Winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata) is an economically valuable landscaping ornamental plant. Serious outbreaks have been reported, in its leaf tips curl upward, irregular black brown spots appear on leaves, and extensive defoliation is commonly observed. The incidence in Hangzhou was estimated at 50% and resulted in large economic losses for growers in 2018. Samples were collected from the main cultivation area in Zhejiang Province. In total, 11 fungal isolates were obtained from diseased leaves through a single-spore purification method, and isolate LVY 9 exhibited strong pathogenicity. Based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence typing of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) genes, we identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum siamense, causative agent of anthracnose of winterberry holly.

The rapid variation of avirulence genes in Magnaporthe oryzae undermines the resistance function in rice varieties carrying cognate resistance genes. Monitoring the variation of these avirulence genes is crucial for deploying resistant rice cultivars in the field. AVR-Pita3 is known as a gene that lacks avirulent activity to rice carrying Pi-ta. However, its distribution, evolution, and avirulence function in M. oryzae populations remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and variation of the AVR-Pita3 gene in M. oryzae and examined its avirulence function. Among 262 isolates collected from five hosts in rice-producing regions in Southwest China, 188 isolates of M. oryzae, including one isolate in Eleusine indica, carried AVR-Pita3. A total of 31 nucleotide variations and 19 amino acid variations were identified, along with five haplotypes, and the majority of the isolates belonged to the haplotype H2. The isolates carrying AVR-Pita3 from rice and E. indica hosts clustered into distinct evolutionary clades, and the gene was under negative selection. Pathogenicity assays showed that a monogenic line rice carrying Pi-ta was resistant to 103 isolates, was susceptible to 60 isolates, and had an unknown response to the remaining 25 isolates carrying AVR-Pita3. This study provides the first report on the distribution and variation of AVR-Pita3 in M. oryzae populations across rice-growing regions in Southwest China. AVR-Pita3 is widely distributed in these populations, with a high frequency of occurrence, particularly in isolates from Guizhou. The findings indicate that the Pi-ta monogenic line remains effective against most pathogen strains carrying AVR-Pita3 in these regions, which highlights its potential for disease management in rice cultivation.