Different LCA methods based on monetization of environmental impacts are available. Therefore, relevant monetization methods, namely Ecovalue12, Stepwise2006, LIME3, Ecotax, EVR, EPS, the Environmental Prices Handbook, Trucost and the MMG-Method were compared quantitatively and qualitatively, yielding results for 18 impact categories. Monetary factors for the same impact category range mostly between two orders of magnitude for the assessed methods, with some exceptions (e.g., mineral resources with five orders of magnitude). Among the qualitative criteria, per capita income, and thus the geographical reference, has the biggest influence on the obtained monetary factors. When the monetization methods were applied to the domestic yearly environmental damages of an average EU citizen, their monetary values ranged between 7941.13 €/capita (Ecotax) and 224.06 €/capita (LIME3). The prioritization of impact categories varies: Stepwise and Ecovalue assign over 50% of the per capita damages to climate change, while EPS and LIME3 assign around 50% to mineral and fossil resource use. Choices regarding the geographical reference, the Areas of Protection included, cost perspectives and the approach to discounting strongly affect the magnitude of the monetary factors. Therefore, practitioners should choose monetization methods with care and potentially apply varying methods to assess the robustness of their results.

Die Wohnraumversorgung bedarf einer sozial-ökologischen Transformation. Der Beitrag analysiert anhand von energetischer Modernisierung und Wohnflächenverbrauch, wie soziale und ökologische Aspekte der Wohnungsfrage durch gesetzliche Regelungen zu institutionalisierten Zielkonflikten werden. Diese führen dazu, dass eine gemeinsame Artikulation von Zielen durch soziale und ökologische Akteur*innen erschwert wird – was im Interesse der Immobilienwirtschaft ist, die sonst von beiden Akteur*innen gemeinsam in die Pflicht genommen werden könnte. Allerdings bearbeiten diese Akteur*innen den Transformationskonflikt seit Kurzem gemeinsam und entwickeln erste Ansätze einer integrierten sozial-ökologischen Transformationsperspektive, die es um eine Durchsetzungsperspektive zu ergänzen gilt.

Cities account for 70% of carbon emissions and are therefore a vital driver for climate change. Thus, a city’s main contributing sectors need to be identified. Territorial-based footprints focus on the final energy consumption, which is derived from the stationary and transport sectors. The consumption-based approach is based on consumption data, which are converted into carbon emissions using an input–output model. If the consumption-based approach is applied to an urban district not only emissions in the investigated area are considered, but also those that occur along the supply chain of consumed products in the urban district. The goal of this study was to apply and evaluate two different approaches to calculate an urban district’s carbon footprint to support climate protection management at the local government level. To achieve this goal, these two different approaches were applied to calculate the carbon emissions of the urban district Wedding in Berlin and were compared regarding criteria such as data availability and relevance. The footprints resulted in 400,947 t CO₂-eq. for the territorial approach and in 401,371 t CO₂-eq. per year for the consumption-based approach, which resulted in 4.61 t CO₂-eq and 4.62 t CO₂-eq per capita and year, respectively. Methodologically, the two approaches differ significantly, but the total results showed a difference of only 0.1%. Thus, this study cannot verify that the consumption-based approach mostly leads to higher emissions per capita in the Global North. This could be due to lower purchasing power and a higher share of multiple-person households in the relatively poor urban district of Wedding, Berlin. The territorial approach is more suitable to derive measures for local climate action, whereas the consumption-based approach highlights the responsibility of consumers for GHG emissions along the supply chain and the importance of the food sector.