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The first human case of zoonotic A(H7N4) avian influenza virus (AIV) infection was reported in early 2018 in China. Two months after this case, novel A(H7N4) viruses phylogenetically related to the Jiangsu isolate emerged in ducks from live bird markets in Cambodia. During active surveillance in Cambodia, a novel A(H7N6) reassortant of the zoonotic low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) A(H7N4) was detected in domestic ducks at a slaughterhouse. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel A(H7N6) AIV is a reassortant, in which four gene segments originated from Cambodia A(H7N4) viruses and four gene segments originated from LPAIVs in Eurasia. Animal infection experiments revealed that chickens transmitted the A(H7N6) virus via low level direct contacts, but ducks did not. Although avian-origin A(H7Nx) LPAIVs do not contain the critical mammalian-adaptive substitution (E627K) in PB2, the lethality and morbidity of the A(H7N6) virus in BALB/c mice were similar to those of A(H7N9) viruses, suggesting potential for interspecies transmission. Our study reports the emergence of a new reassortant of zoonotic A(H7N4) AIVs with novel viral characteristics and emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance of avian-origin A(H7Nx) viruses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Yu‐Na Lee; Dong‐Hun Lee; Jae‐In Shin; Young‐Jae Si; Ji‐Ho Lee; Yoon‐Gi Baek; Seo Yun Hong; Seng Bunnary; Sothyra Tum; Minji Park; Soo‐Jeong Kye; Myoung‐Heon Lee; Youn‐Jeong Lee. Pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N6) virus isolated in Cambodia in 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleYu‐Na Lee, Dong‐Hun Lee, Jae‐In Shin, Young‐Jae Si, Ji‐Ho Lee, Yoon‐Gi Baek, Seo Yun Hong, Seng Bunnary, Sothyra Tum, Minji Park, Soo‐Jeong Kye, Myoung‐Heon Lee, Youn‐Jeong Lee. Pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N6) virus isolated in Cambodia in 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu‐Na Lee; Dong‐Hun Lee; Jae‐In Shin; Young‐Jae Si; Ji‐Ho Lee; Yoon‐Gi Baek; Seo Yun Hong; Seng Bunnary; Sothyra Tum; Minji Park; Soo‐Jeong Kye; Myoung‐Heon Lee; Youn‐Jeong Lee. 2021. "Pathogenesis and genetic characteristics of a novel reassortant low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N6) virus isolated in Cambodia in 2019." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major infectious pathogen causing significant respiratory signs in equids worldwide. Voluntary surveillances in the United States (US) recently reported EIV detection in horses with respiratory signs even with adequate vaccine protocols and biosecurity programs and posed a concern about suboptimal effectiveness of EIV vaccine in the US. This study aims to determine genetic characteristics of 58 field EIV H3N8 strains in the US from 2012 to 2017 using the phylogenetic analysis based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Amino acid substitution and acquisition of N-glycosylation of the HA gene were also evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis identified that almost all US field strains belonged to the Florida Clade 1 (FC1) except one Florida Clade 2 strain from a horse imported in 2014. US EIV strains in 2017 shared 11 fixed amino acid substitutions in the HA gene comparing to the vaccine strain (A/equine/Ohio/2003) and two additional amino acid substitutions were detected in 2019. Introduction of foreign EIV strains into the US was not detected, but antigenic drift without acquisition of N-glycosylation in the HA gene were observed in US field strains until 2017. Considering the global dominance of FC1 strains, subsequent antigenic drift of US EIV strains should be monitored for better effectiveness of EIV vaccine in the US and global equine industries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Kyuyoung Lee; Nicola Pusterla; Samantha M. Barnum; Dong‐Hun Lee; Beatriz Martínez‐López. Genome‐informed characterisation of antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin gene of equine influenza strains circulating in the United States from 2012 to 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKyuyoung Lee, Nicola Pusterla, Samantha M. Barnum, Dong‐Hun Lee, Beatriz Martínez‐López. Genome‐informed characterisation of antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin gene of equine influenza strains circulating in the United States from 2012 to 2017. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyuyoung Lee; Nicola Pusterla; Samantha M. Barnum; Dong‐Hun Lee; Beatriz Martínez‐López. 2021. "Genome‐informed characterisation of antigenic drift in the haemagglutinin gene of equine influenza strains circulating in the United States from 2012 to 2017." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae), the Asian longhorned tick, which is native to temperate East Asia, has been recently detected in the northeastern region of the United States, drawing concerns about its potential impact on the US animal and public health sectors. Knowledge about the genetic features of H. longicornis found in the US is limited. Therefore, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mt-genome) from two H. longicornis ticks recently collected in the State of New York, USA, in 2020. These ticks were morphologically identified and tested for tick-borne pathogens at the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Storrs, CT). The mt-genome was 14,694 bp in length and encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the mt-genome clustered with those of other H. longicornis identified in China. The mt-genome sequence was 99.7% identical to a H. longicornis mt-genome (GenBank: MK439888) collected in China. The cox1 gene haplotype in these ticks belonged to the H1 type, which is the dominant haplotype present in central NJ and Staten Island, NY. The complete mt-genome data are needed to provide insights into genetic changes and phylogenetic studies of H. longicornis ticks.
Ji-Yeon Hyeon; Holly McGinnis; Maureen Sims; Zeinab H. Helal; Junwon Kim; David H. Chung; Guillermo R. Risatti; Dong-Hun Lee. Complete mitochondrial genome of Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Neumann, 1901 (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) identified in the United States. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2021, 6, 2402 -2405.
AMA StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon, Holly McGinnis, Maureen Sims, Zeinab H. Helal, Junwon Kim, David H. Chung, Guillermo R. Risatti, Dong-Hun Lee. Complete mitochondrial genome of Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Neumann, 1901 (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) identified in the United States. Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 2021; 6 (8):2402-2405.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon; Holly McGinnis; Maureen Sims; Zeinab H. Helal; Junwon Kim; David H. Chung; Guillermo R. Risatti; Dong-Hun Lee. 2021. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Neumann, 1901 (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) identified in the United States." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6, no. 8: 2402-2405.
Standing poloidal Alfven waves, radial oscillations with ultralow frequency of 5–20 mHz, are excited by wave-particle interaction in the magnetosphere. It has been a question over several decades why poloidal oscillations often persist and are not quickly converted into toroidal waves even when there is no corresponding particle source. By adopting magnetohydrodynamic simulations in the dipole model, we first show that long-lasting poloidal waves are available if the local Alfven frequency gradient becomes negligible. Assuming that initial poloidal modes are excited by driving particles, we investigate two loss mechanisms into either toroidal modes or compressional modes. Both mechanisms enable us to derive two necessary conditions for the existence of persistent poloidal modes. It is found that these conditions are very consistent with statistical feature of observations. Our results will be useful in identifying the persistent poloidal mode in terms of the corresponding particle energy and wavenumbers.
Jiwon Choi; Dong‐Hun Lee. On the Persistent Poloidal Alfven Waves. Geophysical Research Letters 2021, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleJiwon Choi, Dong‐Hun Lee. On the Persistent Poloidal Alfven Waves. Geophysical Research Letters. 2021; 48 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiwon Choi; Dong‐Hun Lee. 2021. "On the Persistent Poloidal Alfven Waves." Geophysical Research Letters 48, no. 12: 1.
Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:(k):1, 5, (7) (sheep associated S. diarizonae, SASd) is the most common Salmonella serotype identified in sheep flocks. Despite the involvement with animal and human infections, there is limited information regarding virulence profiles of SASds and their antibiotic resistance gene complement, particularly for those circulating in the U.S. In this study, we genetically characterized three SASds, 20-265, 20-269, and 20-312, isolated from sheep placental tissues during an abortion storm affecting a flock in Connecticut during 2020. SASds were the only bacteria isolated from analyzed sheep tissues. The isolates were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested, but all these SASd isolates carry the aminoglycoside resistance gene, aac(6′)-Iaa, and a chromosomal substitution in the parC gene. The proportion of pseudogenes (5.3-5.5%) was similar among the isolates, and these SASds carry IncX1 type plasmids. Comparing with the SASds isolates from Enterobase, the three isolates showed an identical genomic virulence profile carrying virulence genes in the conserved set of other SASd isolates except for steC, iagB, iacP, sseI, and slrP genes. In the SNP-based phylogenetic analysis, SASd sequences were grouped into group A-C, and the group C was further subdivided into subgroup C1-C6. The three isolates clustered with other SASd isolates from the U.S. and Canada in subgroup C6. SASd isolates in the identical phylogenetic groups tended to have similar geographical origin. The results of our study did not provide conclusive evidence about which are the genetic traits that trigger SASds to become virulent in sheep, but our data will provide a point for comparative studies of this Salmonella serovar.
Ji-Yeon Hyeon; Zeinab H. Helal; Robert Polkowski; Mizuki Heishima; Junwon Kim; Dong-Hun Lee; Guillermo R. Risatti. Genetic features of Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5 isolated from abortion cases in sheep, United States, 2020. Research in Veterinary Science 2021, 138, 125 -136.
AMA StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon, Zeinab H. Helal, Robert Polkowski, Mizuki Heishima, Junwon Kim, Dong-Hun Lee, Guillermo R. Risatti. Genetic features of Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5 isolated from abortion cases in sheep, United States, 2020. Research in Veterinary Science. 2021; 138 ():125-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon; Zeinab H. Helal; Robert Polkowski; Mizuki Heishima; Junwon Kim; Dong-Hun Lee; Guillermo R. Risatti. 2021. "Genetic features of Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5 isolated from abortion cases in sheep, United States, 2020." Research in Veterinary Science 138, no. : 125-136.
Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in multiple continents, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America. Wild birds were suspected to be the sources of the local and global spreads of HPAIV. This study evaluated the infectivity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV in mandarin ducks (Aixgalericulata) and domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). None of the birds used in this study, 20 mandarin ducks or 8 pigeons, showed clinical signs or mortality due to H5N6 HPAI infection. Two genotypes of H5N6 HPAIV showed replication and transmission by direct and indirect contact between mandarin ducks. H5N6 HPAIV replicated and transmitted by direct contact between pigeons, although the viral shedding titer and duration were relatively lower and shorter than those in mandarin ducks. Influenza virus antigen was detected in various internal organs of infected mandarin ducks and pigeons, indicating systemic infection. Therefore, our results indicate mandarin ducks and pigeons can be subclinically infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIV and transfer the virus to adjacent birds. The role of mandarin ducks and pigeons in the spread and prevalence of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses should be carefully monitored.
Sol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses 2021, 13, 1069 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Sun-Hak Lee, Yu-Jin Kim, Jei-Hyun Jeong, Jung-Eun Park, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Dong-Hun Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica). Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Sun-Hak Lee; Yu-Jin Kim; Jei-Hyun Jeong; Jung-Eun Park; Weon-Hwa Jheong; Dong-Hun Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) and Domestic Pigeon (Columbia livia domestica)." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1069.
Transpolar arcs (TPAs) are believed to predominantly occur under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions with their hemispheric asymmetry controlled by the Sun-Earth (radial) component of the IMF. In this study, we present observations of TPAs that appear in both the northern and southern hemispheres even during a prolonged interval of radially oriented IMF. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16 and the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellites observed TPAs on the dawnside polar cap in both hemispheres (one TPA structure in the southern hemisphere and two in the northern hemisphere) during an interval of nearly earthward-oriented IMF on October 29, 2005. The southern hemisphere TPA and one of the northern hemisphere TPAs are associated with electron and ion precipitation and mostly sunward plasma flow (with shears) relative to their surroundings. Meanwhile, the other TPA in the northern hemisphere is associated with an electron-only precipitation and antisunward flow relative to its surroundings. Our observations indicate the following: (a) the TPA formation is not limited to northward IMF conditions; (b) the TPAs can be located on both closed field lines rooted in the polar cap of both hemispheres and open field lines connected to the northward field lines draped over one hemisphere of the magnetopause. We believe that the TPAs presented here are the result of both indirect and direct processes of solar wind energy transfer to the high-latitude ionosphere.
Jong‐Sun Park; Quan Qi Shi; Motoharu Nowada; Jih‐Hong Shue; Khan‐Hyuk Kim; Dong‐Hun Lee; Qiu‐Gang Zong; Alexander W. Degeling; An Min Tian; Timo Pitkänen; Yongliang Zhang; I. Jonathan Rae; Marc R. Hairston. Transpolar Arcs During a Prolonged Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Interval. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 2021, 126, 1 .
AMA StyleJong‐Sun Park, Quan Qi Shi, Motoharu Nowada, Jih‐Hong Shue, Khan‐Hyuk Kim, Dong‐Hun Lee, Qiu‐Gang Zong, Alexander W. Degeling, An Min Tian, Timo Pitkänen, Yongliang Zhang, I. Jonathan Rae, Marc R. Hairston. Transpolar Arcs During a Prolonged Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Interval. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 2021; 126 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJong‐Sun Park; Quan Qi Shi; Motoharu Nowada; Jih‐Hong Shue; Khan‐Hyuk Kim; Dong‐Hun Lee; Qiu‐Gang Zong; Alexander W. Degeling; An Min Tian; Timo Pitkänen; Yongliang Zhang; I. Jonathan Rae; Marc R. Hairston. 2021. "Transpolar Arcs During a Prolonged Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Interval." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126, no. 6: 1.
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 H5N1 (Gs/GD) lineage has been transmitted globally and has caused deaths in wild birds, poultry, and humans. Clade 2.3.4.4c, one of the subclades of the Gs/GD lineage, spread through Taiwan in late 2014 and become an endemic virus. We analyzed 239 newly sequenced HPAI clade H5Nx isolates to explore the phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and evolutionary history of Taiwan HPAI H5Nx viruses from 2015 to 2018. Overall, 15 reassortant genotypes were identified among H5N2, H5N3, and H5N8 viruses. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies based on homologous hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix protein (MP) genes suggest that Taiwan HPAI H5Nx viruses share a most recent common ancestor that has diversified since October 2014 and is closely related to two HPAI H5N8 viruses identified from wild birds in Japan. Two waves of HPAI caused by multiple reassortants were identified, the first occurring in late 2014 and the second beginning in late 2016. The first wave consisted of seven H5Nx reassortants that spread through Taiwan. In the second wave, eight novel reassortants were detected which had newly introduced internal genes, mostly derived from the avian influenza virus gene pool maintained in wild birds in Asia. Phylodynamic reconstruction using the Bayesian Skygrid model revealed varied fluctuating patterns among reassortants. The mean evolutionary rate also varied among reassortants and subtypes. The neuraminidase (NA) gene evolved faster than the HA gene in H5N2 viruses, while HA evolved faster than NA in H5N8 viruses. The HA mean evolutionary rate ranged from 6.00 × 10−3 to 7.73 × 10−3 and from 5.81 × 10−3 to 9.45 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year for H5N2 and H5N8 viruses, respectively. The continuous circulation of HPAI H5Nx variants and the emergence of novel reassortants in Taiwan highlight that the surveillance, biosecurity, and management systems of poultry farms need to be improved and carefully executed.
Chih-Wei Huang; Li-Hsuan Chen; Dong-Hun Lee; Yu-Pin Liu; Wan-Chen Li; Ming-Shiuh Lee; Yen-Ping Chen; Fan Lee; Chwei-Jang Chiou; Yu-Ju Lin. Evolutionary history of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.4.4c) circulating in Taiwan during 2015–2018. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2021, 92, 104885 .
AMA StyleChih-Wei Huang, Li-Hsuan Chen, Dong-Hun Lee, Yu-Pin Liu, Wan-Chen Li, Ming-Shiuh Lee, Yen-Ping Chen, Fan Lee, Chwei-Jang Chiou, Yu-Ju Lin. Evolutionary history of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.4.4c) circulating in Taiwan during 2015–2018. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2021; 92 ():104885.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChih-Wei Huang; Li-Hsuan Chen; Dong-Hun Lee; Yu-Pin Liu; Wan-Chen Li; Ming-Shiuh Lee; Yen-Ping Chen; Fan Lee; Chwei-Jang Chiou; Yu-Ju Lin. 2021. "Evolutionary history of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.4.4c) circulating in Taiwan during 2015–2018." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 92, no. : 104885.
Balance in time perspectives has been gaining interest in South Korea since it is considered as a precondition for an individual’s mental health and happiness. However, measuring the time perspective with the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) – which consists of 64 items, including a Future Negative dimension – creates difficulties in practical use due to its length. The aim of the present study is to develop and validate a South Korean short version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (KS-S-ZTPI) in a total sample of 725 adults in South Korea. The factor structure of this inventory was investigated, and the validity and reliability of the inventory were analyzed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was first performed along with a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to identify internal consistency. The results showed that the KS-S-ZTPI, containing 16 items, supported a four-factor model: “Past Negative,” “Past Positive,” “Present Hedonistic,” and “Future” time perspectives. Finally, the correlations with depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, and self-esteem were examined to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. The results showed that “Past Negative” and “Present Hedonistic” time perspectives were negatively associated with self-esteem but positively associated with depression and anxiety. On the other hand, “Past Positive” and “Future” time perspectives were positively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction, but negatively associated with depression and anxiety. Considering these results, implications and suggestions are discussed.
Hwa Jung Lee; Deok Hee Lee; Dong Hun Lee. South Korean short version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Current Psychology 2021, 1 -10.
AMA StyleHwa Jung Lee, Deok Hee Lee, Dong Hun Lee. South Korean short version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Current Psychology. 2021; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwa Jung Lee; Deok Hee Lee; Dong Hun Lee. 2021. "South Korean short version of the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory." Current Psychology , no. : 1-10.
This study aimed to investigate transitions in patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and psychological distress among South Koreans with traumatic experiences. This study consists of two parts: In Part 1 the time since trauma ranged between 0 and 41 years, while in Part 2 participants experienced at least one traumatic event within the previous three years. We identified subgroups and transitions between classes over a one‐year period using latent profile analysis and latent transition analysis. First, in Part 1, four classes were identified at T1 and T2. Second, we explored whether age, sex, time since trauma, and time perspective (TP) predicted class membership at T1. Age, past‐negative, present‐fatalistic, and future TPs were significant predictors of class membership at T1. Finally, sex, past‐negative, and future TPs were identified as significant predictors of class transition over time. The same analysis was conducted in Part 2 with individuals chosen from the Part 1 participants. Differential effects of TP on class membership and transitions in PTSD symptoms and psychological distress indicated the need for intervention programs that consider the TP profiles of individuals with traumatic experiences.
Hayoung Jung; Donghun Lee; Deokhee Lee. Longitudinal transitions in patterns of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychological distress among South Korean adults with traumatic experiences. Stress and Health 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleHayoung Jung, Donghun Lee, Deokhee Lee. Longitudinal transitions in patterns of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychological distress among South Korean adults with traumatic experiences. Stress and Health. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayoung Jung; Donghun Lee; Deokhee Lee. 2021. "Longitudinal transitions in patterns of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychological distress among South Korean adults with traumatic experiences." Stress and Health , no. : 1.
During October 2020–January 2021, we isolated a total of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses from wild birds and outbreaks in poultry in South Korea. We sequenced the isolates and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences to determine the origin, evolution, and spread patterns of these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed that all the isolates belong to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B (2.3.4.4b) and form two distinct genetic clusters, G1 and G2. The cluster G1 was closely related to the 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAI viruses detected in Europe in early 2020, while the cluster G2 had a close genetic relationship with the 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses that circulated in Europe in late 2020. A total of seven distinct genotypes were identified, including five novel reassortants carrying internal genes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Our Bayesian discrete trait phylodynamic analysis between host types suggests that the viruses initially disseminated from migratory waterfowl to domestic duck farms in South Korea. Subsequently, domestic duck farms most likely contributed to the transmission of HPAI viruses to chicken and minor poultry farms, highlighting the need for enhanced, high levels of biosecurity measures at domestic duck farms to effectively prevent the introduction and spread of HPAI.
Yoon-Gi Baek; Yu-Na Lee; Dong-Hun Lee; Jae-In Shin; Ji-Ho Lee; David Chung; Eun-Kyoung Lee; Gyeong-Beom Heo; Mingeun Sagong; Soo-Jeong Kye; Kwang-Nyeong Lee; Myoung-Heon Lee; Youn-Jeong Lee. Multiple Reassortants of H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in South Korea during the Winter of 2020–2021. Viruses 2021, 13, 490 .
AMA StyleYoon-Gi Baek, Yu-Na Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Jae-In Shin, Ji-Ho Lee, David Chung, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Gyeong-Beom Heo, Mingeun Sagong, Soo-Jeong Kye, Kwang-Nyeong Lee, Myoung-Heon Lee, Youn-Jeong Lee. Multiple Reassortants of H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in South Korea during the Winter of 2020–2021. Viruses. 2021; 13 (3):490.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon-Gi Baek; Yu-Na Lee; Dong-Hun Lee; Jae-In Shin; Ji-Ho Lee; David Chung; Eun-Kyoung Lee; Gyeong-Beom Heo; Mingeun Sagong; Soo-Jeong Kye; Kwang-Nyeong Lee; Myoung-Heon Lee; Youn-Jeong Lee. 2021. "Multiple Reassortants of H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in South Korea during the Winter of 2020–2021." Viruses 13, no. 3: 490.
The genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective H5 influenza A vaccine. Here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vHVT)-H5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4A-derived H5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) inserts with challenge by homologous and genetically divergent H5 HPAI Gs/GD lineage viruses in chickens. Direct assessment of protection was confirmed for all the tested constructs, which provided clinical protection against the homologous and heterologous H5 HPAI Gs/GD challenge viruses and significantly decreased oropharyngeal shedding titers compared to the sham vaccine. The cross reactivity was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and focus reduction assay against a panel of phylogenetically and antigenically diverse H5 strains. The COBRA-derived H5 inserts elicited antibody responses against antigenically diverse strains, while the wild-type-derived H5 vaccines elicited protection mostly against close antigenically related clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4D viruses. In conclusion, the HVT vector, a widely used replicating vaccine platform in poultry, with H5 insert provides clinical protection and significant reduction of viral shedding against homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, the COBRA-derived inserts have the potential to be used against antigenically distinct co-circulating viruses and future drift variants.
Kateri Bertran; Aemro Kassa; Miria F. Criado; Ivette A. Nuñez; Dong-Hun Lee; Lindsay Killmaster; Mariana Sá e Silva; Ted M. Ross; Teshome Mebatsion; Nikki Pritchard; David E. Swayne. Efficacy of recombinant Marek’s disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2021, 39, 1933 -1942.
AMA StyleKateri Bertran, Aemro Kassa, Miria F. Criado, Ivette A. Nuñez, Dong-Hun Lee, Lindsay Killmaster, Mariana Sá e Silva, Ted M. Ross, Teshome Mebatsion, Nikki Pritchard, David E. Swayne. Efficacy of recombinant Marek’s disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Vaccine. 2021; 39 (14):1933-1942.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKateri Bertran; Aemro Kassa; Miria F. Criado; Ivette A. Nuñez; Dong-Hun Lee; Lindsay Killmaster; Mariana Sá e Silva; Ted M. Ross; Teshome Mebatsion; Nikki Pritchard; David E. Swayne. 2021. "Efficacy of recombinant Marek’s disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses." Vaccine 39, no. 14: 1933-1942.
We report the first detection of Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea during July 2020. The viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. Complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm in China, which belongs to one of the most prevalent H9N2 genotypes in China. Increasing human cases of the same genotype H9N2 infection in China and the mammalian specific markers present in the viruses isolated suggest potential implications for public health.
Sungsu Youk; Andrew Y. Cho; Dong‐Hun Lee; Sol Jeong; Yu‐Jin Kim; Sunhak Lee; Tae‐Hyeon Kim; Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood; Chang‐Seon Song. Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSungsu Youk, Andrew Y. Cho, Dong‐Hun Lee, Sol Jeong, Yu‐Jin Kim, Sunhak Lee, Tae‐Hyeon Kim, Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood, Chang‐Seon Song. Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSungsu Youk; Andrew Y. Cho; Dong‐Hun Lee; Sol Jeong; Yu‐Jin Kim; Sunhak Lee; Tae‐Hyeon Kim; Mary J. Pantin‐Jackwood; Chang‐Seon Song. 2021. "Detection of newly introduced Y280‐lineage H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in Korea." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) is recognized as a major cause of human salmonellosis worldwide, and most human salmonellosis is due to the consumption of contaminated poultry meats and poultry byproducts. Whole-genome sequencing (data were obtained from 96 SE isolates from poultry sources, including an integrated broiler supply chain, farms, slaughterhouses, chicken transporting trucks, and retail chicken meats in South Korea during 2010–2017. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were investigated using WGS data, and the phylogenetic relationship of the isolates was analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). All isolates carried aminoglycoside resistance genes, aac(6’)-Iaa, and 56 isolates carried multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. The most frequent virulence gene profile, pef-fim-sop-inv.-org-sip-spa-sif-fli-flg-hil-ssa-sse-prg-pag-spv, was found in 90 isolates. The SNP analysis provided a higher resolution than the cgMLST analysis, but the cgMLST analysis was highly congruent with the SNP analysis. The phylogenetic results suggested the presence of resident SE within the facility of processing plants, environments of slaughterhouses, and the integrated broiler supply chain, and the phylogenetically related isolates were found in retail meats. In addition, the SE isolates from different origins showed close genetic relationships indicating that these strains may have originated from a common source. This study could be valuable reference data for future traceback investigations in South Korea.
Ji-Yeon Hyeon; Shaoting Li; David A. Mann; Shaokang Zhang; Kyu-Jik Kim; Dong-Hun Lee; Xiangyu Deng; Chang-Seon Song. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of SalmonellaEnterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolated from Poultry Sources in South Korea, 2010–2017. Pathogens 2021, 10, 45 .
AMA StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon, Shaoting Li, David A. Mann, Shaokang Zhang, Kyu-Jik Kim, Dong-Hun Lee, Xiangyu Deng, Chang-Seon Song. Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of SalmonellaEnterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolated from Poultry Sources in South Korea, 2010–2017. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (1):45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi-Yeon Hyeon; Shaoting Li; David A. Mann; Shaokang Zhang; Kyu-Jik Kim; Dong-Hun Lee; Xiangyu Deng; Chang-Seon Song. 2021. "Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of SalmonellaEnterica Serotype Enteritidis Isolated from Poultry Sources in South Korea, 2010–2017." Pathogens 10, no. 1: 45.
In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subgroup B. All genes share high levels of nucleotide identity with H5N8 HPAI viruses identified from Europe during early 2020. Enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is needed to monitor the introduction and spread of HPAI via wild birds and to inform the design of improved prevention and control strategies.
Sol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses 2020, 12, 1389 .
AMA StyleSol Jeong, Dong-Hun Lee, Jung-Hoon Kwon, Yu-Jin Kim, Sun-Hak Lee, Andrew Y. Cho, Tae-Hyeon Kim, Jung-Eun Park, Song-I Lee, Chang-Seon Song. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020. Viruses. 2020; 12 (12):1389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol Jeong; Dong-Hun Lee; Jung-Hoon Kwon; Yu-Jin Kim; Sun-Hak Lee; Andrew Y. Cho; Tae-Hyeon Kim; Jung-Eun Park; Song-I Lee; Chang-Seon Song. 2020. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020." Viruses 12, no. 12: 1389.
Since its first detection in 1998, avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has been enzootic in Iran. To better understand the evolutionary history of H9N2 viruses in Iran, we sequenced 15 currently circulating H9N2 viruses from domestic poultry during 2017–2019 and performed phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Iranian H9N2 viruses formed multiple well‐supported monophyletic groups within the G1‐lineage of H9N2 virus. Our analysis of viral population dynamics revealed an increase in genetic diversity until 2007, corresponding to the multiple introductions and diversification of H9N2 viruses into multiple genetic groups (named Iran 1‐4 subgroups), followed by a sudden decrease after 2008. Only the Iran 4 subgroup has survived, expanded, and currently circulates in Iran. The H9N2 viruses possessed many molecular markers associated with mammalian adaption in all gene segments, except neuraminidase gene. Considering the presence of mammalian host‐specific markers, the public health threat of H9N2 viruses continues. Molecular analysis showed that Iranian H9N2 strains have continued to evolve and recent strains have multiple amino acid changes and addition of potential N‐glycosylation on the antigenic sites of hemagglutinin. Continued antigenic and molecular surveillance of H9N2 viruses in poultry and mammals would be required to monitor further increments in viral evolution and their potential threat to public health.
Mohsen Bashashati; David H. Chung; Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi; Dong‐Hun Lee. Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran, 2017–2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMohsen Bashashati, David H. Chung, Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi, Dong‐Hun Lee. Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran, 2017–2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohsen Bashashati; David H. Chung; Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi; Dong‐Hun Lee. 2020. "Evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iran, 2017–2019." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
An outbreak of low-pathogenicity avian influenza A(H7N3) virus of North American wild bird lineage occurred on commercial turkey farms in North Carolina and South Carolina, USA, during March–April 2020. The virus mutated to the highly pathogenic form in 1 house on 1 farm via recombination with host 28S rRNA.
Sungsu Youk; Dong-Hun Lee; Mary L. Killian; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; David E. Swayne; Mia K. Torchetti. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N3) Virus in Poultry, United States, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2020, 26, 2966 -2969.
AMA StyleSungsu Youk, Dong-Hun Lee, Mary L. Killian, Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, David E. Swayne, Mia K. Torchetti. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N3) Virus in Poultry, United States, 2020. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020; 26 (12):2966-2969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSungsu Youk; Dong-Hun Lee; Mary L. Killian; Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood; David E. Swayne; Mia K. Torchetti. 2020. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H7N3) Virus in Poultry, United States, 2020." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 12: 2966-2969.
Low pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N2) virus was detected in poultry in the Dominican Republic in 2007 and re-emerged in 2017. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show introduction of an H5N2 virus lineage from Mexico into poultry in the Dominican Republic, then divergence into 3 distinct genetic subgroups during 2007–2019.
David H. Chung; Dejelia R. Gomez; Julia M. Vargas; Belkis L. Amador; Mia K. Torchetti; Mary L. Killian; David E. Swayne; Dong-Hun Lee. Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N2) Viruses, Dominican Republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2020, 26, 3094 -3096.
AMA StyleDavid H. Chung, Dejelia R. Gomez, Julia M. Vargas, Belkis L. Amador, Mia K. Torchetti, Mary L. Killian, David E. Swayne, Dong-Hun Lee. Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N2) Viruses, Dominican Republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020; 26 (12):3094-3096.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid H. Chung; Dejelia R. Gomez; Julia M. Vargas; Belkis L. Amador; Mia K. Torchetti; Mary L. Killian; David E. Swayne; Dong-Hun Lee. 2020. "Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (H5N2) Viruses, Dominican Republic." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 12: 3094-3096.
Here, we report three detections of H7N1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) from poultry in Missouri (n = 2) and Texas (n = 1) during February and March 2018. Complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analysis suggest that the H7 LPAIV precursor viruses were circulating in wild birds in North America during the fall and winter of 2017 and spilled over into domestic poultry in Texas and Missouri independently during the spring of 2018.
Dong-Hun Lee; Mary Lea Killian; Thomas J. Deliberto; Xiu-Feng Wan; Li Lei; David E. Swayne; Mia Kim Torchetti. H7N1 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in the United States During 2018. Avian Diseases 2020, 65, 59 -62.
AMA StyleDong-Hun Lee, Mary Lea Killian, Thomas J. Deliberto, Xiu-Feng Wan, Li Lei, David E. Swayne, Mia Kim Torchetti. H7N1 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in the United States During 2018. Avian Diseases. 2020; 65 (1):59-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong-Hun Lee; Mary Lea Killian; Thomas J. Deliberto; Xiu-Feng Wan; Li Lei; David E. Swayne; Mia Kim Torchetti. 2020. "H7N1 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in Poultry in the United States During 2018." Avian Diseases 65, no. 1: 59-62.
Merozoite surface protein 9 (MSP-9) from Plasmodium has shown promise as a vaccine candidate due to its location and possible role in erythrocyte invasion. In this study, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) targeting P. berghei MSP-9, and investigated the protection against lethal doses of P. berghei in a mouse model. We found that VLP vaccination induced a P. berghei-specific IgG antibody response in the sera and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in blood compared to a naïve control group. Upon challenge infection with P. berghei, vaccinated mice showed a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cell and memory B cell populations. Importantly, MSP-9 VLP immunization inhibited levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 in the spleen and parasite replication in blood, resulting in significantly prolonged survival time. These results suggest that the MSP-9 VLP vaccine may constitute an effective malaria vaccine.
Su-Hwa Lee; Hae-Ji Kang; Ki-Back Chu; Swarnendu Basak; Dong-Hun Lee; Eun-Kyung Moon; Fu-Shi Quan. Protective Immunity Induced by Virus-Like Particle Containing Merozoite Surface Protein 9 of Plasmodium berghei. Vaccines 2020, 8, 428 .
AMA StyleSu-Hwa Lee, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Swarnendu Basak, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan. Protective Immunity Induced by Virus-Like Particle Containing Merozoite Surface Protein 9 of Plasmodium berghei. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):428.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu-Hwa Lee; Hae-Ji Kang; Ki-Back Chu; Swarnendu Basak; Dong-Hun Lee; Eun-Kyung Moon; Fu-Shi Quan. 2020. "Protective Immunity Induced by Virus-Like Particle Containing Merozoite Surface Protein 9 of Plasmodium berghei." Vaccines 8, no. 3: 428.