Vascular inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of various pathologies, including atherosclerosis (AS), and thus it has become an attractive therapeutic target. The protocatechuic acid (PCA), one of the main metabolites of complex polyphenols, is endowed with anti-inflammatory activity, but its formulation into nanocarriers may increase its bioavailability. In this study, we developed and characterized dextran shell‒iron oxide core nanoparticles loaded with PCA (MNP-Dex/PCA) and assessed their cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potential on cells acting as key players in the onset and progression of AS, namely, endothelial cells (EC) and monocytes/macrophages. The results showed that MNP-Dex/PCA exert an anti-inflammatory activity at non-cytotoxic and therapeutically relevant concentrations of PCA (350 μM) as supported by the reduced levels of inflammatory molecules such as MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CCR2 in activated EC and M1-type macrophages and functional monocyte adhesion assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of MNP-Dex/PCA was associated with the reduction in the levels of ERK1/2 and p38-α mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-kB transcription factor. Our data support the further development of dextran shell-magnetic core nanoparticles as theranostic nanoparticles for guidance, imaging, and therapy of vascular inflammation using PCA or other anti-inflammatory compounds.

Naringenin, an anti-inflammatory citrus flavonoid, is restrained from large-scale use by its reduced water solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, naringenin was loaded into lipid nanoemulsions directed towards vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, exposed by activated endothelium, and delivered intravenously in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. To follow the in vivo bio-distribution, naringenin-loaded nanoemulsions were labeled with near-infrared probe Indocyanine Green (ICG). Based on ICG fluorescence, a VCAM-1-dependent retention of nanoemulsions was detected in the heart and aorta, while ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) measurements showed a target-selective accumulation of naringenin in the heart and lungs. Correlated, fluorescence and UHPLC data indicated a mixed behavior of the VCAM-1 directed nanoparticles, which were driven not only by the targeting moiety but also by passive retention. The treatment with naringenin-loaded nanoemulsions reduced the mRNA levels of some inflammatory mediators in organs harvested from mice with acute inflammation, indicative of their anti-inflammatory potential. The data support a novel theranostic nanoplatform for inflammation, the naringenin/ICG-loaded nanoparticles that either by passive accumulation or effective targeting of the activated endothelium can be employed for imaging inflamed vascular areas and efficient delivery of the encapsulated therapeutic agent.

Type 2 diabetes became an alarming global health issue since the existing drugs do not prevent its progression. Herein, we aimed to synthesize and characterize a family of oxidovanadium(V) complexes with Schiff base ligands derived from L-/D-valine (val) and salicylaldehyde (sal) or o-vanillin (van) as insulin-mimetic agents and to assess their potential anti-diabetic properties. Two new oxidovanadium(V) complexes, [{V^VO(R-salval)(H₂O)}(μ₂-O){V^VO(R-salval)}] and [{V^VO(R-vanval)(CH₃OH)}₂(μ₂-O)], and their S-enantiomers were synthesized and characterized. The compounds exhibit optical activity as shown by crystallographic and spectroscopic data. The stability, the capacity to bind bovine serum albumin (BSA), the cytotoxicity against human hepatoma cell line, as well as the potential anti-diabetic activity of the four compounds are investigated. The synthesized compounds are stable for up to three hours in physiological conditions and exhibit a high capacity of binding to BSA. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds display cytocompatibility at biologically relevant concentrations, exert anti-diabetic potential and insulin-mimetic activities by inhibiting the α-amylase and protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and a long-term increase of insulin receptor phosphorylation compared to the insulin hormone. Thus, the in vitro anti-diabetic potential and insulin-mimetic properties of the newly synthesized oxidovanadium(V) compounds, correlated with their cytocompatibility, make them promising candidates for further investigation as anti-diabetic drugs.

The cellular internalization of drug carriers occurs via different endocytic pathways that ultimately involve the endosomes and the lysosomes, organelles where the pH value drops to 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. We aimed to design and characterize pH/temperature-responsive carriers for the effective delivery of the anti-tumoral drug doxorubicin. To this purpose, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylimidazole) was synthesized as an attractive pH/temperature-sensitive copolymer. Microspheres made of this copolymer, loaded with doxorubicin (MS-DXR), disintegrate in monodisperse nanospheres (NS-DXR) under conditions similar to that found in the bloodstream (pH = 7.4, temperature of 36 °C) releasing a small amount of payload. However, in environments that simulate the endosomal and lysosomal conditions, nanospheres solubilize, releasing the entire amount of drug. We followed the NS-DXR internalization using two cancer cell lines, hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cells and lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The data showed that NS-DXR are internalized to a greater extent by HepG2 cells than A549 cells, and this correlated with increased cytotoxicity induced by NS-DXR in HepG2 cells compared with A549 cells. Moreover, NS-DXR particles do not cause hemolysis and erythrocytes aggregation. Administered in vivo, NS-DXR localized in the liver and kidneys of mice, and the loading of DXR into NS resulted in the reduced renal clearance of DXR. In conclusion, the newly developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole) particles are biocompatible and may be introduced as carriers for doxorubicin to hepatic tumors.

A wide variety of metal-based compounds have been obtained and studied for their antitumor activity since the intensely used cytostatic drugs (e.g., cisplatin) failed to accomplish their expected pharmacological properties. Thus, we aimed to develop a new vanadium-based drug and assess its antitumor properties using the human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The compound was synthesized from vanadyl sulfate, DL-valine, and o-vanillin and was spectrally and structurally characterized (UV-Vis, IR, CD, and single-crystal/powder-XRD). Compound stability in biological media, cell uptake, and the interaction with albumin were assessed. The mechanisms of its antitumor activity were determined compared to cisplatin by performing cytotoxicity, oxidative and mitochondrial status, DNA fragmentation, β-Tubulin synthesis investigation, and cell cycle studies. Herein, we developed a macrocyclic tetranuclear oxidovanadium(V) compound, [(V^VO)(L)(CH₃O)]₄, having coordinated four Schiff base (H₂L) ligands, 3-methoxysalicylidenvaline. We showed that [(V^VO)(L)(CH₃O)]₄: (i) has pH-dependent stability in biological media, (ii) binds to albumin in a dose-dependent manner, (iii) is taken up by cells in a time-dependent way, (iv) has a higher capacity to induce cell death compared to cisplatin (IC₅₀ = 6 μM vs. 10 μM), by altering the oxidative and mitochondrial status in HepG2 cells. Unlike cisplatin, which blocks the cell cycle in the S-phase, the new vanadium-based compound arrests it in S and G2/M-phase, whereas no differences in the induction of DNA fragmentation and reduction of β-Tubulin synthesis between the two were determined. Thus, the [(V^VO)(L)(CH₃O)]₄ antitumor mechanism involved corroboration between the generation of oxidative species, mitochondrial dysfunction, degradation of DNA, cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M-phase, and β-Tubulin synthesis reduction. Our studies demonstrate the potent antitumor activity of [(V^VO)(L)(CH₃O)]₄ and propose it as an attractive candidate for anticancer therapy.

Recent studies have shown that chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic (ATH) lesions is due to an inability to resolve the inflammatory response. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) incorporated into biomimetic lipid nanoemulsions covered with macrophage membranes (Bio-LN/SPMs) to enhance their stability, targeting, and bioactivity in resolving atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. We utilized both in vitro and in vivo experimental models to test this hypothesis. In vitro, we found that Bio-LN/SPMs significantly reduced the inflammatory markers VCAM-1, MCP-1 in TNF-α-activated endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and iNOS, and NLRP3 in LPS-activated macrophages. In contrast, free SPMs exhibited a more modest effect. In vivo, the i.v. administration of Bio-LN/SPMs in ApoE-deficient mice with progressive atherosclerotic lesions developed after administration for 4 and 8 weeks of a high-fat diet, reduced plasma triglycerides, improved renal function, and decreased plasma proteins associated with complement activation and inflammation (i.e. C4d, C5b-9, IL-6, and MCP-1) to a greater extent than other treatment groups. Bio-LN/SPMs also affected circulated monocyte subpopulations by increasing the percentage of anti-inflammatory Ly6C^low monocytes and reducing that of pro-inflammatory Ly6C^high monocytes. Additionally, they promoted the transition of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques to a reparative M2 phenotype. They decreased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines, along with lipid deposits in the aorta of ApoE-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate the improved therapeutic efficacy of Bio-LN/SPMs compared to unincorporated SPMs and standard nanoemulsions (LN/SPMs), emphasizing their potential as a novel approach for treating atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases.