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Dr. Gobika Thiripuranathar
Institute of Chemistry

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Review
Published: 26 August 2021 in Marine Drugs
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Marine algae are rich in bioactive nutraceuticals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, antioxidants, and pigments). Biotic (e.g., plants, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) contribute to the production of primary and secondary metabolites by algae. Easy, profitable, and sustainable recovery methods include novel solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical, high pressure, microwave, ultrasound, enzymatic). The spectacular findings of algal-mediated synthesis of nanotheranostics has attracted further interest because of the availability of microalgae-based natural bioactive therapeutic compounds and the cost-effective commercialization of stable microalgal drugs. Algal extracts can serve as stabilizing/capping and reducing agents for the synthesis of thermodynamically stable nanoparticles (NPs). Different types of nanotherapeutics have been synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Marine algae are a fascinating source of lead theranostics compounds, and the development of nanotheranostics has been linked to enhanced drug efficacy and safety. Indeed, algae are remarkable nanobiofactories, and their pragmatic properties reside in their (i) ease of handling; (ii) capacity to absorb/accumulate inorganic metallic ions; (iii) cost-effectiveness; and (iv) capacity of eco-friendly, rapid, and healthier synthesis of NPs. Preclinical and clinical trials shall enable to really define effective algal-based nanotherapies. This review aims to provide an overview of the main algal compounds that are nutraceuticals and that can be extracted and purified for nanotheranostic purposes.

ACS Style

Farid Menaa; Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Norah A. Althobaiti; Aishah E. Albalawi; Barkat Ali Khan; Bouzid Menaa. Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A New Wave of Nanodrugs? Marine Drugs 2021, 19, 484 .

AMA Style

Farid Menaa, Udari Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Norah A. Althobaiti, Aishah E. Albalawi, Barkat Ali Khan, Bouzid Menaa. Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A New Wave of Nanodrugs? Marine Drugs. 2021; 19 (9):484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farid Menaa; Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Norah A. Althobaiti; Aishah E. Albalawi; Barkat Ali Khan; Bouzid Menaa. 2021. "Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A New Wave of Nanodrugs?" Marine Drugs 19, no. 9: 484.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2021 in Current Nanoscience
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: Nanotechnology in the textile industry has gained popularity in the commercial market over the years. It involves utilizing the characteristic properties of nanomaterials to improve the functionality of the textile. The present article focuses on different types of nano moieties, their properties (such as water repellence, self-cleaning, UV-protection, anti-microbial and flame retardancy), and their applications in various sectors. We also discuss smart textiles, operating mechanisms, and their economic importance. We conclude that the successful application of nanotechnology in the textile industry lies in producing sustainable and multifunctional fabrics to meet the increasing customer demand.

ACS Style

Shamara Perera; Dilendra Wijesekara; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Farid Menaa. The use of nanoparticles to enhance Performance in the Textile Industry – A Concise Review. Current Nanoscience 2021, 17, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Shamara Perera, Dilendra Wijesekara, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Farid Menaa. The use of nanoparticles to enhance Performance in the Textile Industry – A Concise Review. Current Nanoscience. 2021; 17 ():1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shamara Perera; Dilendra Wijesekara; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Farid Menaa. 2021. "The use of nanoparticles to enhance Performance in the Textile Industry – A Concise Review." Current Nanoscience 17, no. : 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Catalysts
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In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been gaining importance due to their unique properties and tremendous applications. This study aimed to fabricate ZnO NPs by using extracts from various parts of the traditional medicinal plant Heliotropium indicum (H. indicum) and evaluate their photocatalytic activity. Further, their potential in photoluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was assessed. The Ultraviolet-Visible spectrum exhibited a hypsochromic shifted absorption band between 350–380 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed spherical NPs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed wurtzite, hexagonal and crystalline nature. The TEM and XRD consistently determined an average particle size range from 19 to 53 nm. The photocatalytic degradation reaches a maximum of 95% for biogenic ZnO NPs by monitoring spectrophotometrically the degradation of methylene blue dye (λmax = 662.8 nm) under solar irradiation. Photoluminescence analysis revealed differentiated spectra with high-intensity emission peaks for biogenic ZnO NPs compared with chemically synthesized ZnO NPs. Eventually, the highest efficiency of FRET (80%) was found in ZnO NPs synthesized from the leaves. This remains the first report highlighting the multifunctional ZnO NPs capabilities mediated by using H. indicum, which could lead to important potential environmental and biomedical applications.

ACS Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Farid Menaa; Haroon Iqbal; Anam Razzaq; Hanadi Almukhlifi. Green Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic Applications of ZnO Nanoconjugates Using Heliotropium indicum. Catalysts 2021, 11, 831 .

AMA Style

Udari Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Farid Menaa, Haroon Iqbal, Anam Razzaq, Hanadi Almukhlifi. Green Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic Applications of ZnO Nanoconjugates Using Heliotropium indicum. Catalysts. 2021; 11 (7):831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Farid Menaa; Haroon Iqbal; Anam Razzaq; Hanadi Almukhlifi. 2021. "Green Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic Applications of ZnO Nanoconjugates Using Heliotropium indicum." Catalysts 11, no. 7: 831.

Preprint content
Published: 17 March 2021
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In recent years, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are gaining importance due to their unique properties and tremendous applications. This study aimed to fabricate ZnO NPs by using extracts from various parts (i.e. stems, leaves, and inflorescences) of the traditional medicinal plant Heliotropium indicum (H. indicum) and to identify their photocatalysis, photoluminescence, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficacy. The Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum was used to monitor the nanoparticles (NPs) formation, which exhibited a hypsochromic shifted absorption band between 360-370 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out for the plant extracts and NPs to identify possible functional groups involved in the capping process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed NPs were spherical in shape and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shown their wurtzite, hexagonal crystalline nature. Further, TEM and XRD consistently determined the average particle size ranging from 19 to 53 nm with more accuracy than scanning electron microscope (SEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the particles were well distributed and monodispersed. The maximum photocatalytic degradation of 95% was evaluated for biogenic ZnO NPs spectrophotometrically by monitoring the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye (λmax = 662.8 nm) under solar irradiation. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis, revealed differentiated spectra with high-intensity emission peaks for biogenic ZnO NPs compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs. Eventually, the highest efficiency of FRET (80%) was found in ZnO NPs synthetized from the leaves. This remains the first attempt to synthesize multifunctional ZnO NPs using H. indicum for potential environmental and biomedical applications.

ACS Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Haroon Iqbal; Farid Menaa; Anam Razaaq. Eco Friendly Zinc Oxide Wurtzite Nanostructures and their Efficacy for Photocatalysis, Photoluminescence and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Udari Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Haroon Iqbal, Farid Menaa, Anam Razaaq. Eco Friendly Zinc Oxide Wurtzite Nanostructures and their Efficacy for Photocatalysis, Photoluminescence and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Haroon Iqbal; Farid Menaa; Anam Razaaq. 2021. "Eco Friendly Zinc Oxide Wurtzite Nanostructures and their Efficacy for Photocatalysis, Photoluminescence and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Owing to the development of nanotechnology, biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is gaining considerable attention as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach that minimizes the effects of toxic chemicals used in NP fabrication. The present work reports low-cost phytofabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs employing aqueous extracts of various parts (leaves, stems, and inflorescences) of Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea). The formation, structure, morphology, and other physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). UV–Vis spectral analysis revealed sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at around 250–280 nm, while the XRD patterns confirmed distinctive peaks indices to the crystalline planes of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO NPs. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of spherical-shaped ZnO NPs with average particle sizes (PS) between 25–35 nm, which was in agreement with the XRD results. FTIR analysis revealed that phenolics, flavonoids, amides, alkaloids, and amines present in the plant extract are responsible for the stabilization of the ZnO NPs. Further, the hydrodynamic diameter in the range of 85–150 nm was measured using the DLS technique. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ability of biogenic ZnO NPs was evaluated, and the highest efficiency was found in ZnO NPs synthesized via T. purpurea inflorescences extract. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of biogenic ZnO NPs showed three emission peaks consisting of a UV–Vis region with high-intensity compared to that of chemically synthesized ZnO NPs. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs showed photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation by enhancing the degradation rate of methylene blue (MB). Among the prepared biogenic ZnO NPs, T. purpurea leaves mediated with NPs acted as the most effective photocatalyst, with a maximum degradation efficiency of 98.86% and a half-life of 84.7 min. This is the first report related to the synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using T. purpurea, with interesting characteristics for various potential applications in the future.

ACS Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Haroon Iqbal; Farid Menaa. Biomimetic Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Photoluminescence, and Photocatalytic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2004 .

AMA Style

Udari Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Haroon Iqbal, Farid Menaa. Biomimetic Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Photoluminescence, and Photocatalytic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Udari Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Haroon Iqbal; Farid Menaa. 2021. "Biomimetic Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Photoluminescence, and Photocatalytic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2004.

Review
Published: 14 December 2020 in Marine Drugs
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Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)–microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.

ACS Style

Farid Menaa; P. A. U. I. Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Bushra Uzair; Haroon Iqbal; Barkat Ali Khan; Bouzid Menaa. Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions. Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 641 .

AMA Style

Farid Menaa, P. A. U. I. Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Bushra Uzair, Haroon Iqbal, Barkat Ali Khan, Bouzid Menaa. Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18 (12):641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farid Menaa; P. A. U. I. Wijesinghe; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Bushra Uzair; Haroon Iqbal; Barkat Ali Khan; Bouzid Menaa. 2020. "Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12: 641.

Research article
Published: 10 November 2020 in SN Applied Sciences
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The present investigation reports a comparative study of direct Sunlight and UV irradiation driven silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from water extracts of seasonal fruit wastes of Garcinia mangostana L. (fruit rind and seed), and Nephelium lappaceum L. (peel and seed). Synthesized NPs were characterized using Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). As per the SEM and TEM images, synthesized NPs appeared to be spherical, with a UV absorbance range of 400–440 nm. FTIR spectra demonstrated peaks at 3268–3290 cm−1, 2347–2363 cm−1, 2099–2103 cm−1, and 1635–1639 cm−1 for fruit waste extracts, with low intensity for AgNPs. The particle size of AgNPs vary from 12.1–31.3 nm, as observed from the TEM, and the EDX spectra confirmed the purity of the AgNPs. The quenching ability of biogenic AgNPs was evaluated using Rhodamine B dye under Fluorescence spectrophotometry. As per the results, all biogenic AgNPs behaved as quenchers. The highest fluorescence quenching activity was observed in AgNPs synthesized via G. mangostana peel extract and N. lappaceum seed extract. The photocatalytic activity of the NPs was measured by the degradation of Methylene Blue dye under Sunlight. Among all four, AgNPs synthesized via N. lappaceum seed extract act as an effective photocatalyst, and the degradation efficiency was recorded as 95% with 22 min of Half-life. Thus, this study proposes that the synthesized biogenic AgNPs behave as an ideal material for dye degradation and fluorescence quenching.

ACS Style

Kulathunga Mudalige Kalani Gayanthika Perera; Kuruppu Arachchige Shashika Shehani Kuruppu; Adikarie Mudiyanselage Ruhunu Chamara; Gobika Thiripuranathar. Characterization of spherical Ag nanoparticles synthesized from the agricultural wastes of Garcinia mangostana and Nephelium lappaceum and their applications as a photo catalyzer and fluorescence quencher. SN Applied Sciences 2020, 2, 1 -24.

AMA Style

Kulathunga Mudalige Kalani Gayanthika Perera, Kuruppu Arachchige Shashika Shehani Kuruppu, Adikarie Mudiyanselage Ruhunu Chamara, Gobika Thiripuranathar. Characterization of spherical Ag nanoparticles synthesized from the agricultural wastes of Garcinia mangostana and Nephelium lappaceum and their applications as a photo catalyzer and fluorescence quencher. SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2 (12):1-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kulathunga Mudalige Kalani Gayanthika Perera; Kuruppu Arachchige Shashika Shehani Kuruppu; Adikarie Mudiyanselage Ruhunu Chamara; Gobika Thiripuranathar. 2020. "Characterization of spherical Ag nanoparticles synthesized from the agricultural wastes of Garcinia mangostana and Nephelium lappaceum and their applications as a photo catalyzer and fluorescence quencher." SN Applied Sciences 2, no. 12: 1-24.

Review
Published: 16 October 2020 in Bioengineering
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Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention for potential applications in medicine (mainly in oncology, radiology and infectiology), due to their intriguing chemical, electronical, catalytical, and optical properties such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. They also offer ease in controlled synthesis and surface modification (e.g., tailored properties conferred by capping/protecting agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers such as thiol, disulfide, ammonium, amine, and multidentate carboxylate), which allows (i) tuning their size and shape (e.g., star-shaped and/or branched) (ii) improving their stability, monodispersity, chemical miscibility, and activity, (iii) avoiding their aggregation and oxidation over time, (iv) increasing their yield and purity. The bottom-up approach, where the metal ions are reduced in the NPs grown in the presence of capping ligands, has been widely used compared to the top-down approach. Besides the physical and chemical synthesis methods, the biological method is gaining much consideration. Indeed, several drawbacks have been reported for the synthesis of NPs via physical (e.g., irradiation, ultrasonication) and chemical (e.g., electrochemisty, reduction by chemicals such as trisodium citrate or ascorbic acid) methods (e.g., cost, and/ortoxicity due to use of hazardous solvents, low production rate, use of huge amount of energy). However, (organic or inorganic) eco-friendly NPs synthesis exhibits a sustainable, safe, and economical solution. Thereby, a relatively new trend for fast and valuable NPs synthesis from (live or dead) algae (i.e., microalgae, macroalgae and cyanobacteria) has been observed, especially because of its massive presence on the Earth’s crust and their unique properties (e.g., capacity to accumulate and reduce metallic ions, fast propagation). This article discusses the algal-mediated synthesis methods (either intracellularly or extracellularly) of inorganic NPs with special emphasis on the noblest metals, i.e., silver (Ag)- and gold (Au)-derived NPs. The key factors (e.g., pH, temperature, reaction time) that affect their biosynthesis process, stability, size, and shape are highlighted. Eventually, underlying molecular mechanisms, nanotoxicity and examples of major biomedical applications of these algal-derived NPs are presented.

ACS Style

Bushra Uzair; Ayesha Liaqat; Haroon Iqbal; Bouzid Menaa; Anam Razzaq; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Nosheen Fatima Rana; Farid Menaa. Green and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Algae: Safe Methods for Translational Medicine. Bioengineering 2020, 7, 129 .

AMA Style

Bushra Uzair, Ayesha Liaqat, Haroon Iqbal, Bouzid Menaa, Anam Razzaq, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Nosheen Fatima Rana, Farid Menaa. Green and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Algae: Safe Methods for Translational Medicine. Bioengineering. 2020; 7 (4):129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bushra Uzair; Ayesha Liaqat; Haroon Iqbal; Bouzid Menaa; Anam Razzaq; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Nosheen Fatima Rana; Farid Menaa. 2020. "Green and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Algae: Safe Methods for Translational Medicine." Bioengineering 7, no. 4: 129.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Nano Express
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ACS Style

K A S S Kuruppu; K M K G Perera; A M R Chamara; G Thiripuranathar. Flower shaped ZnO—NPs; phytofabrication, photocatalytic, fluorescence quenching, and photoluminescence activities. Nano Express 2020, 1, 020020 .

AMA Style

K A S S Kuruppu, K M K G Perera, A M R Chamara, G Thiripuranathar. Flower shaped ZnO—NPs; phytofabrication, photocatalytic, fluorescence quenching, and photoluminescence activities. Nano Express. 2020; 1 (2):020020.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K A S S Kuruppu; K M K G Perera; A M R Chamara; G Thiripuranathar. 2020. "Flower shaped ZnO—NPs; phytofabrication, photocatalytic, fluorescence quenching, and photoluminescence activities." Nano Express 1, no. 2: 020020.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2020 in Journal of Chemistry
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Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables emerge as popular food for consumers in retail markets. However, a loss of millions of dollars yearly to the food industry has been due to discoloration of fruits and vegetables caused by a pronounced reaction called enzymatic browning, which is caused by the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme present in most of the fruits and vegetables. The main objective of this study was to investigate the natural antibrowning effects of the aqueous extract of ginger and essential oil of cinnamon bark on PPO enzymatic activity in Annona muricata (katu anoda) and Musa acuminata (ash plantains), which are considered to be widely consumable by Sri Lankans due to its respective health benefits. The antibrowning activity analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 525 nm showed that cinnamon bark oil of 0.0035 g/mL had a % inhibitory activity of 51.97 percent on PPO activity in Annona muricata and 49.51 percent on PPO activity in Musa acuminata, while the aqueous extract of ginger of 0.091 g/mL had a % inhibitory activity of 60.90 percent on PPO activity in Annona muricata and 48.10 percent on PPO activity in Musa acuminata, respectively. This study shows that cinnamon bark oil and ginger can be used as effective, natural, nontoxic antibrowning agents that can inhibit the activity of the PPO enzyme, thereby preventing the essence and nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables.

ACS Style

Michelle B. S. Weerawardana; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Priyani A. Paranagama. Natural Antibrowning Agents against Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Annona muricata and Musa acuminata. Journal of Chemistry 2020, 2020, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Michelle B. S. Weerawardana, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Priyani A. Paranagama. Natural Antibrowning Agents against Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Annona muricata and Musa acuminata. Journal of Chemistry. 2020; 2020 ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michelle B. S. Weerawardana; Gobika Thiripuranathar; Priyani A. Paranagama. 2020. "Natural Antibrowning Agents against Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Annona muricata and Musa acuminata." Journal of Chemistry 2020, no. : 1-6.

Journals
Published: 11 January 2017 in Dalton Transactions
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Double deboronation of 1,1'-bis(ortho-carborane) results in a mixture of racemic and meso diastereoisomers which are sources of the [7-(7'-7',8'-nido-C2B9H10)-7,8-nido-C2B9H10](4-) tetraanion. Consistent with this, metalation of the mixture with {Ru(p-cymene)} affords the diastereoisomers α-[1-(8'-2'-(p-cymene)-2',1',8'-closo-RuC2B9H10)-3-(p-cymene)-3,1,2-closo-RuC2B9H10] (3α) and β-[1-(8'-2'-(p-cymene)-2',1',8'-closo-RuC2B9H10)-3-(p-cymene)-3,1,2-closo-RuC2B9H10] (3β) in which the primed cage has undergone a spontaneous 3',1',2' to 2',1',8'-RuC2B9 isomerisation. Analogous cobaltacarboranes α-[1-(8'-2'-Cp-2',1',8'-closo-CoC2B9H10)-3-Cp-3,1,2-closo-CoC2B9H10] (4α) and β-[1-(8'-2'-Cp-2',1',8'-closo-CoC2B9H10)-3-Cp-3,1,2-closo-CoC2B9H10] (4β) are formed by metalation with CoCl2/NaCp followed by oxidation, along with a small amount of the unique species [8-(8'-2'-Cp-2',1',8'-closo-CoC2B9H10)-2-Cp-2,1,8-closo-CoC2B9H10] (5) if the source of the tetraanion is [HNMe3]2[7-(7'-7',8'-nido-C2B9H11)-7,8-nido-C2B9H11]. Two-electron reduction and subsequent reoxidation of 4α and 4β afford species indistinguishable from 5. The reaction between [Tl]2[1-(1'-3',1',2'-closo-TlC2B9H10)-3,1,2-closo-TlC2B9H10] and [CoCpI2(CO)] leads to the isolation of a further isomer of (CpCoC2B9H11)2, rac-[1-(1'-3'-Cp-3',1',2'-closo-CoC2B9H10)-3-Cp-3,1,2-closo-CoC2B9H10] (6), which displays intramolecular dihydrogen bonding. Thermolysis of 6 yields 4α, allowing a link to be established between the α and β forms of 3 and 4 and racemic and meso forms of the [7-(7'-7',8'-nido-C2B9H10)-7,8-nido-C2B9H10](4-) tetraanion, whilst reduction-oxidation of 6 again results in a product indistinguishable from 5.

ACS Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar; Antony Chan; Dipendu Mandal; Wing Y. Man; Mario Argentari; Georgina M. Rosair; Alan J. Welch. Double deboronation and homometalation of 1,1'-bis(ortho-carborane). Dalton Transactions 2017, 46, 1811 -1821.

AMA Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar, Antony Chan, Dipendu Mandal, Wing Y. Man, Mario Argentari, Georgina M. Rosair, Alan J. Welch. Double deboronation and homometalation of 1,1'-bis(ortho-carborane). Dalton Transactions. 2017; 46 (6):1811-1821.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar; Antony Chan; Dipendu Mandal; Wing Y. Man; Mario Argentari; Georgina M. Rosair; Alan J. Welch. 2017. "Double deboronation and homometalation of 1,1'-bis(ortho-carborane)." Dalton Transactions 46, no. 6: 1811-1821.

Journals
Published: 09 February 2015 in Dalton Transactions
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Both unisomerised and isomerised singly-metallated derivatives of 1,1′-bis(o-carborane) with both {Ru(arene)} and (CoCp} fragments have been prepared and characterised.

ACS Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar; Wing Y. Man; Cesar Palmero; Antony Chan; Bernhard T. Leube; David Ellis; David McKay; Stuart Macgregor; Laure Jourdan; Georgina M. Rosair; Alan J. Welch. Icosahedral metallacarborane/carborane species derived from 1,1′-bis(o-carborane). Dalton Transactions 2015, 44, 5628 -5637.

AMA Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar, Wing Y. Man, Cesar Palmero, Antony Chan, Bernhard T. Leube, David Ellis, David McKay, Stuart Macgregor, Laure Jourdan, Georgina M. Rosair, Alan J. Welch. Icosahedral metallacarborane/carborane species derived from 1,1′-bis(o-carborane). Dalton Transactions. 2015; 44 (12):5628-5637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gobika Thiripuranathar; Wing Y. Man; Cesar Palmero; Antony Chan; Bernhard T. Leube; David Ellis; David McKay; Stuart Macgregor; Laure Jourdan; Georgina M. Rosair; Alan J. Welch. 2015. "Icosahedral metallacarborane/carborane species derived from 1,1′-bis(o-carborane)." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 12: 5628-5637.