Nancy Rolock, Sonya J. Leathers, Alan Dettlaff, James P. Gleeson. Substitute care entry: The relationship between race or ethnicity and levels of county organization. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2012; 36 (11-12):771-781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIan Jantz; Nancy Rolock; Sonya J. Leathers; Alan Dettlaff; James P. Gleeson. 2012. "Substitute care entry: The relationship between race or ethnicity and levels of county organization." Child Abuse & Neglect 36, no. 11-12: 771-781.