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A. Gallo; F. Ghilardelli; B. Doupovec; J. Faas; D. Schatzmayr; F. Masoero. Kinetics of gas production in the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rumen fluid of lactating dairy cows. JDS Communications 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleA. Gallo, F. Ghilardelli, B. Doupovec, J. Faas, D. Schatzmayr, F. Masoero. Kinetics of gas production in the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rumen fluid of lactating dairy cows. JDS Communications. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Gallo; F. Ghilardelli; B. Doupovec; J. Faas; D. Schatzmayr; F. Masoero. 2021. "Kinetics of gas production in the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rumen fluid of lactating dairy cows." JDS Communications , no. : 1.
Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.
Antonio Gallo; Francesca Ghilardelli; Alberto Atzori; Severino Zara; Barbara Novak; Johannes Faas; Francesco Fancello. Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins 2021, 13, 232 .
AMA StyleAntonio Gallo, Francesca Ghilardelli, Alberto Atzori, Severino Zara, Barbara Novak, Johannes Faas, Francesco Fancello. Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins. 2021; 13 (3):232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Gallo; Francesca Ghilardelli; Alberto Atzori; Severino Zara; Barbara Novak; Johannes Faas; Francesco Fancello. 2021. "Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities." Toxins 13, no. 3: 232.
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) is a frequent contaminant of animal feed and is well known for its estrogenic effects in animals. Cattle are considered less sensitive to ZEN than pigs. However, ZEN has previously been shown to be converted to the highly estrogenic metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) in rumen fluid in vitro. Here, we investigate the metabolism of ZEN in the reticulorumen of dairy cows. To this end, rumen-fistulated non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (n = 4) received a one-time oral dose of ZEN (5 mg ZEN in 500 g concentrate feed) and the concentrations of ZEN and ZEN metabolites were measured in free rumen liquid from three reticulorumen locations (reticulum, ventral sac and dorsal mat layer) during a 34-h period. In all three locations, α-ZEL was the predominant ZEN metabolite and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) was detected in lower concentrations. ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were eliminated from the ventral sac and reticulum within 34 h, yet low concentrations of ZEN and α-ZEL were still detected in the dorsal mat 34 h after ZEN administration. In a second step, we investigated the efficacy of the enzyme zearalenone hydrolase ZenA (EC 3.1.1.-, commercial name ZENzyme®, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria) to degrade ZEN to the non-estrogenic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) in the reticulorumen in vitro and in vivo. ZenA showed a high ZEN-degrading activity in rumen fluid in vitro. When ZenA was added to ZEN-contaminated concentrate fed to rumen-fistulated cows (n = 4), concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were significantly reduced in all three reticulorumen compartments compared to administration of ZEN-contaminated concentrate without ZenA. Upon ZenA administration, degradation products HZEN and decarboxylated HZEN were detected in the reticulorumen. In conclusion, endogenous metabolization of ZEN in the reticulorumen increases its estrogenic potency due to the formation of α-ZEL. Our results suggest that application of zearalenone hydrolase ZenA as a feed additive may be a promising strategy to counteract estrogenic effects of ZEN in cattle.
Christiane Gruber-Dorninger; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Markus Aleschko; Christian Stoiber; Andreas Höbartner-Gußl; Karin Schöndorfer; Manuela Killinger; Qendrim Zebeli; Dian Schatzmayr. Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme. Toxins 2021, 13, 84 .
AMA StyleChristiane Gruber-Dorninger, Johannes Faas, Barbara Doupovec, Markus Aleschko, Christian Stoiber, Andreas Höbartner-Gußl, Karin Schöndorfer, Manuela Killinger, Qendrim Zebeli, Dian Schatzmayr. Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristiane Gruber-Dorninger; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Markus Aleschko; Christian Stoiber; Andreas Höbartner-Gußl; Karin Schöndorfer; Manuela Killinger; Qendrim Zebeli; Dian Schatzmayr. 2021. "Metabolism of Zearalenone in the Rumen of Dairy Cows with and without Application of a Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme." Toxins 13, no. 2: 84.
Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2–318.5 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2–1037 μg/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4–285.7 μg/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4–14,346 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9–13.8 μg/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1–24.3 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7–5.2 μg/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3–910.4 μg/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.
David Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins 2020, 12, 762 .
AMA StyleDavid Chebutia Kemboi, Phillis E. Ochieng, Gunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Marie-Louise Scippo, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Barbara Doupovec, Johanna F. Lindahl, James K. Gathumbi. Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Chebutia Kemboi; Phillis E. Ochieng; Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Marie-Louise Scippo; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Barbara Doupovec; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. 2020. "Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya." Toxins 12, no. 12: 762.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that contaminate food and feed and have a significant negative impact on human and animal health and productivity. The tropical condition in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) together with poor storage of feed promotes fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. Aflatoxins (AF) produced by Aspergillus species, fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2), and deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium species, and ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species are well-known mycotoxins of agricultural importance. Consumption of feed contaminated with these toxins may cause mycotoxicoses in animals, characterized by a range of clinical signs depending on the toxin, and losses in the animal industry. In SSA, contamination of dairy feed with mycotoxins has been frequently reported, which poses a serious constraint to animal health and productivity, and is also a hazard to human health since some mycotoxins and their metabolites are excreted in milk, especially aflatoxin M1. This review describes the major mycotoxins, their occurrence, and impact in dairy cattle diets in SSA highlighting the problems related to animal health, productivity, and food safety and the up-to-date post-harvest mitigation strategies for the prevention and reduction of contamination of dairy feed.
David Chebutia Kemboi; Gunther Antonissen; Phillis E. Ochieng; Siska Croubels; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins 2020, 12, 222 .
AMA StyleDavid Chebutia Kemboi, Gunther Antonissen, Phillis E. Ochieng, Siska Croubels, Sheila Okoth, Erastus K. Kangethe, Johannes Faas, Johanna F. Lindahl, James K. Gathumbi. A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toxins. 2020; 12 (4):222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Chebutia Kemboi; Gunther Antonissen; Phillis E. Ochieng; Siska Croubels; Sheila Okoth; Erastus K. Kangethe; Johannes Faas; Johanna F. Lindahl; James K. Gathumbi. 2020. "A Review of the Impact of Mycotoxins on Dairy Cattle Health: Challenges for Food Safety and Dairy Production in Sub-Saharan Africa." Toxins 12, no. 4: 222.