Numerous studies indicate that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is related to some developmental trends, as its symptoms change widely over time. Nevertheless, the etiology of this phenomenon remains ambiguous. There is a disagreement whether ADHD is related to deviations in brain development or to a delay in brain maturation. The model of deviated brain development suggests that the ADHD brain matures in a fundamentally different way, and does not reach normal maturity at any developmental stage. On the contrary, the delayed brain maturation model assumes that the ADHD brain indeed matures in a different, delayed way in comparison to healthy age-matched controls, yet eventually reaches proper maturation. We investigated age-related changes in resting-state EEG activity to find evidence to support one of the alternative models. A total of 141 children and teenagers participated in the study; 67 diagnosed with ADHD and 74 healthy controls. The absolute power of delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands was analyzed. We observed a significant developmental pattern of decreasing absolute EEG power in both groups. Nonetheless, ADHD was characterized by consistently lower absolute EGG power, mostly in the theta frequency band, in comparison to healthy controls. Our results are in line with the deviant brain maturation theory of ADHD, as the observed effects of age-related changes in EEG power are parallel but different in the two groups.

Objective: Assessment of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with ADHD with emphasis on pharmacological treatment and comorbid disorders. Method: We analyzed 408 medical records of patients with ADHD aged 7 to 18. Results: The prevalence of overweight (14.71% vs. 12.83%, χ² = 3,586.43, p < .001) and obesity (6.37% vs. 3.45%, χ² = 3,588.19, p < .001) was significantly higher in children with ADHD compared with the population. There was significantly higher incidence of obesity in patients with comorbid diagnosis of adjustment disorder (22.22% vs. 4.42%, χ² = 5.66, p = .02) and mental retardation (19.05% vs. 4.42%, χ² = 7.63, p = .005). Pharmacological treatment was associated with a higher incidence of obesity (8.37% vs. 2.76%, χ² = 4.92, p = .03). Conclusion: Standardized body mass index (BMI), prevalence of overweight, and obesity was higher in patients with ADHD compared with the population. Higher incidence of obesity was shown in patients with analyzed comorbidities.

Diabetes is associated with increased risk for eating disorders, various dependent on type of diabetes. Binge eating disorder is more common in patient with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Whereas, intentional omission of insulin doses for the purpose of weight loss occurs mainly in patient with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), however, in some patients with type 2 diabetes omission of oral hypoglycaemic drugs can be present. Risk factors for the development of eating disorders in patients with diabetes include: age, female gender, greater body weight, body image dissatisfaction, history of dieting and history of depression. Poor glycaemic control, recurrent episodes of ketoacidosis or recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia, secondary to intentional insulin overdose, missed clinical appointments, dietary manipulation and low self-esteem should raise concern. The consequence of eating disorders or disordered eating patterns in patients with diabetes is poor glycaemic control and hence higher possibility of complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy and premature death.

Samouszkodzenia są zjawiskiem częstym wśród adolescentów i młodych dorosłych, przy czym w populacjach klinicznych częstość ich występowania jest szacowana na poziomie 40-80%, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do pacjentów w okresie dojrzewania. Objawy pojawiają się najczęściej między 12 a 14 r.ż. a ich średni czas trwania wynosi ok. 2 lat. W zależności od przyjętych norm społeczno-kulturowych mogą być traktowane jako zachowanie prawidłowe. Rozpowszechnienie w kulturze zachodu zjawiska body art obejmującego profesjonalne tatuowanie, kolczykowanie, skaryfikacje, wypalanie wzorów na skórze oraz inne modyfikowanie ciała typowe dla kultur plemiennych, wymusiło jednak konieczność ponownego określenia granic dla zachowań normatywnych. Wprowadzenie w piątej wersji klasyfikacji DSM odrębnej jednostki nozologicznej, tzw. Samookaleczeń bez tendencji samobójczych dowodzi słuszności toczonej od wielu lat dyskusji, dotyczącej klasyfikowania samouszkodzeń oraz rozumienia mechanizmów ich powstawania. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnego stanu wiedzy dotyczącego samouszkodzeń, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zagadnień poświęconych ich miejscu w najnowszych klasyfikacjach zaburzeń psychicznych oraz mechanizmom odpowiedzialnym za ich powstawanie i podtrzymywanie.

Neuropharmacological and human clinical studies have suggested that the brain dopaminergic system is substantively involved in normal and pathological phenotypes of attention. Dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was proposed as a candidate gene for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We investigated the effect of theSLC6A3variants on cognitive performance in ADHD and healthy children and teenagers. Participants completed cognitive tasks measuring attentional switching, selective and sustained attention, and effectiveness of alerting, orienting and executive attention. We estimated the effects of 40 bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) (9-repeat vs 10-repeat allele) of theSLC6A3gene, ADHD diagnosis, age, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive performance. ADHD children demonstrated deficits in most of the examined attention processes, persistent within the examined age range (9–16 years). No significant effects were observed for the interaction of ADHD and theSLC6A3polymorphism, but the results revealed a significant main effect ofSLC6A3genotype in the entire research sample. Subjects carrying 9R allele performed the switching task significantly worse in comparison to children with 10R/10R or 10R/11R genotype.SLC6A3polymorphism moderated age-related improvements in orienting and attentional switching. Results suggest thatSLC6A3genotype influence these attentional/cognitive functions which deficits are not the key symptoms in ADHD.