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Prof. Dr. Frank Witlox
Social and Economic Geography Research group, Department of Geography, Ghent University, S8 9000 Gent, Belgium

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0 Business Travel
0 Travel behavior analysis and modeling
0 travel and land use
0 sustainable mobility issues
0 cross-border mobility

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Journal of Transport Geography
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This paper discusses possible long-term effects of COVID-19 on activity-travel behaviour. Making use of theories and concepts from economics, psychology, sociology, and geography, this work argues that lasting effects can be expected, and specifically that peak demand among car and public transport users may be lower than if the pandemic would never have happened. The magnitude of such effects at the aggregate level in terms of the total travel time of all inhabitants of a country or state is likely limited. Such lasting effects imply that additional infrastructure extensions to reduce congestion on roads and crowding in public transport might have a lower benefit-cost ratio than would be the case without these impacts. The paper discusses avenues for future research, including work on the role of attitude changes, the formation of new habitual behaviour, new social norms and practices, well-being effects, and the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).

ACS Style

Bert van Wee; Frank Witlox. COVID-19 and its long-term effects on activity participation and travel behaviour: A multiperspective view. Journal of Transport Geography 2021, 95, 103144 .

AMA Style

Bert van Wee, Frank Witlox. COVID-19 and its long-term effects on activity participation and travel behaviour: A multiperspective view. Journal of Transport Geography. 2021; 95 ():103144.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bert van Wee; Frank Witlox. 2021. "COVID-19 and its long-term effects on activity participation and travel behaviour: A multiperspective view." Journal of Transport Geography 95, no. : 103144.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Journal of Transport Geography
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Reducing car use is commonly considered as a potential strategy to reduce transport-related problems such as traffic congestion and air pollution. The increasing use of online shopping may potentially replace shopping trips, thus possibly reducing car use. However, car owners – compared to non-car owners – can more easily visit physical stores and transport goods. Therefore, it can be assumed that online shopping is less likely to reduce shopping trips for car owners. Using 653 structured face-to-face interviews in Chengdu (China) in 2016, an empirical study is conducted. The results show that 44.0% of respondents indicated a decrease in shopping trip frequency after they started to purchase online, while only 14.4% indicated an increase in the frequency. This confirms that online shopping tends to be a substitute for shopping trips. Applying a propensity score matching approach, this paper further compares the likelihoods of changes in shopping trips caused by online buying between car owners and non-car owners, while considering sociodemographic factors, internet experiences, spatial attributes, and online shopping attitudes as covariates. The results indicate that – due to online buying – shopping trip frequency is less likely to decrease for car owners compared to non-car owners, while there is no significant difference in the likelihood of increasing shopping trip frequency between owners and non-owners. These findings imply that online shopping may not effectively reduce driving, thus unlikely being a valid solution for transportation problems resulting from the increasing use of cars.

ACS Style

Kunbo Shi; Rui Shao; Jonas De Vos; Long Cheng; Frank Witlox. Is e-shopping likely to reduce shopping trips for car owners? A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Transport Geography 2021, 95, 103132 .

AMA Style

Kunbo Shi, Rui Shao, Jonas De Vos, Long Cheng, Frank Witlox. Is e-shopping likely to reduce shopping trips for car owners? A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Transport Geography. 2021; 95 ():103132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kunbo Shi; Rui Shao; Jonas De Vos; Long Cheng; Frank Witlox. 2021. "Is e-shopping likely to reduce shopping trips for car owners? A propensity score matching analysis." Journal of Transport Geography 95, no. : 103132.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Journal of Transport Geography
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Although previous studies have explored how satisfied people are with their travel, the link with the built environment and available travel options is unclear. This research investigates whether travel options influence how commute time satisfaction relates to the built environment. First, profiles among commuters in terms of commute time satisfaction (CTS) and residential built environment (RBE) were identified by performing a cluster analysis using a large European sample with the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2013 survey. Following, whether travel options (mode availability) could inform differences among CTS-RBE profiles was investigated, while accounting for neighborhood characteristics and satisfaction with life and life domains, by performing logistic regression analyses. Travel options were found to indicate CTS-RBE profiles. This research supports the idea that travel options can affect the CTS-RBE relationship, and can therefore be useful to measuring and correcting travel option unavailability or travel captivity. The contributions of this study to the travel behavior field, in addition to being the first study to examine CTS, is important to urban planning and policy to not only identify the places in which travel options can be improved, but for whom.

ACS Style

Hannah Hook; Jonas De Vos; Veronique Van Acker; Frank Witlox. Do travel options influence how commute time satisfaction relates to the residential built environment? Journal of Transport Geography 2021, 92, 103021 .

AMA Style

Hannah Hook, Jonas De Vos, Veronique Van Acker, Frank Witlox. Do travel options influence how commute time satisfaction relates to the residential built environment? Journal of Transport Geography. 2021; 92 ():103021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hannah Hook; Jonas De Vos; Veronique Van Acker; Frank Witlox. 2021. "Do travel options influence how commute time satisfaction relates to the residential built environment?" Journal of Transport Geography 92, no. : 103021.

Review
Published: 11 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Assessing the impact of new mobility systems (e.g., shared mobility services, mobility as a service (MaaS), and Mobihubs) in urban contexts remains a challenging endeavor due to the varying priorities (social, economic, and environmental) of different stakeholders and restricted and/or limited availability of data. In a broad sense, new mobility services (NMS) can be characterized as a way of optimizing the ownership and use of a variety of mobility resources, tailored to the needs of an entire (urban) community. In this context, providing an up-to-date and critical review on the impact of NMS is the main contribution and added value of this study. To this end, this study presents an in-depth review of NMS and their diverse features (e.g., car sharing, bike sharing, Mobihubs, etc.), as an alternative to privately-owned travel modes. By reviewing more than 100 relevant sources from academic journals (Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and media reports, this study explains the key elements on how to address the impact assessment of NMS in terms of social, environmental, and economic aspects of sustainable mobility services. This study concludes that the implementation of NMS offers the potential to promote efficiency, sustainability, social equity, and quality of life. The main findings of this study serve as a perfect starting point for mobility providers and policymakers who are concerned about the growing demands for clean and green cities.

ACS Style

Tom Storme; Corneel Casier; Hossein Azadi; Frank Witlox. Impact Assessments of New Mobility Services: A Critical Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3074 .

AMA Style

Tom Storme, Corneel Casier, Hossein Azadi, Frank Witlox. Impact Assessments of New Mobility Services: A Critical Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom Storme; Corneel Casier; Hossein Azadi; Frank Witlox. 2021. "Impact Assessments of New Mobility Services: A Critical Review." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3074.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2020 in Journal of Transport Geography
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Residential dissonants, residents who are not satisfied with land use patterns in their neighbourhood, are a threat to transit-oriented development (TOD) policy because of their unsustainable transport choices. However, it is not known if their level of dissatisfaction is reduced in TODs, and if so, the time duration it takes. This study tracks dissonance status of 98 TOD residents using five waves of panel data spanning over nine years from Brisbane, Australia. The residents were classified into TOD dissonant and TOD consonant (opposite of dissonants) groups and a discrete time survival analysis technique was applied to identify time-to-event for these groups. An event was recorded if a dissonant became a consonant, or vice versa. Two discrete time hazard models were estimated using binary logistic regression analysis (one for each transition) to identify socio-demographic and built environment characteristics associated with the occurrence of an event. Results showed that about 46% of the TOD residents were dissonants at baseline. The survival functions were significantly different between dissonant and consonant classes. About half of the dissonants took-on the characteristics of consonants in just four years. In contrast, TOD consonants remained consonants relatively longer (median survival duration is 9 years). Groups that were likely to become dissonants were those with low educational status, and people born overseas. The findings suggest that TODs have an autonomous effect on changing attitudes over time, which verifies the ‘reverse causality’ hypothesis, and therefore, TODs are likely to be dissonant free naturally presumably as residents experience the benefits of TOD living. The process could be sped up with targeted policy interventions (e.g., concessionary travel card, rent relief to bear the high cost of living in TODs) for those being as, or likely to be susceptible to become dissonant.

ACS Style

Kamruzzaman; Billie Giles-Corti; Jonas De Vos; Frank Witlox; Farjana Shatu; Gavin Turrell. The life and death of residential dissonants in transit-oriented development: A discrete time survival analysis. Journal of Transport Geography 2020, 90, 102921 .

AMA Style

Kamruzzaman, Billie Giles-Corti, Jonas De Vos, Frank Witlox, Farjana Shatu, Gavin Turrell. The life and death of residential dissonants in transit-oriented development: A discrete time survival analysis. Journal of Transport Geography. 2020; 90 ():102921.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamruzzaman; Billie Giles-Corti; Jonas De Vos; Frank Witlox; Farjana Shatu; Gavin Turrell. 2020. "The life and death of residential dissonants in transit-oriented development: A discrete time survival analysis." Journal of Transport Geography 90, no. : 102921.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2020 in Transport Policy
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Understanding the relationship between the built environment and walking among older adults could offer important insights into land use and transport policies which seek to promote active ageing. However, most previous studies have explored global relationships, i.e. the effects are averaged or assumed to be constant over the region of interest. In this study, we focus on the local spatial variations in the relationship between the built environment and the daily time spent walking by older adults. We apply a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, using data collected from 702 older adults in Nanjing, China. Our results show that spatial heterogeneity exists for built environment effects within the entire study area. It has an impact on all the relationships, with nuances in the significance level, parameter magnitude or sign reversals, depending on the location. Therefore, policy interventions would only be effective in certain areas for certain built environment attributes. By exploring the local contexts of relationships, we further suggest that the spatial heterogeneity stems from contextual effects, i.e. the specificities of places with a discriminative composition of individual and/or environmental characteristics. Our findings can help to enrich the understanding of associations between land use and travel behaviour, as well as offer local planning guidance for creating age-friendly neighbourhoods.

ACS Style

Long Cheng; Kunbo Shi; Jonas De Vos; Mengqiu Cao; Frank Witlox. Examining the spatially heterogeneous effects of the built environment on walking among older adults. Transport Policy 2020, 100, 21 -30.

AMA Style

Long Cheng, Kunbo Shi, Jonas De Vos, Mengqiu Cao, Frank Witlox. Examining the spatially heterogeneous effects of the built environment on walking among older adults. Transport Policy. 2020; 100 ():21-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Long Cheng; Kunbo Shi; Jonas De Vos; Mengqiu Cao; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Examining the spatially heterogeneous effects of the built environment on walking among older adults." Transport Policy 100, no. : 21-30.

Article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Transportation
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A considerable number of empirical studies have explored the effects of information & communication technologies (ICT) on travel in recent years. In particular, the most attention has been paid to whether the use of ICT increases or decreases trip frequency (i.e., substitution or complementarity effects). However, the subject of whether or how travel distance and mode choice are altered by ICT (i.e., modification effects) has almost been ignored. Against this background, using data collected in Beijing, China, this paper aims to explore how purchasing intangible services (e.g., eating out at restaurants, hairdressing, and visits to zoos and movie theatres) online alters the distance and mode choice of the travel to consume these services. The results suggest that due to online purchases of intangible services, people tend to travel farther to consume these services. Consequently, 25.4% of online buyers change their travel mode choices from walking or cycling (i.e., nonmotorized modes) to public transit, private cars, or taxis (i.e., motorized modes). These findings confirm the existence of modification effects of ICT on travel. Additionally, a stepwise multinomial logistic regression model and a stepwise binomial logistic regression model are used to detect the factors influencing changes in travel distance and mode choices, respectively. The regression outcomes suggest that people who have lower living costs or feel more satisfied with online purchases are more likely to increase their travel distances and to change from nonmotorized modes to motorized modes.

ACS Style

Kunbo Shi; Long Cheng; Jonas De Vos; Yongchun Yang; Wanpeng Cao; Frank Witlox. How does purchasing intangible services online influence the travel to consume these services? A focus on a Chinese context. Transportation 2020, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Kunbo Shi, Long Cheng, Jonas De Vos, Yongchun Yang, Wanpeng Cao, Frank Witlox. How does purchasing intangible services online influence the travel to consume these services? A focus on a Chinese context. Transportation. 2020; ():1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kunbo Shi; Long Cheng; Jonas De Vos; Yongchun Yang; Wanpeng Cao; Frank Witlox. 2020. "How does purchasing intangible services online influence the travel to consume these services? A focus on a Chinese context." Transportation , no. : 1-21.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2020 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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E-shopping for intangible services (e.g., eating out services, hairdressing, and visits to movie theatres) refers to searching and paying for services online, but it requires e-shoppers to travel to use these services. In theory, e-shoppers’ search space via the internet is less constrained by spatial attributes. As a result, spatial attributes may barely affect the distance and duration of trips resulting from e-shopping for intangible services. The present study used data from 714 valid face-to-face interviews in Beijing, China, to verify this hypothesis. The results showed that e-shoppers were likely to travel farther after purchasing intangible services online. The effect of spatial attributes on the distance of a single trip was largely attenuated due to online purchases of these services, and the effect on the duration was correspondingly weaker to a limited extent. Therefore, spatial interventions aiming to moderate travel distances and durations may not be as effective in the age of online shopping.

ACS Style

Kunbo Shi; Jonas De Vos; Yongchun Yang; Enlong Li; Frank Witlox. Does e-shopping for intangible services attenuate the effect of spatial attributes on travel distance and duration? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2020, 141, 86 -97.

AMA Style

Kunbo Shi, Jonas De Vos, Yongchun Yang, Enlong Li, Frank Witlox. Does e-shopping for intangible services attenuate the effect of spatial attributes on travel distance and duration? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2020; 141 ():86-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kunbo Shi; Jonas De Vos; Yongchun Yang; Enlong Li; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Does e-shopping for intangible services attenuate the effect of spatial attributes on travel distance and duration?" Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 141, no. : 86-97.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Journal of Transport & Health
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With the rapid demographic shift towards an ageing society, it is a concerted effort to facilitate elderly's access to healthcare in order to maintain and improve their quality of life. In China, hospital care services dominate the healthcare market, which requires a better understanding of accessibility to hospitals in order to rationally allocate resources in spatial and land use planning. However, little attention has been paid to analysing the geographical accessibility to hospitals specific to the elderly population. The objective of this study is to examine the spatial access to multi-tier – primary, secondary, and tertiary – hospital care services for older adults with an explicit focus on equity – the (un)even distribution of geographical accessibility. Building on the revealed travel patterns of elderly's medical trips, this study measures the level of accessibility at the sub-district level and assesses the inter- and intra-district disparities in Nanjing, China. To this end, we draw on the city's GIS database and the 2015 Nanjing Travel Survey. A two-step floating catchment area method was utilised to measure accessibility and the Gini coefficient was applied to show inequity. It is found that spatial distribution plays a significant role in the accessibility to hospital services. Upper-tier hospitals are more aggregated and thus more unevenly accessible than the lower-tiers. In addition, accessibility to different tiers of hospitals varies greatly throughout the city, with pockets of deprived access identified on the outskirts. Imbalance and inequality of access to hospitals are also present within districts, displaying an increasing trend from the city centre to periphery. These empirical findings provide insights for health interventions in order to improve equitable access and rational allocation of health resources. This paper also bears relevance for strategically advancing the hierarchical healthcare systems in China from a geographical perspective.

ACS Style

Long Cheng; Min Yang; Jonas De Vos; Frank Witlox. Examining geographical accessibility to multi-tier hospital care services for the elderly: A focus on spatial equity. Journal of Transport & Health 2020, 19, 100926 .

AMA Style

Long Cheng, Min Yang, Jonas De Vos, Frank Witlox. Examining geographical accessibility to multi-tier hospital care services for the elderly: A focus on spatial equity. Journal of Transport & Health. 2020; 19 ():100926.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Long Cheng; Min Yang; Jonas De Vos; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Examining geographical accessibility to multi-tier hospital care services for the elderly: A focus on spatial equity." Journal of Transport & Health 19, no. : 100926.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Sustainability
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This study aimed to analyze the causes and consequences of agricultural water conflicts among agricultural water beneficiaries in the irrigation network of Doroodzan dam, Iran. This research applied mixed-method and descriptive analysis, which was done in two qualitative and quantitative phases. The results showed that the causes of water conflicts can be divided into two groups of controllable and uncontrollable factors. The findings revealed that the main causes of agricultural water conflict in the studied area were ‘water scarcity’, ‘drought’, ‘physical structure of the Doroodzan dam irrigation network’, and ‘mismatched size of the irrigation network with Doroodzan dam’s water capacity’ as uncontrollable factors. Furthermore, ‘weakness of governmental water management’, ‘lake for local management of water resources by farmers’, ‘government’s reluctance about farmers’ participation’, and ‘farmers’ reluctance to participate in water management’ were identified as controllable factors. In this study, most of the conditions identified as consequences of water conflicts had ‘socio-economic’ and ‘agro-environmental’ aspects. Finally, based on the findings, a model was designed to determine the causes and consequences of agricultural water conflict. To break the causes and consequences cycle of water conflicts in Iran’s agriculture, the most important solution is shifting from governmentality to governance in water resources management.

ACS Style

Masoud Bijani; Dariush Hayati; Hossein Azadi; Vjekoslav Tanaskovik; Frank Witlox. Causes and Consequences of the Conflict among Agricultural Water Beneficiaries in Iran. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6630 .

AMA Style

Masoud Bijani, Dariush Hayati, Hossein Azadi, Vjekoslav Tanaskovik, Frank Witlox. Causes and Consequences of the Conflict among Agricultural Water Beneficiaries in Iran. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Masoud Bijani; Dariush Hayati; Hossein Azadi; Vjekoslav Tanaskovik; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Causes and Consequences of the Conflict among Agricultural Water Beneficiaries in Iran." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6630.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Sustainability
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With the rapid expansion of China’s domestic air transport network (CATN), it is fundamental to model which factors and mechanisms impact this development. This paper investigates how the combined endogenous and exogenous factors influencing the evolution of CATN based on longitudinal data by utilizing a more all-encompassing methodology of stochastic actor based-modeling (SABM). Endogenous variables include a density effect, a betweenness effect, a transitivity closure effect, and a ‘number of distances-two’ effect. Exogenous variables incorporate airport hierarchy, a distance effect, presence or absence of low-cost carriers (LCCs) and high-speed rail (HSR). The systematic classification of Chinese airports into more than the typical two or three tiers allows the impacts of the four endogenous covariates to be revealed. Overall, the CATN has tended to evolve into a more compacted and non-concentrated network structure through the creation of non-stop routes and closed triads. The integrated inclusion of low-cost carrier and high-speed rail effects highlights the importance of market presence to the initiation of new routes at initial stages, cultivating potential demand and increasing accessibility. In addition, the construction of HSR to one primary airport within a multi-airport system can raise “shadow effects” for other airports. Our findings provide policy suggestions for airport operators in terms of developing accurate positions in the hierarchy and strengthening transfer ability.

ACS Style

Shengrun Zhang; Yue Hu; Xiaowei Tang; Kurt Fuellhart; Liang Dai; Frank Witlox. Modeling the Evolutionary Mechanism of China’s Domestic Air Transport Network. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6295 .

AMA Style

Shengrun Zhang, Yue Hu, Xiaowei Tang, Kurt Fuellhart, Liang Dai, Frank Witlox. Modeling the Evolutionary Mechanism of China’s Domestic Air Transport Network. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shengrun Zhang; Yue Hu; Xiaowei Tang; Kurt Fuellhart; Liang Dai; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Modeling the Evolutionary Mechanism of China’s Domestic Air Transport Network." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6295.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Journal of Air Transport Management
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This paper investigates factors influencing the hub connectivity of Beijing Capital Airport (PEK) in its domestic to international markets between 2014 and 2018 based on a random-effect panel data model. The results show that variables representing the temporal and spatial characteristics of connecting flights have significant impacts on the hub connectivity of PEK. In specific, the changeable threshold of maximum connecting time based on different international destination regions has a negative impact. This paper identifies different timetable coordination modes at PEK and shows that the number of indirect connections under adjacent mode is significantly less than that of distant mode. Circuity and directionality are proven to have significant impacts. In addition, factors representing airport characteristics and heterogeneity of international destination regions also affecting the hub connectivity of PEK.

ACS Style

Shengrun Zhang; Hailong Zheng; Yuting Chen; Frank Witlox. Factors influencing the hub connectivity of Beijing Capital Airport in its international markets. Journal of Air Transport Management 2020, 88, 101873 .

AMA Style

Shengrun Zhang, Hailong Zheng, Yuting Chen, Frank Witlox. Factors influencing the hub connectivity of Beijing Capital Airport in its international markets. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2020; 88 ():101873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shengrun Zhang; Hailong Zheng; Yuting Chen; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Factors influencing the hub connectivity of Beijing Capital Airport in its international markets." Journal of Air Transport Management 88, no. : 101873.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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This paper analyzes aircraft CO2 emissions (in both quantity and intensity per passenger) during landing and take-off cycles at nine different airports in Jiangsu province (China) over a ten-year time span (2007–2016). Our database is unique and very detailed in that we combine flight schedules, with aircraft type (engines) used, and landing-and-take-off cycles. We are particularly interested in how the spatial characteristics impact emission levels. To this end we estimate a CO2 emission model taking the airport characteristics into account, and apply a spatial classification and autocorrelation model to distinguish between different types of airports and systems. Our analysis shows that: (1) there are strong spatial distribution differences between airports due to the patterns of economic development, airport size and aircraft used; (2) most airports have a high reduction potential of CO2 emission, without a loss of economic performance; (3) significant spatial aggregation effects exist and are persistent during most observational years, which indicates a strong Matthew effect of CO2 emission within Jiangsu province; and (4) airport size, linkage to the local economy, and airport location are closely related to aircraft CO2 emissions. We also provide a number of recommendations to improve airport CO2 emissions and add to sustainable development.

ACS Style

Rong Hu; Jialin Zhu; Yu Zhang; Junfeng Zhang; Frank Witlox. Spatial characteristics of aircraft CO2 emissions at different airports: Some evidence from China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 85, 102435 .

AMA Style

Rong Hu, Jialin Zhu, Yu Zhang, Junfeng Zhang, Frank Witlox. Spatial characteristics of aircraft CO2 emissions at different airports: Some evidence from China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 85 ():102435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rong Hu; Jialin Zhu; Yu Zhang; Junfeng Zhang; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Spatial characteristics of aircraft CO2 emissions at different airports: Some evidence from China." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 85, no. : 102435.

Article
Published: 05 June 2020 in Transportation
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Numerous studies have found that travel attitudes might not only affect travel behavior, but also the residential location choice as people might choose a residential location based on their travel preferences and needs (i.e. transport-related residential self-selection). However, it might also be possible that the residential location and travel behavior influence attitudes towards travel. In this study—using quasi-longitudinal data—we analyze how a change in the residential environment affects attitudes towards specific modes, both directly and indirectly through changes in mode frequency (of commute and leisure trips). Using a structural equation modeling approach on 1650 recently relocated residents in the city of Ghent, Belgium, this study indicates that moving to a more urban type of neighborhood improves attitudes towards public transport and active travel. Especially for leisure trips the effects from changes in the built environment on attitudes are partly indirect through changes in mode frequency. This study offers new insights into the links between the built environment, travel behavior and attitudes. We provide further evidence that the built environment influences travel attitudes, but also indicate that these effects are partly mediated by travel mode frequency.

ACS Style

Jonas De Vos; Long Cheng; Frank Witlox. Do changes in the residential location lead to changes in travel attitudes? A structural equation modeling approach. Transportation 2020, 48, 2011 -2034.

AMA Style

Jonas De Vos, Long Cheng, Frank Witlox. Do changes in the residential location lead to changes in travel attitudes? A structural equation modeling approach. Transportation. 2020; 48 (4):2011-2034.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonas De Vos; Long Cheng; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Do changes in the residential location lead to changes in travel attitudes? A structural equation modeling approach." Transportation 48, no. 4: 2011-2034.

Review
Published: 09 March 2020 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Police patrol is a complex process. While on patrol, police officers must balance many intersecting responsibilities. Most notably, police must proactively patrol and prevent offenders from committing crimes but must also reactively respond to real-time incidents. Efficient patrol strategies are crucial to manage scarce police resources and minimize emergency response times. The objective of this review paper is to discuss solution methods that can be used to solve the so-called police patrol routing problem (PPRP). The starting point of the review is the existing literature on the dynamic vehicle routing problem (DVRP). A keyword search resulted in 30 articles that focus on the DVRP with a link to police. Although the articles refer to policing, there is no specific focus on the PPRP; hence, there is a knowledge gap. A diversity of approaches is put forward ranging from more convenient solution methods such as a (hybrid) Genetic Algorithm (GA), linear programming and routing policies, to more complex Markov Decision Processes and Online Stochastic Combinatorial Optimization. Given the objectives, characteristics, advantages and limitations, the (hybrid) GA, routing policies and local search seem the most valuable solution methods for solving the PPRP.

ACS Style

Maite Dewinter; Christophe Vandeviver; Tom Vander Beken; Frank Witlox. Analysing the Police Patrol Routing Problem: A Review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2020, 9, 157 .

AMA Style

Maite Dewinter, Christophe Vandeviver, Tom Vander Beken, Frank Witlox. Analysing the Police Patrol Routing Problem: A Review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9 (3):157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maite Dewinter; Christophe Vandeviver; Tom Vander Beken; Frank Witlox. 2020. "Analysing the Police Patrol Routing Problem: A Review." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 3: 157.

Review
Published: 25 December 2019 in Sustainability
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The transport industry is one of the few sectors in which emissions continue to grow, contributing 26% to the global CO2 emissions. Transport agencies everywhere in the world are focusing on mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Policy-makers are under pressure to tackle the issue of climate change and approach sustainable transport by promoting more sustainable practices and altering behavior. This paper attempts to explore the impact of transport on climate change through the lens of governance by establishing a systematic review framework. The results showed that developing nations should be influential in managing their public transport agencies to achieve economic transformation. They require a functional, reliable, and effective transport system and these can only be derived by properly formulated and implemented policies with the aid of all relevant private, academic, and government bodies working together. This study concluded that developing nations need to manage their pricing methods, using them to facilitate transport systems that are unlikely to affect the climate. To this end, transport policy and governance need to be reviewed to take into account climate change and natural disaster concerns. Additionally, guidelines and strategies should be proposed for every actor involved, i.e., transport community, top-level leaders, and all governmental levels and private sectors.

ACS Style

Shengrun Zhang; Frank Witlox. Analyzing the Impact of Different Transport Governance Strategies on Climate Change. Sustainability 2019, 12, 200 .

AMA Style

Shengrun Zhang, Frank Witlox. Analyzing the Impact of Different Transport Governance Strategies on Climate Change. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shengrun Zhang; Frank Witlox. 2019. "Analyzing the Impact of Different Transport Governance Strategies on Climate Change." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 200.

Editorial
Published: 13 November 2019 in Journal of Transport Geography
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ACS Style

Frank Witlox; Tim Schwanen. Looking back, to move forward: Celebrating 25 years Journal of Transport Geography. Journal of Transport Geography 2019, 81, 102591 .

AMA Style

Frank Witlox, Tim Schwanen. Looking back, to move forward: Celebrating 25 years Journal of Transport Geography. Journal of Transport Geography. 2019; 81 ():102591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank Witlox; Tim Schwanen. 2019. "Looking back, to move forward: Celebrating 25 years Journal of Transport Geography." Journal of Transport Geography 81, no. : 102591.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2019 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Taking into account the rapidly aging demographic landscape in China, securing elderly’s right to participate in society has become an urgent challenge. Geographical access to urban amenities is known to influence social participation and integration. However, the application of accessibility analysis to elderly population in China has received little attention to date. This study examines the walking accessibility to recreational amenities for older adults in the Chinese context with an explicit focus on equity. Building on empirically-based estimates of a cumulative opportunity approach, we calculate the levels of accessibility at the traffic analysis zone level, evaluate how accessibility varies across age cohorts, and present the distribution of accessibility across zones. To this end, we draw on the 2015 Nanjing Travel Survey and the city’s GIS database. Instead of assuming a fixed threshold, this paper applies a spatial expansion model to allow for person- and location-specific walking distances to measure accessibility. The spatial disparities in access to recreational amenities are evaluated using the notion of vertical equity for identifying areas that are better-off or worse-off. Our results show pronounced distributional effects of current land-use and transportation policies for different age cohorts. In particular, elderly people experience lower accessibility to chess/card rooms and urban parks than their younger counterparts. The empirical evidence in this research can inform planning and policy interventions and feed current scientific debates on the role of accessibility in addressing social inclusion for an age-friendly society.

ACS Style

Long Cheng; Freke Caset; Jonas De Vos; Ben Derudder; Frank Witlox. Investigating walking accessibility to recreational amenities for elderly people in Nanjing, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2019, 76, 85 -99.

AMA Style

Long Cheng, Freke Caset, Jonas De Vos, Ben Derudder, Frank Witlox. Investigating walking accessibility to recreational amenities for elderly people in Nanjing, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2019; 76 ():85-99.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Long Cheng; Freke Caset; Jonas De Vos; Ben Derudder; Frank Witlox. 2019. "Investigating walking accessibility to recreational amenities for elderly people in Nanjing, China." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 76, no. : 85-99.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2019 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) has received widespread attention over the past couple of years amongst scholars, businesses, policymakers and mainstream media. Most coverage is oriented towards its possible gains for traveling individuals and the travel industry, while still lacking conceptual clarity and sufficient detail about its potential acceptance by the general public. This leads to varying perspectives on what MaaS precisely is and will be in the near future. In this study, we reflect upon the relationship between MaaS use and private car ownership, based on insights gained from a MaaS pilot study organized mid-2017 in Ghent (Belgium). This exploratory pilot study targeted 100 car-owning participants (i.e., Ghent University employees) and explored how these motivated people can replace or significantly reduce car use in return for a monthly mobility budget which they could spend on MaaS services. The study reveals that most respondents were apt to explore MaaS services (especially public transport and car sharing services), but a clear reduction of private car use remained difficult in a real-life setting. Despite being highly motivated to reduce car use and being given incentives, participants faced considerable difficulties in bypassing their personal car, especially for (non-repetitive) leisure trips. By drawing parallels with a similar debate in the transport literature from a couple of decades ago, we suggest that MaaS should be regarded as a complement – rather than a substitution – of private car use in the near future. The relationship between MaaS use and car ownership might in reality be more complex than generally acknowledged. In addressing these parallels, the paper opens up new critical questions for MaaS research in the future.

ACS Style

Tom Storme; Jonas De Vos; Leen De Paepe; Frank Witlox. Limitations to the car-substitution effect of MaaS. Findings from a Belgian pilot study. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2019, 131, 196 -205.

AMA Style

Tom Storme, Jonas De Vos, Leen De Paepe, Frank Witlox. Limitations to the car-substitution effect of MaaS. Findings from a Belgian pilot study. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2019; 131 ():196-205.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tom Storme; Jonas De Vos; Leen De Paepe; Frank Witlox. 2019. "Limitations to the car-substitution effect of MaaS. Findings from a Belgian pilot study." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 131, no. : 196-205.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2019 in Journal of Transport Geography
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In its 25 years of existence, the Journal of Transport Geography (JTRG) has emerged as the key outlet for cutting-edge transport geography research. However, in practice the journal is part of a much broader publication landscape of research on the geographical dimensions of transport, travel and mobility. In this paper, we therefore analyse the position of JTRG in the different research agendas at the intersection of the geographical and transport sciences. To this end, we present a bibliometric analysis of relevant research covered in the (Social) Science(s) Citation Index ((S)SCI) bibliographic databases. Our analyses include breakdowns of the major journals; key contributing regions and institutions; and variations in topics as revealed by keyword analysis. Throughout the paper, the main focus is on comparing (evolutions in) the research covered in JTRG with (evolutions in) the research at the intersection of the geographical and transport sciences published in other journals. Results are used to reflect on the position of the journal in the field as well as on relative blind spots in terms of authorship and the nature of the research covered, and can thus inform deliberations about possible directions for the journal.

ACS Style

Ben Derudder; Xingjian Liu; Song Hong; Shuhe Ruan; Yifei Wang; Frank Witlox. The shifting position of the Journal of Transport Geography in ‘transport geography research’: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Transport Geography 2019, 81, 102538 .

AMA Style

Ben Derudder, Xingjian Liu, Song Hong, Shuhe Ruan, Yifei Wang, Frank Witlox. The shifting position of the Journal of Transport Geography in ‘transport geography research’: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Transport Geography. 2019; 81 ():102538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ben Derudder; Xingjian Liu; Song Hong; Shuhe Ruan; Yifei Wang; Frank Witlox. 2019. "The shifting position of the Journal of Transport Geography in ‘transport geography research’: A bibliometric analysis." Journal of Transport Geography 81, no. : 102538.