Coronary heart disease is one of the major causes of deaths around the globe. Predicating a heart disease is one of the most challenging tasks in the field of clinical data analysis. Machine learning (ML) is useful in diagnostic assistance in terms of decision making and prediction on the basis of the data produced by healthcare sector globally. We have also perceived ML techniques employed in the medical field of disease prediction. In this regard, numerous research studies have been shown on heart disease prediction using an ML classifier. In this paper, we used eleven ML classifiers to identify key features, which improved the predictability of heart disease. To introduce the prediction model, various feature combinations and well-known classification algorithms were used. We achieved 95% accuracy with gradient boosted trees and multilayer perceptron in the heart disease prediction model. The Random Forest gives a better performance level in heart disease prediction, with an accuracy level of 96%.

In the realm of sustainable IoT and AI applications for the well-being of elderly individuals living alone in their homes, falls can have severe consequences. These consequences include post-fall complications and extended periods of immobility on the floor. Researchers have been exploring various techniques for fall detection over the past decade, and this study introduces an innovative Elder Fall Detection system that harnesses IoT and AI technologies. In our IoT configuration, we integrate RFID tags into smart carpets along with RFID readers to identify falls among the elderly population. To simulate fall events, we conducted experiments with 13 participants. In these experiments, RFID tags embedded in the smart carpets transmit signals to RFID readers, effectively distinguishing signals from fall events and regular movements. When a fall is detected, the system activates a green signal, triggers an alarm, and sends notifications to alert caregivers or family members. To enhance the precision of fall detection, we employed various machine and deep learning classifiers, including Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), Logistic Regression (LGR), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), to analyze the collected dataset. Results show that the Random Forest algorithm achieves a 43% accuracy rate, GRUs exhibit a 44% accuracy rate, and XGBoost achieves a 33% accuracy rate. Remarkably, KNN outperforms the others with an exceptional accuracy rate of 99%. This research aims to propose an efficient fall detection framework that significantly contributes to enhancing the safety and overall well-being of independently living elderly individuals. It aligns with the principles of sustainability in IoT and AI applications.

Smart grid technology has given users the ability to regulate their home energy use more efficiently and effectively. Home Energy Management (HEM) is a difficult undertaking in this regard, as it necessitates the optimal scheduling of smart appliances to reduce energy usage. In this research, we introduce a metaheuristic-based HEM system which incorporates Earth Worm Algorithm (EWA) and Harmony Search Algorithms (HSA). In addition, a hybridization based on the EWA and HSA operators is used to optimize energy consumption in terms of electricity cost and Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR) reduction. Hybridization has been demonstrated to be beneficial in achieving many objectives at the same time. Extensive simulations in MATLAB were used to test the performance of the proposed hybrid technique. The simulations were run for multiple homes with multiple appliances, which were categorized according to the usage and nature of the appliance, taking advantage of appliance scheduling in terms of the time-varying retail pricing enabled by the smart grid two-way communication infrastructure algorithms EWA and HSA, along with a Real-Time Price scheme. These techniques helped us to find the best usage pattern for energy consumption to reduce electricity costs. These metaheuristic techniques efficiently reduced and shifted the load from peak hours to off-peak hours and reduced electricity costs. In comparison to HSA, the simulation results suggest that EWA performed better in terms of cost reduction. In comparison to EWA and HSA, HSA was more efficient in terms of PAR. However, the proposed hybrid approach EHSA gave the maximum reduction in cost which was 2.668%, 2.247%, and 2.535% in the case of 10, 30, and 50 homes, respectively, as compared to EWA and HSA.

Automation can now be found in nearly every industry. However, home automation has yet to reach Pakistan. This paper presents an Internet of Things smart kitchen project that includes automation and monitoring. In this project, a system was developed that automatically detects the kitchen temperature. It also monitors the humidity level in the kitchen. This system includes built-in gas detection sensors that detect any gas leaks in the kitchen and notify the user if the gas pressure in the kitchen exceeds a certain level. This system also allows the user to remotely control appliances such as freezers, ovens, and air conditioners using a mobile phone. The user can control gas levels using their phone with this system. In this paper, the ESP32, DHT11 Sensor, 5 V Relay X 8, and MQ-135 gas sensors create a smart kitchen by controlling the temperature, managing humidity, and detecting gas leakage. The system was built on an Arduino board that is connected to the Internet. The hardware was integrated and programmed using an Arduino, and a user Android application was developed. The project’s goal is to allow any Android smartphone to remotely control devices. This method is commonly used in homes, businesses, and grocery stores. Users will be able to control all of their instruments from anywhere, including switches, fans, and lights. Furthermore, simulation was performed using Matlab2016b on multiple houses. In the simulation, not only was the kitchen considered, but also two, four, and six houses. Each house has two bedrooms, one living room, one guest room, two bathrooms, and one kitchen. The results revealed that using this system will have a scientifically significant impact on electricity consumption and cost. In the case of the houses, the cost was USD 33.32, 32.64, 22.32, and 19.54 for unscheduled, two, four, and six houses, respectively. Thus, it was observed that the cost and power are directly proportional to each other. The results reveal that the proposed solution efficiently reduces the cost as compared to that of unscheduled houses.

Effective software cost estimation significantly contributes to decision-making. The rising trend of using nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms has been seen in software cost estimation problems. The constructive cost model (COCOMO) method is a well-known regression-based algorithmic technique for estimating software costs. The limitation of the COCOMO models is that the values of these coefficients are constant for similar kinds of projects whereas, in reality, these parameters vary from one organization to another organization. Therefore, for accurate estimation, it is necessary to fine-tune the coefficients. The research community is now examining deep learning (DL) as a forward-looking solution to improve cost estimation. Although deep learning architectures provide some improvements over existing flat technologies, they also have some shortcomings, such as large training delays, over-fitting, and under-fitting. Deep learning models usually require fine-tuning to a large number of parameters. The meta-heuristic algorithm supports finding a good optimal solution at a reasonable computational cost. Additionally, heuristic approaches allow for the location of an optimum solution. So, it can be used with deep neural networks to minimize training delays. The hybrid of ant colony optimization with BAT (HACO-BA) algorithm is a hybrid optimization technique that combines the most common global optimum search technique for ant colonies (ACO) in association with one of the newest search techniques called the BAT algorithm (BA). This technology supports the solution of multivariable problems and has been applied to the optimization of a large number of engineering problems. This work will perform a two-fold assessment of algorithms: (i) comparing the efficacy of ACO, BA, and HACO-BA in optimizing COCOMO II coefficients; and (ii) using HACO-BA algorithms to optimize and improve the deep learning training process. The experimental results show that the hybrid HACO-BA performs better as compared to ACO and BA for tuning COCOMO II. HACO-BA also performs better in the optimization of DNN in terms of execution time and accuracy. The process is executed upto 100 epochs, and the accuracy achieved by the proposed DNN approach is almost 98% while NN achieved accuracy of up to 85% on the same datasets.

Falls are critical events among the elderly living alone in their rooms and can have intense consequences, such as the elderly person being left to lie for a long time after the fall. Elderly falling is one of the serious healthcare issues that have been investigated by researchers for over a decade, and several techniques and methods have been proposed to detect fall events. To overcome and mitigate elderly fall issues, such as being left to lie for a long time after a fall, this project presents a low-cost, motion-based technique for detecting all events. In this study, we used IRA-E700ST0 pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR) that are mounted on walls around or near the patient bed in a horizontal field of view to detect regular motions and patient fall events; we used PIR sensors along with Arduino Uno to detect patient falls and save the collected data in Arduino SD for classification. For data collection, 20 persons contributed as patients performing fall events. When a patient or elderly person falls, a signal of different intensity (high) is produced, which certainly differs from the signals generated due to normal motion. A set of parameters was extracted from the signals generated by the PIR sensors during falling and regular motions to build the dataset. When the system detects a fall event and turns on the green signal, an alarm is generated, and a message is sent to inform the family members or caregivers of the individual. Furthermore, we classified the elderly fall event dataset using five machine learning (ML) classifiers, namely: random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), naïve Bayes (NB), and AdaBoost (AB). Our result reveals that the RF and AB algorithms achieved almost 99% accuracy in elderly fall-d\detection.