The penetration mechanism of choline chloride‐glycerol deep eutectic solvent (DES) through the stratum corneum (SC) as a potential solvent for a novel enhancer of protein penetration into the skin was investigated in a wide and small angle X‐ray diffraction study. We found that DES penetrated through intercellular lipids but not the corneocytes. DES seemed to extract a portion of lipids of the short lamellae in the SC. Hydrated DES with a DES to water weight ratio of 9 to 1 (9DES‐1H₂O) showed the strongest interaction with the lipids in the SC compared with water, DES, and hydrated DESs with another weight ratio of DES to water (DES : water=8 : 2). In a skin penetration test with a fluorescently labelled lysozyme, 9DES‐1H₂O increased the amount of penetration through the SC by two‐fold compared with HEPES buffer.

Eutrophication is an inevitable phenomenon, and it has recently become an unabated threat. As a positive, the thriving microalgal biomass in eutrophic water is conventionally perceived to be loaded with myriad valuable biochemical compounds. Therefore, a sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent was proposed in this study to harvest the microalgal biomass for producing biodiesel. By activating the sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent with 1.5 M of H₂SO₄, a highest adsorption capacity of 108.9 ± 0.3 mg/g was attained. This was fundamentally due to the surface potential of the 1.5 M H₂SO₄ acid-modified sugarcane-bagasse-based adsorbent possessing the lowest surface positivity value as calculated from its point of zero charge. The adsorption capacity was then improved to 192.9 ± 0.1 mg/g by stepwise optimizing the adsorbent size to 6.7–8.0 mm, adsorption medium pH to 2–4, and adsorbent dosage to 0.4 g per 100 mL of adsorption medium. This resulted in 91.5% microalgae removal efficiency. Excellent-quality biodiesel was also obtained as reflected by the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile, showing the dominant species of C16–C18 encompassing 71% of the overall FAMEs. The sustainability of harvesting microalgal biomass via an adsorption-enhanced flocculation processes was also evidenced by the potentiality to reuse the spent acid-modified adsorbent.

Inclusion of a large amount of deep eutectic solvent (DES) in a microemulsion (ME) may enhance transdermal permeation of resveratrol (RSV) due to its high solubility in DES of the inner phase. We prepared MEs with different DES loading and surfactant composition, and investigated the entrapment amount of RSV, the structures of the MEs, and their skin penetration amount. We found that MEs at Tween-80/Span-20 = 4/1 (wt/wt) (T4S1) were able to contain the largest amount of DES in the inner phase. The structural characterization results showed that T4S1-MEs containing more than 20 wt% DES and less than 10 wt% DES formed a vesicle containing DES in the membrane of surfactants and a spherical micelle containing DES in the inner phase, respectively. The vesicles containing more than 20 wt% DES were able to trap a larger amount of RSV and deliver more RSV through the stratum corneum compared to the spherical micelles containing less than 10 wt% DES.