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Landscape trees sequester carbon during their growth processes, but they emit carbon through production in nurseries, which may offset carbon uptake. This study quantified the carbon footprint of landscape tree production. After determining the scope of life cycle for landscape tree production, the energy and material used to produce trees of a target size were analyzed by conducting a field survey of 35 nurseries. This energy consumption and input material were converted to an estimate of carbon emitted using data on carbon emission coefficients. The net carbon uptake was 4.6, 12.2, and 24.3 kg/tree for trees with a DBH of 7, 10, and 13 cm, respectively. Thus, even though carbon is emitted during the production process, landscape trees can act as a source of carbon uptake in cities that have high energy consumption levels. This study broke new ground for quantifying the carbon footprint of landscape tree production by overcoming limitations of the past studies that only considered carbon uptake due to absence of data on energy consumption and difficulty of field survey. These study results are expected to provide information on the carbon footprint of landscape trees and to be useful in determining optimal greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal through urban greenspaces.
Hye-Mi Park; Hyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim. Carbon Footprint of Landscape Tree Production in Korea. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5915 .
AMA StyleHye-Mi Park, Hyun-Kil Jo, Jin-Young Kim. Carbon Footprint of Landscape Tree Production in Korea. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5915.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHye-Mi Park; Hyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim. 2021. "Carbon Footprint of Landscape Tree Production in Korea." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5915.
Jin-Young Kim; Hyun-Kil Jo; Hye-Mi Park. Improvement of the Planting Method to Increase the Carbon Reduction Capacity of Urban Street Trees. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 2021, 24, 219 -227.
AMA StyleJin-Young Kim, Hyun-Kil Jo, Hye-Mi Park. Improvement of the Planting Method to Increase the Carbon Reduction Capacity of Urban Street Trees. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment. 2021; 24 (2):219-227.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin-Young Kim; Hyun-Kil Jo; Hye-Mi Park. 2021. "Improvement of the Planting Method to Increase the Carbon Reduction Capacity of Urban Street Trees." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 24, no. 2: 219-227.
An increasing concentration of air pollutants, which negatively affect human health and living environment, present a serious environmental concern around the world. Street trees can help reduce carbon (C) and PM2.5 in cities that lack sufficient greenspace. This study quantified C uptake and PM2.5 deposition on street trees in the Republic of Korea and suggested sustainable design guidelines to enhance the effects of C and PM2.5 reduction. The mean C uptake and the PM2.5 deposition on street trees per unit area were 0.6 ± 0.1 t/ha/y and 2.0 ± 0.3 kg/ha/y, respectively. The major determining factors of the levels of C uptake and PM2.5 deposition on street trees were the species, density, size, and layering structure of the planted trees. Street trees in the Republic of Korea annually offset C and PM2.5 emissions from vehicles by 1.4% and 180%, respectively. Based on these results, design guidelines are suggested that can contribute to sharing the value and the importance of planting street trees for the reduction of C and PM2.5 levels in greenspaces.
Hyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim; Hye-Mi Park. Carbon and PM2.5 Reduction and Design Guidelines for Street Trees in Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10414 .
AMA StyleHyun-Kil Jo, Jin-Young Kim, Hye-Mi Park. Carbon and PM2.5 Reduction and Design Guidelines for Street Trees in Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10414.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim; Hye-Mi Park. 2020. "Carbon and PM2.5 Reduction and Design Guidelines for Street Trees in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10414.
Multifamily residential sites (MRS) are practical alternatives for securing a carbon uptake source in urban areas where hardscape is dominant, as trees must be planted in the lot area, according to the current landscape-related ordinances in Korea. Tree planting contributes to sustainability of residential sites through carbon reduction. This study quantified direct and indirect carbon reduction from tree planting in MRS in Korea and explored sustainable design guidelines to maximize the carbon offset service of MRS. The total annual direct and indirect carbon reduction through tree planting in all the MRS was estimated to be about 101.1 kt/year. This carbon reduction equaled 3.3% of the total annual carbon emissions from the heating and cooling energy consumption of multifamily buildings. This study considered both direct and indirect carbon reduction from trees in MRS which was insufficient in previous studies. The results of this study can be useful internationally by sharing the information of sustainable residential design in enhancing carbon offset service.
Hyun-Kil Jo; Hye-Mi Park; Jin-Young Kim. Carbon Offset Service and Design Guideline of Tree Planting for Multifamily Residential Sites in Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3543 .
AMA StyleHyun-Kil Jo, Hye-Mi Park, Jin-Young Kim. Carbon Offset Service and Design Guideline of Tree Planting for Multifamily Residential Sites in Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (13):3543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun-Kil Jo; Hye-Mi Park; Jin-Young Kim. 2019. "Carbon Offset Service and Design Guideline of Tree Planting for Multifamily Residential Sites in Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3543.
This study quantified carbon storage and uptake for urban parks in Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea. A total of 38 study parks were selected using a systematic random sampling method and all the trees in the parks were field-inventoried. Carbon storage and uptake by the park trees were estimated applying a quantitative model for urban open-grown trees of each species. Mean carbon storage per unit of park area, basal area, and crown cover by the trees was 38.5 ± 3.0 t/ha, 27.3 ± 0.8 kg/100 cm2, and 7.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. Annual carbon uptake per unit area and cover by the trees averaged 3.5 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr, 2.5 ± 0.1 kg/100 cm2/yr, and 0.7 ± 0.0 kg/m2/yr, respectively. The major determinants of the levels of carbon storage and uptake were species, density, sizes, and layering structures of the planted trees. The trees across all urban parks in Seoul were estimated to store 222.3 kt of carbon and to annually sequester 20.2 kt of carbon. The trees in these parks played an important role in annually offsetting carbon emissions from gasoline consumption by approximately 2.3% of the total population of the city. The economic value of the annual carbon uptake, which was $7.1 million/yr, equaled 15.1% of the annual maintenance budget of the parks in the city. However, the role of study parks as a source of carbon uptake was limited due to the distribution of large grass and impervious areas, the single-layered structures, and the dominance of small trees. Planning strategies were explored to enhance carbon reduction effects of the parks. They included the expansion of tree planting spaces through the minimization of unnecessary grass and paving areas, the active tree planting in the potential planting spaces, the multi-layered planting grouped with larger trees, and the planting of tree species having satisfactory growth rates. This study puts an emphasis on finding out the present carbon offset levels of urban parks on which information is limited and suggesting a future direction of park planning based on a detailed actual survey.
Hyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim; Hye-Mi Park. Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 41, 48 -54.
AMA StyleHyun-Kil Jo, Jin-Young Kim, Hye-Mi Park. Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 41 ():48-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun-Kil Jo; Jin-Young Kim; Hye-Mi Park. 2019. "Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 41, no. : 48-54.