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Frank M. Mitloehner
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA

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Lca for agriculture
Published: 10 August 2021 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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Purpose A life cycle assessment was performed for the production of a total mixed ration (TMR) fed to finishing feedlot cattle in California, USA. The goal was to determine the climate change impact of the feed supply chain associated with the production of 1 kg finishing TMR (kg CO2e/kg TMR). A secondary goal was to compare the climate change impact of feed versus finished beef (kg CO2e/kg live weight). Methods The TMR was based on feeds commonly fed to finishing cattle in California. The Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership (LEAP) guidelines were followed for inventory data collection. System boundaries included the production of crops and feed additives, transportation of TMR components, and compound feed production. Data were sourced from national databases and Ecoinvent™ unit process data. Three scenarios were assessed as a result of allocation at the transportation step: Scenario A (100% empty return load); Scenario B (50% empty return load): and Scenario C (0% empty return load). Energy, mass, and economic allocation, and system expansion of dried distillers grain solubles (DDGS) were assessed for sensitivity analysis. Total feedlot emission data from Stackhouse-Lawson et al. (2012) were used to compare to impacts of TMR production. Results Total emissions were determined to be 0.630 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario A, 0.576 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario B, and 0.521 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario C. Corn production, transportation, and liquid premix production were primary contributors to the life cycle impacts of TMR production. Mass-based allocation of DDGS was found to have the most significant effect on overall impacts of the finishing TMR, with a 42% increase in life cycle emissions compared to other allocation methods. For Scenario A, feed used in Angus feedlot production contributed to 76% of total Angus feedlot emissions. Additionally, feed used in Holstein feedlot production contributed to 58% of total Holstein feedlot emissions. Conclusions and recommendations The present study demonstrates a need to better assess the feed supply chain of feedlot beef production in order to accurately identify areas that have the most significant impacts on overall emissions. This may aid in minimizing impacts associated with feed production and, by extension, beef production. The present study may also serve to inform future decisions for improvements or alterations of the LEAP guidelines.

ACS Style

Samantha J. Werth; Alice S. Rocha; James W. Oltjen; Ermias Kebreab; Frank M. Mitloehner. A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of cattle feedlot finishing rations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Samantha J. Werth, Alice S. Rocha, James W. Oltjen, Ermias Kebreab, Frank M. Mitloehner. A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of cattle feedlot finishing rations. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha J. Werth; Alice S. Rocha; James W. Oltjen; Ermias Kebreab; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2021. "A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of cattle feedlot finishing rations." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2021 in CABI Agriculture and Bioscience
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Background As the global community actively works to keep temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 °C, predicting greenhouse gases (GHGs) by how they warm the planet—and not their carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalence—provides information critical to developing short- and long-term climate solutions. Livestock, and in particular cattle, have been broadly branded as major emitters of methane (CH4) and significant drivers of climate change. Livestock production has been growing to meet the global food demand, however, increasing demand for production does not necessarily result in the proportional increase of CH4 production. The present paper intends to evaluate the actual effects of the CH4 emission from U.S. dairy and beef production on temperature and initiate a rethinking of CH4 associated with animal agriculture to clarify long-standing misunderstandings and uncover the potential role of animal agriculture in fighting climate change. Methods Two climate metrics, the standard 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP100) and the recently proposed Global Warming Potential Star (GWP*), were applied to the CH4 emission from the U.S. cattle industry to assess and compare its climate contribution. Results Using GWP*, the projected climate impacts show that CH4 emissions from the U.S. cattle industry have not contributed additional warming since 1986. Calculations show that the California dairy industry will approach climate neutrality in the next ten years if CH4 emissions can be reduced by 1% per year, with the possibility to induce cooling if there are further reductions of emissions. Conclusions GWP* should be used in combination with GWP to provide feasible strategies on fighting climate change induced by short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs). By continuously improving production efficiency and management practices, animal agriculture can be a short-term solution to fight climate warming that the global community can leverage while developing long-term solutions for fossil fuel carbon emissions.

ACS Style

Shule Liu; Joe Proudman; Frank M. Mitloehner. Rethinking methane from animal agriculture. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience 2021, 2, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Shule Liu, Joe Proudman, Frank M. Mitloehner. Rethinking methane from animal agriculture. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. 2021; 2 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shule Liu; Joe Proudman; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2021. "Rethinking methane from animal agriculture." CABI Agriculture and Bioscience 2, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The objective of the present study was to mitigate ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and other air pollutants from lactating dairy cattle waste using different freestall management techniques. For the present study, cows were housed in an environmental chamber from which waste was removed by either flushing or scraping at two different frequencies. The four treatments used were (1) flushing three times a day (F3), (2) flushing six times a day (F6), (3) scraping three times a day (S3), and (4) scraping six times a day (S6). Flushing freestall lanes to remove manure while cows are out of the barn during milking is an industry standard in California. Gas emissions were measured with a mobile agricultural air quality lab connected to the environmental chamber. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were decreased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) in the flushing vs. scraping treatments, respectively. Scraping increased NH3 emissions by 175 and 152% for S3 and S6, respectively vs. F3. Ethanol (EtOH) emissions were increased (p < 0.001) when the frequency of either scraping or flushing was increased from 3 to 6 times but were similar between scraping and flushing treatments. Methane emissions for the F3 vs. other treatments, were decreased (p < 0.001). Removal of dairy manure by scraping has the potential to increase gaseous emissions such as NH3 and GHGs.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank Mitloehner. Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5363 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Ross, Carlyn Peterson, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Frank Mitloehner. Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5363.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank Mitloehner. 2021. "Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5363.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Journal of Animal Science
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With a growing global population and increased environmental concerns around animal agriculture, it is essential to humanely maximize animal performance and reduce environmental emissions. This study aims to determine the efficacy of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC), an orally active, β 1-adrenergic agonist (β1AA), to feedlot steers in the last 42 d of finishing to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions and improve animal performance. A randomized complete block design was used to allocate 112 Angus and crossbred Angus steers (initial body weight [BW] = 566.0 ± 10.4 kg) to 8 cattle pen enclosures. Pens (n = 4 per treatment, 14 steers per pen, and 56 steers per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) CON; finishing ration containing no RAC, 2) RAC; finishing ration containing 27.3 g/907 kg dry matter (DM) basis RAC. Steers were weighed on day −1 and 0 before treatment and day 14, 28, and 42 during treatment. Treatment rations were mixed and delivered daily by masked personnel. Measured emissions included NH3, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The primary response variables assessed were emissions standardized by live weight (LW) and hot carcass weight (HCW). Steers were harvested on day 43 and carcass data were collected on day 43 and 44. Steers fed RAC reduced NH3 emissions by 17.21% from day 0 to 28 (P = 0.032) and tended to reduce NH3 from day 0 to 42 by 11.07% (P = 0.070) vs. CON. When standardized for LW, NH3 was reduced by 23.88% from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.018), 17.80% from day 0 to 28 (P = 0.006), and 12.50% for day 0 to 42 (P = 0.027) in steers fed RAC vs. CON. Steers fed RAC had 14.05% (P = 0.013) lower cumulative NH3 emissions when standardized by HCW vs. CON. Feeding RAC to Steers reduced H2S by 29.49% from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.009) and tended to reduce H2S over day 0 to 28 by 11.14% (P = 0.086) vs. CON. When H2S emissions were standardized for LW, RAC fed steers had a 28.81% reduction from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.008) vs. CON. From day 0 to 42 the RAC fed steers tended to have a 0.24 kg/d greater average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.066) and tended to eat 4.27% less (P = 0.069) on a DM basis vs. CON. The RAC fed steers had a 19.95% greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared to CON (P = 0.012). Steers fed RAC had an average of 12.52 kg greater HCW (P = 0.006) and an increase of 1.93 percentage units in dressing percent (DP) (P = 0.004) vs. CON. Ractopamine is an effective medicated feed additive for reducing NH3 and improving end product performance through HCW yields.

ACS Style

Elizabeth G Ross; Jase J Ball; Samantha J Werth; Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Patrick C Taube; Todd R Meinert; Nicholas K Van Engen; F M Mitloehner. Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride on environmental gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science 2021, 99, 1 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth G Ross, Jase J Ball, Samantha J Werth, Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Patrick C Taube, Todd R Meinert, Nicholas K Van Engen, F M Mitloehner. Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride on environmental gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 99 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth G Ross; Jase J Ball; Samantha J Werth; Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Patrick C Taube; Todd R Meinert; Nicholas K Van Engen; F M Mitloehner. 2021. "Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride on environmental gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers." Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 5: 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Societal pressure to reduce enteric methane emissions from cattle continues to increase. The present study evaluated the efficacy of the commercial essential oil feed additive Agolin® Ruminant on reducing enteric gas emissions and improving milk parameters in dairy cattle. Twenty mid-lactation Holstein cows, blocked by parity and days in milk, were randomly assigned to a top dress treatment with Agolin or an un-supplemented control for a 56-day trial. Cows were group housed and individually fed twice daily. Enteric gas emissions, including methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitrous oxide, were sampled every 14 days for a 12 h period via head chambers connected to a mobile air quality laboratory. Cows supplemented with Agolin versus the control had less methane intensity (g/period/kg energy-corrected milk (ECM); p = 0.025). Ammonia was the most affected gas, with lower ammonia production (mg/period; p = 0.028), and ammonia intensity (mg/period/kg ECM; p = 0.011) in Agolin-fed versus control-fed cows. All cow performance variables, including dry matter intake, ECM, milk fat, milk protein, or feed efficiency were similar between treatments. Further research should evaluate how Agolin impacts ruminal flora, focusing on mechanistic impacts to fermentation.

ACS Style

Angelica Carrazco; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; John McGlone; Edward DePeters; Frank Mitloehner. The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10347 .

AMA Style

Angelica Carrazco, Carlyn Peterson, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, John McGlone, Edward DePeters, Frank Mitloehner. The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelica Carrazco; Carlyn Peterson; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; John McGlone; Edward DePeters; Frank Mitloehner. 2020. "The Impact of Essential Oil Feed Supplementation on Enteric Gas Emissions and Production Parameters from Dairy Cattle." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10347.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Sustainability
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Feed additives have received increasing attention as a viable means to reduce enteric emissions from ruminants, which contribute to total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the commercial feed additive SOP STAR COW (SOP) to reduce enteric emissions from dairy cows and to assess potential impacts on milk production. Twenty cows were blocked by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 10): supplemented with 8 g/day SOP STAR COW, and an unsupplemented control group. Enteric emissions were measured in individual head chambers over a 12-hour period, every 14 days for six weeks. SOP-treated cows over time showed a reduction in CH4 of 20.4% from day 14 to day 42 (P = 0.014), while protein % of the milk was increased (+4.9% from day 0 to day 14 (P = 0.036) and +6.5% from day 0 to day 42 (P = 0.002)). However, kg of milk protein remained similar within the SOP-treated cows over the trial period. The control and SOP-treated cows showed similar results for kg of milk fat and kg of milk protein produced per day. No differences in enteric emissions or milk parameters were detected between the control and SOP-treated cows on respective test days.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Angelica Carrazco; Samantha Werth; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Edward DePeters; James Fadel; Marcello Chiodini; Lorenzo Poggianella; Frank Mitloehner. Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10250 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Ross, Carlyn Peterson, Angelica Carrazco, Samantha Werth, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Edward DePeters, James Fadel, Marcello Chiodini, Lorenzo Poggianella, Frank Mitloehner. Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Ross; Carlyn Peterson; Angelica Carrazco; Samantha Werth; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Edward DePeters; James Fadel; Marcello Chiodini; Lorenzo Poggianella; Frank Mitloehner. 2020. "Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10250.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Producers in the western United States commonly use spray water at the feed bunk and fans in the lying area to mitigate heat stress in dairy cows. Often, spray water cycles on and off with fans turning on when a preset air temperature is reached. Although this method can be effective, innovative strategies are needed to reduce water and energy use. We evaluated the effectiveness and resource efficiency of 4 cooling treatments on behavioral and physiological responses in dairy cows housed in a freestall barn: (1) conductive cooling in which mats with recirculating evaporatively cooled water were buried under sand bedding (Mat; activated at 18.9°C); (2) targeted convective cooling in which evaporatively cooled air was directed toward the cows through fabric ducts with nozzles at both the feed bunk and lying areas (Targeted Air; activated at 22°C); (3) evaporative cooling, with spray water in the feed area and fan over the freestalls (Baseline; activated at 22°C); and (4) evaporative cooling with half the amount of spray water used in the Baseline and the fan moved to the feed bunk (Optimized Baseline; activated at 22°C). In a crossover design, 8 groups of cows (4/group) producing an average (± standard deviation) of 37.5 ± 4.5 kg/d of milk were tested for 3 d per treatment. For ethical reasons, beginning at 30°C, the Mat treatment was supplemented with Baseline cooling and the Targeted Air treatment had spray water at the Optimized Baseline rate. We recorded body temperature, posture, and location within the pen every 3 min for 24 h/d, and respiration rates every 30 min daily from 1000 to 1900 h. Daily air temperature averaged (±SD) 26.3 ± 7.1°C during 24 h and 33.3 ± 4°C from 1000 to 1900 h. We used pairwise comparisons of each treatment to Baseline to evaluate response variables. Milk production did not differ across treatments, nor did time spent lying (51 ± 2%/d on average). Respiration rates did not differ across treatments overall (61 ± 3 breaths/min), but on an hourly basis, cows in the Mat treatment had a significantly higher rate than those in Baseline, at h 10 and 11 (70 vs. 58-59 breaths/min). Body temperature averaged 38.7 ± 0.05°C across treatments and was 0.2 to 0.3°C higher in the Mat treatment than in Baseline at h 10, 11, 20, 21, and 22. These results collectively indicate that the Mat treatment did not effectively reduce indicators of heat load compared with Baseline. In contrast, Targeted Air and Optimized Baseline were both effective but differed in aspects of efficiency. Targeted Air used the least amount of water but the most energy of all options tested. In conclusion, more efficient heat abatement options were identified, particularly an Optimized Baseline strategy, which cut water use in half, required the same amount of energy as the Baseline, and maintained similar physiological and behavioral responses in cows.

ACS Style

Alycia M. Drwencke; Grazyne Tresoldi; Matthew M. Stevens; Vinod Narayanan; Angelica V. Carrazco; Frank M. Mitloehner; Theresa Pistochini; Cassandra B. Tucker. Innovative cooling strategies: Dairy cow responses and water and energy use. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 5440 -5454.

AMA Style

Alycia M. Drwencke, Grazyne Tresoldi, Matthew M. Stevens, Vinod Narayanan, Angelica V. Carrazco, Frank M. Mitloehner, Theresa Pistochini, Cassandra B. Tucker. Innovative cooling strategies: Dairy cow responses and water and energy use. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (6):5440-5454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alycia M. Drwencke; Grazyne Tresoldi; Matthew M. Stevens; Vinod Narayanan; Angelica V. Carrazco; Frank M. Mitloehner; Theresa Pistochini; Cassandra B. Tucker. 2020. "Innovative cooling strategies: Dairy cow responses and water and energy use." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 6: 5440-5454.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Sustainability
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Animal manure is a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants and nuisances such as ammonia and odors. There are several technologies to reduce emissions on animal farms including manure additives; however, few have been proven effective and easy to apply to dairy lagoon systems. The present research aimed at testing the ability of the commercial additive “SOP LAGOON” to reduce emissions of GHGs (i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)), as well as ammonia (NH3) and odors from lagoon stored liquid manure. Emissions of GHGs, NH3 and odors were measured in the laboratory from barrels filled with 65 L of manure treated with SOP LAGOON or left untreated as a control. Manure was collected from a commercial dairy that is located in Solano County, California. Emissions of GHGs and NH3 were continuously measured for one week using flux chambers placed on top of the barrels and connected to a mobile air emissions laboratory. The effects of the untreated control, versus the two respective treatment additive doses of 30.8 and 61.6 g/m3 of manure were compared to each other. The low dose was selected based on the manufacturer recommendation and the high dose was selected by doubling the low dose. Results showed that SOP LAGOON applied at the high dose (61.6 g of SOP LAGOON per m3 of manure) versus the control greatly reduced (p < 0.05) emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O and NH3 by 14.7%, 22.7%, 45.4% and 45.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the high dose of SOP LAGOON treated samples versus the control samples showed less odor intensity (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect of the low dose of SOP LAGOON on the emissions of different gases. The HIGH dose of SOP LAGOON might decrease the number of methanogens and hydrolytic microorganisms and their excreted enzymes during manure storage. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of emission reduction using SOP LAGOON.

ACS Style

Carlyn B. Peterson; Hamed M. El Mashad; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank M. Mitloehner. Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1393 .

AMA Style

Carlyn B. Peterson, Hamed M. El Mashad, Yongjing Zhao, Yuee Pan, Frank M. Mitloehner. Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlyn B. Peterson; Hamed M. El Mashad; Yongjing Zhao; Yuee Pan; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2020. "Effects of SOP Lagoon Additive on Gaseous Emissions from Stored Liquid Dairy Manure." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1393.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Many dairy calves in the southwestern regions of the United States are raised in wooden hutches with 1.23 m2 of free space that house 3 calves individually. Producers claim that calves in hutch systems are not ready to wean and be placed in groups at the country-average age of 6 wk. Calves may remain in this individual housing system until as late as 10 wk of age. The objective of this study was to modify space allowance of hutches and evaluate weaning readiness using age at solid feed consumption, standing behaviors, and measures of immunity. Calves were randomly assigned at 4 d of age to conventional (CONV; 1.23 m2 of space; n = 18), moderate (MOD; 1.85 m2 of space; n = 17), or maximized (MAX; 3.71 m2 of space; n = 19) space allowance in hutches. These modifications also changed the number of calves housed per hutch from 3 (CONV) to 2 (MOD) and 1 (MAX). Calves were fed milk replacer via bottle twice daily until weaning and offered ad libitum feed throughout the experiment. Step-down weaning was initiated (Wi) at age 53 or 54 d by withdrawal of the p.m. bottle and was completed (Wc) 11 d later by removal of the a.m. milk replacer. Accelerometer data for standing behaviors were collected relative to Wi (3 consecutive days to represent -4 wk, -3 d, 3 d, and 3 and 5 wk). Blood samples were collected in the a.m. just before Wi (d 0) and at d 3, 11, 14, and 18 after Wi. Calves provided with more space (MOD and MAX) compared with CONV calves consumed feed at an earlier age and had slightly healthier erythrocytes, greater circulating glucose, and fewer circulating eosinophils. The CONV calves had haptoglobin (Hp) responses to the stressors of both Wi and Wc and had more IFN-γ from whole blood stimulated with phytohemagglutinin-P. The MAX calves had the least active neutrophils (phagocytosis and oxidative burst), but MOD calves' leukocytes secreted the most TNF-α from whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Just before and after weaning, MAX calves spent more time per day in the standing position than CONV and MOD calves and had an Hp response to Wc, but MOD calves did not have an Hp response to Wi or Wc. Based on these results, MOD calves were the most ready for weaning; therefore, they potentially can be moved to group housing at an earlier age than CONV calves, thus improving animal welfare concerns over space allowance and individual housing.

ACS Style

L.E. Hulbert; M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; M.A. Ballou; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein male calves' age at feed consumption, standing behaviors, and measures of immune resilience before and after step-down weaning. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 4506 -4521.

AMA Style

L.E. Hulbert, M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo, M.A. Ballou, K.C. Klasing, F.M. Mitloehner. Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein male calves' age at feed consumption, standing behaviors, and measures of immune resilience before and after step-down weaning. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (5):4506-4521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L.E. Hulbert; M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; M.A. Ballou; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. 2019. "Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein male calves' age at feed consumption, standing behaviors, and measures of immune resilience before and after step-down weaning." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 5: 4506-4521.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Journal of Animal Science
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A partial life cycle assessment (LCA) of a sheep production system in California was conducted to better understand the environmental impacts of sheep production in the United States. This cradle-to-farm-gate LCA analyzed emissions from sheep–lamb, stocker, and finishing stages of lamb production within the same market chain. Our objective was to calculate the carbon footprint associated with commercial sheep production in northern California and to compare the impact of allocation methods for 1 kg of live weight lamb (LWT), 1 kg cull adult (LWT), and 1 kg of greasy wool at the farm gate. Primary data was collected from on-farm records wherever possible and secondary data from published literature. Whole-system emissions totaled 474.7 Mt carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), of which 42.2% were from animal emissions, 52.6% from feed production and transport, and 5.2% due to animal transport and on-farm operations. Enteric methane was responsible for 34% of total emissions. The sheep–lamb, backgrounding, and feedlot phases were responsible for 86.1, 4.18, and 9.72%, of overall emissions, respectively. Emissions were allocated 100% to meat or between lamb, wool, and cull adult meat on a mass basis. The production system studied for this analysis focused on producing market lambs, with final live weights of 56.4 kg and carcass yield grade 2. Cull adults averaged 54.4 and 68 kg for ewes and rams, respectively, and whole-farm wool production was 2.05 Mt greasy wool. When all emissions were allocated to lamb production, carbon footprints were 28.6 kg CO2e/kg LWT. When emissions were allocated on a mass basis between lamb, wool, and cull adult meat, 65, 27, and 8% were allocated to lamb, cull adults, and wool, respectively. Carbon footprints were 19 kg CO2e/kg lamb, 8.0 kg CO2e/kg cull adult, and 2.5 CO2e/kg wool. These values highlight the importance of meat production to Californian sheep producers, compared with wool-focused systems found in Australia and the United Kingdom. Whilst lamb has a higher carbon footprint compared with beef regardless of allocation method, coproduct allocation methods also play a significant role in assigning environmental impacts. This analysis is a first step in assessing the overall impact of small ruminant supply chains in the country and identifying aspects that contribute to environmental impacts of production. The results provide baseline data on emissions from sheep production that may be useful in future efforts by the California lamb industry. Copyright © 2017. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

H. C. Dougherty; J. W. Oltjen; F. M. Mitloehner; K. A. Rodrigues; E. Kebreab. 092 Life cycle assessment of sheep meat and wool production in Northern California. Journal of Animal Science 2017, 95, 46 -46.

AMA Style

H. C. Dougherty, J. W. Oltjen, F. M. Mitloehner, K. A. Rodrigues, E. Kebreab. 092 Life cycle assessment of sheep meat and wool production in Northern California. Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 95 (suppl_4):46-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. C. Dougherty; J. W. Oltjen; F. M. Mitloehner; K. A. Rodrigues; E. Kebreab. 2017. "092 Life cycle assessment of sheep meat and wool production in Northern California." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. suppl_4: 46-46.

Book chapter
Published: 22 June 2017 in Large Dairy Herd Management
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ACS Style

Frank Mitloehner; M. Cohen; David Beede; Steven P. Washburn; Joseph M. Zulovich; Joseph P. Harner; Normand R. St-Pierre; Kent A. Weigel; Robert E. James; William W. Thatcher; Richard J. Grant; Heather M. Dann; Rupert M. Bruckmaier; Joseph S Hogan; Trevor J. Devries; Carlos A. Risco; Albert De Vries; Stanley J. Moore; Phillip T. Durst; Jeffrey M. Bewley. Impacts and mitigation of emissions from dairy feeds on air quality. Large Dairy Herd Management 2017, 47 -60.

AMA Style

Frank Mitloehner, M. Cohen, David Beede, Steven P. Washburn, Joseph M. Zulovich, Joseph P. Harner, Normand R. St-Pierre, Kent A. Weigel, Robert E. James, William W. Thatcher, Richard J. Grant, Heather M. Dann, Rupert M. Bruckmaier, Joseph S Hogan, Trevor J. Devries, Carlos A. Risco, Albert De Vries, Stanley J. Moore, Phillip T. Durst, Jeffrey M. Bewley. Impacts and mitigation of emissions from dairy feeds on air quality. Large Dairy Herd Management. 2017; ():47-60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank Mitloehner; M. Cohen; David Beede; Steven P. Washburn; Joseph M. Zulovich; Joseph P. Harner; Normand R. St-Pierre; Kent A. Weigel; Robert E. James; William W. Thatcher; Richard J. Grant; Heather M. Dann; Rupert M. Bruckmaier; Joseph S Hogan; Trevor J. Devries; Carlos A. Risco; Albert De Vries; Stanley J. Moore; Phillip T. Durst; Jeffrey M. Bewley. 2017. "Impacts and mitigation of emissions from dairy feeds on air quality." Large Dairy Herd Management , no. : 47-60.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Animals
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Fine particulate matter with less than 2.5 microns diameter (PM2.5) generated by cattle in feedlots is an environmental pollutant and a potential human and animal health issue. The objective of this study was to determine if a feeding schedule affects cattle behaviors that promote PM2.5 in a commercial feedlot. The study used 2813 crossbred steers housed in 14 adjacent pens at a large-scale commercial West Texas feedlot. Treatments were conventional feeding at 0700, 1000, and 1200 (CON) or feeding at 0700, 1000, and 1830 (ALT), the latter feeding time coincided with dusk. A mobile behavior lab was used to quantify behaviors of steers that were associated with generation of PM2.5 (e.g., fighting, mounting of peers, and increased locomotion). PM2.5 samplers measured respirable particles with a mass median diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) every 15 min over a period of 7 d in April and May. Simultaneously, the ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, precipitation, air pressure, and solar radiation were measured with a weather station. Elevated downwind PM2.5 concentrations were measured at dusk, when cattle that were fed according to the ALT vs. the CON feeding schedule, demonstrated less PM2.5-generating behaviors (p < 0.05). At dusk, steers on ALT vs. CON feeding schedules ate or were waiting to eat (standing in second row behind feeding cattle) at much greater rates (p < 0.05). Upwind PM2.5 concentrations were similar between the treatments. Downwind PM2.5 concentrations averaged over 24 h were lower from ALT compared with CON pens (0.072 vs. 0.115 mg/m3, p < 0.01). However, dry matter intake (DMI) was less (p < 0.05), and average daily gain (ADG) tended to be less (p < 0.1) in cattle that were fed according to the ALT vs. the CON feeding schedules, whereas feed efficiency (aka gain to feed, G:F) was not affected. Although ALT feeding may pose a challenge in feed delivery and labor scheduling, cattle exhibited fewer PM2.5-generating behaviors and reduced generation of PM2.5 when feed delivery times matched the natural desires of cattle to eat in a crepuscular pattern.

ACS Style

Frank M. Mitloehner; Jeff W. Dailey; Julie L. Morrow; John J. McGlone. Impact of Feed Delivery Pattern on Aerial Particulate Matter and Behavior of Feedlot Cattle †. Animals 2017, 7, 14 .

AMA Style

Frank M. Mitloehner, Jeff W. Dailey, Julie L. Morrow, John J. McGlone. Impact of Feed Delivery Pattern on Aerial Particulate Matter and Behavior of Feedlot Cattle †. Animals. 2017; 7 (12):14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank M. Mitloehner; Jeff W. Dailey; Julie L. Morrow; John J. McGlone. 2017. "Impact of Feed Delivery Pattern on Aerial Particulate Matter and Behavior of Feedlot Cattle †." Animals 7, no. 12: 14.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 March 2017 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Dairy calves in the Southwest regions of the United States are typically raised individually in wooden hutches with 1.23 m(2) of space. The objective of the study was to determine if increased space allowance in wooden hutches influences measures of innate immunity and behaviors of Holstein bull calves pre- and postcastration. Calves were randomly assigned at 4 d of age to conventional (CONV; 1.23 m(2) of space; n = 18), moderate (MOD; 1.85 m(2) space; n = 17), or maximized space allowance (MAX; 3.71 m(2) space; n = 19) in hutches. Calves were surgically castrated at 24 d of age. Peripheral whole blood samples were collected at -1, +1, +5, and +12 d of castration. Accelerometer loggers (n = 16 calves per treatment) were used from -3 to +5 d of castration to assess standing behaviors. All calves decreased total standing duration the day of castration versus precastration. Overall, MAX spent the most time in the stand position postcastration versus CONV and MOD. Within treatments, MOD and MAX had increased plasma cortisol 1 d postcastration versus precastration. A treatment × time tendency was observed for cortisol at 12 d postcastration; MAX had the least circulating cortisol. A treatment × time tendency for circulating haptoglobin (Hp) was observed and Hp was greatest among CONV 1 d pre- and 12 d postcastration. Compared with precastration, CONV had increased Hp at 1, 5, and 12 d, whereas MOD had increased Hp at 5 d, and Hp remained similar within MAX. A treatment × time tendency for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood was observed; at 1 d postcastration, MOD had the most TNF-α, whereas MAX had the least. Within MAX, calves had increased TNF-α from precastration to 5 d postcastration. A treatment × time interaction was observed for whole blood bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli (WB anti-E). The CONV tended to have the greatest WB anti-E at d -1, but at d 1 and 5 postcastration, CONV had the least WB anti-E. Overall, MAX had less intensity of neutrophil oxidative burst versus CONV and MOD. The lower response of neutrophil oxidative burst and slower Hp secretion after castration is indicative that the wound site likely had less microbial exposure. The findings of this study suggest that calves housed with more space are potentially at less risk of too much inflammation after castration, which may likely be due to the effects of increased space on hide cleanliness and increased standing time.

ACS Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; L.E. Hulbert; M.A. Ballou; A.L. Fowler; Y. Luo; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein bull calf innate immune measures and standing behaviors after castration at 3 weeks of age. Journal of Dairy Science 2017, 100, 2157 -2169.

AMA Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo, L.E. Hulbert, M.A. Ballou, A.L. Fowler, Y. Luo, K.C. Klasing, F.M. Mitloehner. Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein bull calf innate immune measures and standing behaviors after castration at 3 weeks of age. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017; 100 (3):2157-2169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; L.E. Hulbert; M.A. Ballou; A.L. Fowler; Y. Luo; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. 2017. "Space allowance influences individually housed Holstein bull calf innate immune measures and standing behaviors after castration at 3 weeks of age." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 3: 2157-2169.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Journal of Animal Science
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Dairy lagoon water contains high concentrations of nitrogen (N), which has the potential to pollute groundwater and the atmosphere. To reduce N loading of an anaerobic lagoon at a commercial dairy, a pilot project vermifilter was installed, which used earthworms embedded in woodchips to enhance removal of solids and contaminants. The objective was to mitigate nitrogenous gases, greenhouse gases (GHGs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and criteria pollutants from lagoon water using this new technology. Specifically, emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ethanol (EtOH) were measured using Thermo analyzers (Franklin, MA) that were housed inside a Mobile Agricultural Air Quality Lab. To assess whole filter system performance, emissions were measured from the untreated dairy lagoon water (LAG), as well as from the vermifilter’s influent (INF), effluent (EFF), the top (TOP), and bottom (BOT) of the filter. Gases were measured using a flux chamber approach for LAG, INF, and EFF, a triangle wind tunnel for the TOP, and an inlet threaded to the bottom of the filter for BOT. Results for EFF vs. INF showed a 90.2% reduction of NH3 emissions without increasing emission of N2O, CO2, CH4, H2S, and EtOH from the rest of the vermifilter’s system. The vermifilter’s ability to reduce nutrient loading and subsequent NH3 emissions without producing other detrimental gaseous emissions needs to be replicated across more dairy operations. However, this new technology has the potential to be a viable candidate for nitrogen removal particularly in regions like the San Joaquin Valley of California, where dairy air and water quality issues are most sensitive. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

E. Lai; Y. Zhao; Y. Pan; F. M. Mitloehner. 1183 The effects of vermifiltration on gaseous emissions from dairy lagoon water. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 568 -568.

AMA Style

E. Lai, Y. Zhao, Y. Pan, F. M. Mitloehner. 1183 The effects of vermifiltration on gaseous emissions from dairy lagoon water. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (suppl_5):568-568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Lai; Y. Zhao; Y. Pan; F. M. Mitloehner. 2016. "1183 The effects of vermifiltration on gaseous emissions from dairy lagoon water." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. suppl_5: 568-568.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Journal of Animal Science
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A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the feed supply chain (FSC) of a total mixed ration (TMR) typical of finishing feedlot cattle produced in California, USA. The goal was to determine the global warming potential (kg CO2e kg−1 TMR) associated with the FSC along with the associated impacts of the FSC on the total life cycle of feedlot cattle produced in California. The methodology used followed the Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership guidelines for FSC. System boundaries included feed production (crops and feed additives), transportation (from field or factory to feedmill), and TMR compound feed production (i.e., at the feedmill). Life cycle inventory data for a typical finishing TMR was collected. Given the scope of the study, primary data were limited. In accordance with LEAP guidelines, secondary data were sourced from national databases and EcoinventTM unit process data. Three scenarios were assessed as a result of allocation at the transportation step. Scenario A, B, and C assumed that once a feed ingredient was transported to the feedmill, 100%, 50%, and 0% of the empty return load would be allocated to TMR production, respectively. Additionally, the impacts of feed production in relation to the entire feedlot cattle production life cycle, for Scenario A, was determined. Total GHG emissions were determined to be 0.630 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario A, 0.576 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario B, and 0.521 kg CO2e/kg TMR for Scenario C. Corn production, feed transportation, and liquid premix production were the main contributors to the life cycle impacts of the TMR. When assessing the entire feedlot life cycle for Scenario A, total GHG emissions were determined to be 0.824 CO2e/kg TMR. Additionally, for scenario A, feed production in the Angus and Holstein feedlot scenarios was found to contribute approximately 76% and 58% of total feedlot emissions, respectively. The FSC is a major contributor of emissions to the total life cycle of feedlot cattle production and knowledge thereof is a first step in improving efficiencies and reducing emissions. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

S. J. Werth; J. W. Oltjen; E. Kebreab; F. M. Mitloehner. 1204 A life cycle assessment of a beef feedlot finishing ration supply chain in California. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 578 -578.

AMA Style

S. J. Werth, J. W. Oltjen, E. Kebreab, F. M. Mitloehner. 1204 A life cycle assessment of a beef feedlot finishing ration supply chain in California. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (suppl_5):578-578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. J. Werth; J. W. Oltjen; E. Kebreab; F. M. Mitloehner. 2016. "1204 A life cycle assessment of a beef feedlot finishing ration supply chain in California." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. suppl_5: 578-578.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2016 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Dairy calves in the western United States are commonly raised individually in wooden hutches with a space allowance of 1.23 m2/calf. Recent legislative initiatives in California and across the United States were passed regarding concern over space allowance for farm animals. The objective of this study was to determine if rearing male Holstein calves in wooden hutches modified to increase space allowance would influence measures of performance, lying time per day, health, and respiratory immunocompetence. At 4 d of age, 60 calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 housing treatments: (1) conventional housing (CONV; 1.23 m2/calf), (2) 1.5 × CONV (MOD; 1.85 m2/calf), or (3) 3 × CONV (MAX; 3.71 m2/calf). Intakes of milk and solid feed were recorded daily and body weight was measured at 0, 3, 6, 10, and 12 wk of age. For the first 3 wk of the trial, calves were scored daily for fecal consistency, hydration, and hide cleanliness. In addition, calves were scored for respiratory health (i.e., nasal and eye discharge, ear position) until 7 wk of age. The total lying duration per day was recorded using data loggers at 3, 6, and 10 wk of age. Eight clinically healthy calves from each treatment were sensitized with subcutaneous ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged with aerosolized OVA to assess calf respiratory immunity at 11 wk of age. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 4 d after the OVA challenge and analyzed for leukocyte differentials and OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, IgA, and IgE. Calf average daily gain and body weight were positively associated with space allowance at approximately 3 wk before weaning and throughout postweaning, respectively. A greater space allowance decreased lying time after 46 d. Space allowance did not influence fecal consistency, but there was a tendency for MAX calves to take 1 d longer to recover from loose feces than MOD calves. The MAX calves had the fewest (%) observations with feces on their body compared with CONV or MOD. At 3 wk of age, peripheral eosinophil concentrations decreased with increased space allowance. However, observations (%) of eye discharge increased with greater space allowance. Among calves challenged with OVA, MOD calves had the least BALF OVA-IgE, and the percent of BALF eosinophils decreased with increased space allowance. Increased space allowance for calves raised in wooden hutches may improve some measures of calf performance, health, and respiratory immunocompetence.

ACS Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; L.E. Hulbert; A.L. Fowler; A. Louie; L.J. Gershwin; K.E. Pinkerton; M.A. Ballou; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. Wooden hutch space allowance influences male Holstein calf health, performance, daily lying time, and respiratory immunity. Journal of Dairy Science 2016, 99, 4678 -4692.

AMA Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo, L.E. Hulbert, A.L. Fowler, A. Louie, L.J. Gershwin, K.E. Pinkerton, M.A. Ballou, K.C. Klasing, F.M. Mitloehner. Wooden hutch space allowance influences male Holstein calf health, performance, daily lying time, and respiratory immunity. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016; 99 (6):4678-4692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.S. Calvo-Lorenzo; L.E. Hulbert; A.L. Fowler; A. Louie; L.J. Gershwin; K.E. Pinkerton; M.A. Ballou; K.C. Klasing; F.M. Mitloehner. 2016. "Wooden hutch space allowance influences male Holstein calf health, performance, daily lying time, and respiratory immunity." Journal of Dairy Science 99, no. 6: 4678-4692.

Comparative study
Published: 03 July 2015 in Journal of Agromedicine
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The objective of this study was to compare the personal respiratory exposures of poultry workers in three different types of layer housing under commercial production conditions. Workers were randomly assigned to each of conventional cage, enriched cage, and aviary barns in a crossover repeated-measures design for three observation periods over the hens’ lifetime. Inhalable and fine particulate matter (PM) and endotoxin in both size fractions were assessed by personal and area samplers over the work shift. Concentrations of inhalable PM, PM2.5 (PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm), and endotoxin in both size fractions were higher in aviary than either the conventional or enriched barns. Geometric means (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of inhalable PM and endotoxin for the aviary, conventional, and enriched barns were 8.9 (6.8–11.5) mg/m3 and 7517.9 (5403.2–10,460.2) EU/m3, 3.7 (2.8–4.8) mg/m3 and 1655.7 (1144.6–2395.2) EU/m3, 2.4 (1.8–3.3) mg/m3 and 1404.8 (983.3–2007.0) EU/m3, respectively. Area samplers recorded a lower mean inhalable PM concentration and higher PM2.5 concentration than personal samplers. Ammonia concentrations were low throughout three monitoring seasons. These findings show that the aviary barns pose higher respiratory exposures to poultry workers than either conventional or enriched barns.

ACS Style

Veronica Arteaga; Diane Mitchell; Tracey Armitage; Daniel Tancredi; Marc Schenker; Frank Mitloehner. Cage Versus Noncage Laying-Hen Housings: Respiratory Exposures. Journal of Agromedicine 2015, 20, 245 -255.

AMA Style

Veronica Arteaga, Diane Mitchell, Tracey Armitage, Daniel Tancredi, Marc Schenker, Frank Mitloehner. Cage Versus Noncage Laying-Hen Housings: Respiratory Exposures. Journal of Agromedicine. 2015; 20 (3):245-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica Arteaga; Diane Mitchell; Tracey Armitage; Daniel Tancredi; Marc Schenker; Frank Mitloehner. 2015. "Cage Versus Noncage Laying-Hen Housings: Respiratory Exposures." Journal of Agromedicine 20, no. 3: 245-255.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Environmental Protection
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Individual exposures to particulate matter and endotoxin in dairies have increased as operations have transitioned to larger herd sizes. A cross-sectional study at 13 California dairies and one non-dairy control facility was conducted to determine associations between endotoxin concentrations measured in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory function in these workers. Previous research found that dairy work was associated with acute airway obstruction in comparison to controls. While endotoxin levels in PM2.5 have been previously reported, their effects on lung function have not been studied among California dairy workers. This paper also examined correlations with PM2.5 concentration, inhalable particulate matter (IPM), and endotoxin in IPM. Personal samples collected from a total of 185 dairy workers and 45 control workers were included in the analyses. Findings showed that dairy facilities had higher (p < 0.001) endotoxin in PM2.5 when compared with the control facility (3.3 EU/m3, 0.6 EU/m3, respectively). Endotoxin in PM2.5 was weakly correlated with PM2.5 concentration (r2 = 0.16, p < 0.05) and IPM endotoxin (r2 = 0.35, p < 0.01), but not with IPM concentration. When controlling for age, ethnicity, smoking, height and personal protective equipment use, PM2.5 endotoxin exposure was associated with lower crossshift in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) only among taller workers (p = 0.006). This is the first study to present personal occupational exposures to endotoxin in PM2.5 measured on Californian dairies. Despite lower levels than in other industries, such as poultry farms, this study suggests that some workers may be affected, and efforts should be aimed at mitigating pollutants in order to maintain endotoxin concentrations below recommended levels.

ACS Style

Veronica E. Arteaga; Diane C. Mitchell; Georg E. Matt; Penelope J. E. Quintana; Joshua Schaeffer; Stephen J. Reynolds; Marc B. Schenker; Frank M. Mitloehner. Occupational Exposure to Endotoxin in PM2.5 and Pre- and Post-Shift Lung Function in California Dairy Workers. Journal of Environmental Protection 2015, 06, 552 -565.

AMA Style

Veronica E. Arteaga, Diane C. Mitchell, Georg E. Matt, Penelope J. E. Quintana, Joshua Schaeffer, Stephen J. Reynolds, Marc B. Schenker, Frank M. Mitloehner. Occupational Exposure to Endotoxin in PM2.5 and Pre- and Post-Shift Lung Function in California Dairy Workers. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2015; 06 (05):552-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Veronica E. Arteaga; Diane C. Mitchell; Georg E. Matt; Penelope J. E. Quintana; Joshua Schaeffer; Stephen J. Reynolds; Marc B. Schenker; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2015. "Occupational Exposure to Endotoxin in PM2.5 and Pre- and Post-Shift Lung Function in California Dairy Workers." Journal of Environmental Protection 06, no. 05: 552-565.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2014 in Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
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Climate change will pose risks for the world’s food supply in the coming decades; this comes at a time when the global demand for food is expected to soar based on 2050 world population estimates. It is important to recognize that climate change will necessitate temporal and geographical shifts in food production, but will most likely not result in the collapse of our food systems. However, because of differences in the severity of how climate change will affect agriculture, regional and temporal changes in production and harvest-time will challenge the existing and sometimes outdated agricultural infrastructure with respect to collection, storage, transportation, and distribution of food. Increasing regional and global urbanization will further perturb these systems. Adaptation to climate change with respect to crop and food animal production will have to occur at multiple temporal, seasonal, and geospatial levels. Other major adaptation measures will have to occur with respect to crop selection, genetics, CO2 and temperature sensitivity, and resilience of crops and food animals, water resources, and mitigation of invasive species. Technology, including sophisticated Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based modeling, coupled with publically available soil and weather data that help farmers optimize production and conservation will be essential toward adaptation. Communication of this type of localized technical information to agricultural stakeholders by national, federal, and state entities is beginning to occur in order to help farmers adapt and prepare for extreme events associated with climate change. As the largest agricultural state in the USA, California has developed a robust mitigation and adaptation strategy that may be useful for other nation-states.

ACS Style

Maurice Pitesky; Amrith Gunasekara; Carolyn Cook; Frank Mitloehner. Adaptation of Agricultural and Food Systems to a Changing Climate and Increasing Urbanization. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 2014, 1, 43 -50.

AMA Style

Maurice Pitesky, Amrith Gunasekara, Carolyn Cook, Frank Mitloehner. Adaptation of Agricultural and Food Systems to a Changing Climate and Increasing Urbanization. Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports. 2014; 1 (2):43-50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maurice Pitesky; Amrith Gunasekara; Carolyn Cook; Frank Mitloehner. 2014. "Adaptation of Agricultural and Food Systems to a Changing Climate and Increasing Urbanization." Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 1, no. 2: 43-50.

Review
Published: 01 February 2014 in Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
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In recent years, the livestock production industry has been receiving pressure to assess and improve production practices in two seemingly unrelated areas: environmental quality and animal welfare. In this article, we argue that the nexus of these two areas of study should be a priority for future research and that the integration of these disciplines in research, extension, and education efforts has the potential to improve the sustainability of production livestock agriculture.

ACS Style

Sara E. Place; Frank M. Mitloehner. The Nexus of Environmental Quality and Livestock Welfare. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2014, 2, 555 -569.

AMA Style

Sara E. Place, Frank M. Mitloehner. The Nexus of Environmental Quality and Livestock Welfare. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2014; 2 (1):555-569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara E. Place; Frank M. Mitloehner. 2014. "The Nexus of Environmental Quality and Livestock Welfare." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2, no. 1: 555-569.