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Rei Suo
Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan

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Journal article
Published: 18 January 2021 in Marine Drugs
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Several polyclad flatworm species are known to contain high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but currently TTX-bearing flatworms seem to be restricted to specific Planocera lineages belonging to the suborder Acotylea. During our ongoing study of flatworm toxins, high concentrations of TTXs were detected for the first time in the flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum, suborder Cotylea, from the coastal area of Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. Toxin levels were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), revealing that this species contains comparable concentrations of toxins as seen in planocerid flatworms such as Planocera multitentaculata. This finding indicated that there may be other species with significant levels of TTXs. The distribution of TTXs among other flatworm species is thus of great interest.

ACS Style

Rei Suo; Maho Kashitani; Hikaru Oyama; Masaatsu Adachi; Ryota Nakahigashi; Ryo Sakakibara; Toshio Nishikawa; Haruo Sugita; Shiro Itoi. First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum. Marine Drugs 2021, 19, 40 .

AMA Style

Rei Suo, Maho Kashitani, Hikaru Oyama, Masaatsu Adachi, Ryota Nakahigashi, Ryo Sakakibara, Toshio Nishikawa, Haruo Sugita, Shiro Itoi. First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19 (1):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rei Suo; Maho Kashitani; Hikaru Oyama; Masaatsu Adachi; Ryota Nakahigashi; Ryo Sakakibara; Toshio Nishikawa; Haruo Sugita; Shiro Itoi. 2021. "First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum." Marine Drugs 19, no. 1: 40.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2019 in Toxins
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The pufferfish Takifugu niphobles (at present Takifugu alboplumbeus) possesses highly concentrated tetrodotoxin (TTX), an extremely potent neurotoxin that provides effective protection from predators, at least at the larval stages. However, the source of the toxin has remained unclear. Recently, DNA from the toxic flatworm Planocera multitentaculata was detected in the intestinal contents of juveniles and young of the pufferfish, suggesting that the flatworm contributes to its toxification at various stages of its life. In this study, we describe the behavior of the pufferfish in the intertidal zone that appears to contribute to its toxification before and during its spawning period: pufferfish were found to aggregate and ingest flatworm egg plates by scraping them off the surface of rocks. DNA analysis based on 28S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes identified the egg plates as those of P. multitentaculata. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the egg plates contain highly concentrated TTX. The feeding behavior of the pufferfish on the flatworm egg plates was also observed in the aquarium. These results suggest that pufferfish feed on the flatworm egg plate, which enables them to acquire toxicity themselves while providing their offspring with the protective shield of TTX.

ACS Style

Taiki Okabe; Hikaru Oyama; Maho Kashitani; Yuta Ishimaru; Rei Suo; Haruo Sugita; Shiro Itoi. Toxic Flatworm Egg Plates Serve as a Possible Source of Tetrodotoxin for Pufferfish. Toxins 2019, 11, 402 .

AMA Style

Taiki Okabe, Hikaru Oyama, Maho Kashitani, Yuta Ishimaru, Rei Suo, Haruo Sugita, Shiro Itoi. Toxic Flatworm Egg Plates Serve as a Possible Source of Tetrodotoxin for Pufferfish. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taiki Okabe; Hikaru Oyama; Maho Kashitani; Yuta Ishimaru; Rei Suo; Haruo Sugita; Shiro Itoi. 2019. "Toxic Flatworm Egg Plates Serve as a Possible Source of Tetrodotoxin for Pufferfish." Toxins 11, no. 7: 402.