In this work, nickel oxide nanoparticles were prepared by polyol mediated aqueous route of sol–gel process using nickel nitrate hexahydrate as precursor, a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water as solvent and glycerol for making polyol medium followed by calcination at various temperatures ranging from 500 to 900 °C. Characterization was carried out using X–ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed the formation of face-cantered cubic structure of nickel oxide with its complete conversion after calcination at 900 °C; significant variation in the surface morphology was observed with the increasing calcination temperature. The study revealed that the aqueous sol–gel route using polyol system followed by calcination at ambient temperatures lead to the successful synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles.

At low four-momentum transfer squared 0.02 < −t < 0.2 (GeV/c)², we use the Chou–Yang model to predict the form factor of protons from proton–proton elastic scattering at center-of-mass energy s = 8 TeV. By fitting differential cross-sectional data from the TOTEM experiment to a single Gaussian, the form factor is extracted. We use this form factor to find the rms matter radius of the proton to be 0.88 fm, which is in good agreement with the experimental data and the theoretically predicted values of the rms radius.

Using differential cross-section data on \(p\bar{p}\) elastic scattering at \(\sqrt{s}=31\), 53, 62, and 1960 GeV, for low momentum transfer square (\(0.1<|t|<1.0\)) (GeV)\({}^{2}\) electromagnetic form factor of proton is predicted by employing Chou–Yang model. Rms radii of proton at different centre-of-mass energies are also computed. A comparison of calculated values of rms radius of proton is given.