In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m³ per ton of waste.

Open dumping threatens the environment and public health by causing soil, water, and air pollution and precipitating the deterioration of the environmental balance. Therefore, sustainable waste management practices and compliance with environmental regulations are important to minimize these negative impacts. In this context, it is very important to identify the environmental damage inflicted by open dumping areas and to take measures to prevent this damage. Makkah is among the cities that still use open dumping for solid waste disposal. The rapid increase in this city’s population is generating large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), making it difficult to manage waste economically without harming the environment or public health. During Umrah and Hajj, the rate of MSW generation increases to an even greater degree. The sustainable management of MSW in holy cities is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the environmental impact of the Kakia Open Dumping Site in Makkah on air quality, soil, and nearby groundwater wells. It also conducted analyses of essential elements (Ca, Mg, and Na), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr), and a metalloid (As) in leachate produced at the Kakia Open Dumpsite, enabling the development of management strategies. In addition, the correlations between the essential elements, the metalloid, and the heavy metals were also analyzed. The goal is not only to mitigate the negative effects of open dumping, but also to highlight the need to adopt sustainable management strategies for MSW in religiously significant cities like Makkah.

The rapid development of resistance by ureolytic bacteria which are involved in various life-threatening conditions such as gastric and duodenal cancer has induced the need to develop a new line of therapy which has anti-urease activity. A series of pyridine carboxamide and carbothioamide derivatives which also have some novel structures were synthesized via condensation reaction and investigated against urease for their inhibitory action. Among the series, 5-chloropyridine-2 yl-methylene hydrazine carbothioamide (Rx-6) and pyridine 2-yl-methylene hydrazine carboxamide (Rx-7) IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.043 µM, 2.18 ± 0.058 µM both possessed significant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and kinetic studies were performed for the most potent inhibitors to demonstrate the binding mode of the active pyridine carbothioamide with the enzyme urease and its mode of interaction. The ADME profile also showed that all the synthesized molecules present oral bioavailability and high GI absorption.

Reducing global warming and promoting natural benefits are critical objectives for the global community, spanning various sectors and initiatives. The commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95 percent by 2050, along with promoting renewable energy sources, is central to this effort. Solar power development in regions with high solar radiation requires open, agricultural, or marginal areas, distinguishing it from projects that misuse valuable land. Social concerns, such as noise from wind turbines and changing landscapes, raise questions about visual impact and landscape rehabilitation. Impacts on flora and fauna, shadowing effects, and wind changes caused by turbines are important considerations. Hydropower projects also affect river dynamics through reservoirs and physical barriers, which must be addressed before implementation. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a valuable tool for identifying these issues, as it provides a baseline for analyzing project impacts and includes predictive forecasts. Managing these environmental and social factors, including potential legal challenges, requires adopting a management system early in the project. This paper will analyze the environmental and social impacts of renewable energy projects, focusing on case studies of solar, wind, and hydropower. It will also explore how EIAs can predict and mitigate negative impacts and present strategies for effective environmental management at the early stages to balance environmental and social objectives.

A key technology to address the growing global water shortage is seawater desalination, particularly in areas with limited freshwater resources. Electrocoagulation is one desalination technique that has drawn interest due to its ability to effectively remove impurities from seawater. This study examined the effectiveness of desalinating seawater via electrocoagulation (EC) using monopolar iron electrodes. Targeted salty seawater forms include total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (Ca⁺⁺), alkalinity, bicarbonate (HCO₃), absolute dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl), and sulphate (SO₄). The effects of the four parameters, which are detention time (T), current intensity (I), pH, and electrode distance (x) on treatment efficiency were investigated. After the analysis of the obtained results, it was found that the optimum values of the used parameters were found to be 2 A for the current intensity, 80 min for the retention time, 8 for pH, and 1.5 cm for the electrode separating distance. For the ideal parameters, the removal seawater salts efficiencies for TH, Ca⁺⁺, alkalinity, HCO₃, TDS, Cl, and SO₄ were found to be 92, 94.21, 91.2, 92.53, 90.1, 90.01, and 90.89 respectively. Also, general equations were developed to estimate the seawater salts removal, R for given I, and T. The study confirms that the EC system effectively removed salts from seawater.