Intermediate-depth earthquakes (30–300 km) have been extensively documented within subducting oceanic slabs, but their mechanics remains enigmatic. Here we decipher the mechanism of these earthquakes by performing deformation experiments on dehydrating serpentinized peridotites (synthetic antigorite-olivine aggregates, minerals representative of subduction zones lithologies) at upper mantle conditions. At a pressure of 1.1 gigapascals, dehydration of deforming samples containing only 5 vol% of antigorite suffices to trigger acoustic emissions, a laboratory-scale analogue of earthquakes. At 3.5 gigapascals, acoustic emissions are recorded from samples with up to 50 vol% of antigorite. Experimentally produced faults, observed post-mortem, are sealed by fluid-bearing micro-pseudotachylytes. Microstructural observations demonstrate that antigorite dehydration triggered dynamic shear failure of the olivine load-bearing network. These laboratory analogues of intermediate-depth earthquakes demonstrate that little dehydration is required to trigger embrittlement. We propose an alternative model to dehydration-embrittlement in which dehydration-driven stress transfer, rather than fluid overpressure, causes embrittlement.

Because they provide information about the spatial distribution of brittle deformation, both seismologists and experimentalists use b-values to study earthquake populations. Here, we present the b-values for intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes in the Pacific slab beneath the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions, northeastern Japan and find a difference in the lower-plane event b-values in the double seismic zone. Lower-plane events reveal significantly larger b-values beneath Tohoku (0.96) than Hokkaido (0.86), implying that the brittle deformation beneath Hokkaido is more localized and leads to higher ratio of relatively large lower-plane events than occur beneath Tohoku. We also estimated the b-values for experimental earthquakes, and found they increase with increasing antigorite content in serpentinized peridotite. These experimental earthquakes already led to the “dehydration driven stress transfer” (DDST) model, which suggests that a highly hydrated peridotite is not required when oceanic mantle events occur. A comparison of experimental and natural earthquake b-values implies that lower-plane peridotite is more hydrated beneath the Tohoku region, which could also explain the difference in oceanic-plate velocity structures near the trench identified in Ocean Bottom Seismometer studies off Tohoku and Hokkaido. These results suggest that lower-plane events occur in fresh peridotite near serpentinized faults.