Tilletia controversa J. G. Kühn is a causal organism of dwarf bunt in wheat. Understanding the interaction of wheat and T. controversa is of practical and scientific importance for disease control. In this study, the relative expression of TaLHY and TaPR-4 and TaPR-5 genes was higher in a resistant (Yinong 18) and moderately resistant (Pin 9928) cultivars rather than susceptible (Dongxuan 3) cultivar at 72 h post inoculation (hpi) with T. controversa. Similarly, the expression of defensin, TaPR-2 and TaPR-10 genes was observed higher in resistant and moderately resistant cultivars after exogenous application of phytohormones, including methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. Laser confocal microscopy was used to track the fungal hyphae in the roots, leaves, and tapetum cells, which of susceptible cultivar were infected harshly by T. controversa than moderately resistant and resistant cultivars. There were no fungal hyphae in tapetum cells in susceptible cultivar after methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and abscisic acid treatments. Moreover, after T. controversa infection, the pollen germination was of 80.06, 58.73, and 0.67% in resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. The above results suggested that the use using of resistant cultivar is a good option against the dwarf bunt disease.

The Daxia River Basin on the eastern edge of the Chinese Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is one of the typical distribution regions of alpine wetlands and a global biodiversity hotspot. The aim of this study is to analyze the composition and spatio-temporal distribution of the soil arthropods, and to use them as an indicator for the soil environment in the wetland. The soil arthropods of 32 taxa and 7706 individuals were collected from the soil samples at two soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm depth) in each habitat of six habitats along the Daxia River in cold season and warm season between 2016 and 2017. The habitat of Tumenguan had a greater arthropod abundance than all other habitats in both cold season and warm season. A significant seasonal variation was observed in the composition, abundance and diversity of the soil arthropod community in each habitat. In cold season the dominant groups were Chironomidae larvae, Sejidae and Trombidiidae. In warm season the dominant groups were Chironomidae larva, Onychiurus, Pygmephorus and Tullbergia. The soil arthopod communities exhibited significant differences among the habitats at the 0–10 and 10–20 cm depth. The multivariate tests with the linear model redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed the significant impact of soil physical and chemical factors on the seasonal change of soil arthropod community. The results demonstrate that soil arthropods in the study area respond more actively to temporal changes than to habitat changes.

Fusarium solani is a major soil-borne pathogen responsible for root rot diseases, posing a significant threat to agricultural productivity. The development of environmentally sustainable alternatives to chemical fungicides is therefore urgently needed. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of fermentation broths and extracellular metabolites derived from Tilletia laevis fungi at different developmental stages against F. solani under in vitro conditions. Six test agents, including carbendazim (one positive fungicide control), caffeic acid, phenylacetylglycine, and 6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid (candidate bioactive metabolites), were evaluated for mycelial growth inhibition, EC₅₀ values, and physiological responses. All treatments exhibited concentration-dependent inhibitory effects, with carbendazim showing the highest activity (EC₅₀ = 21.26 mg L⁻¹). Among the metabolites, 6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid and phenylacetylglycine demonstrated notable antifungal efficacy, particularly at higher concentrations. Fermentation broths from the promycelial stage showed stronger inhibition than those from the teliospore stage, indicating stage-specific metabolite activity. Biochemical analyses of F. solani mycelia revealed significant changes in soluble protein, soluble sugar, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and POD), suggesting that antifungal effects are mediated through metabolic disruption and oxidative stress. These findings highlight the potential of T. laevis-derived metabolites as eco-friendly biofungicides and provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management of soil-borne diseases. Further studies are required to identify active compounds and validate their efficacy under field conditions.