The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr⁻¹ with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.

A lattice Boltzmann model is presented for axisymmetric multiphase flows. Source terms are added to a two-dimensional standard lattice Boltzmann equation for multiphase flows such that the emergent dynamics can be transformed into the axisymmetric cylindrical coordinate system. The source terms are temporally and spatially dependent and represent the axisymmetric contribution of the order parameter of fluid phases and inertial, viscous, and surface tension forces. A model which is effectively explicit and second order is obtained. This is achieved by taking into account the discrete lattice effects in the Chapman-Enskog multiscale analysis, so that the macroscopic axisymmetric mass and momentum equations for multiphase flows are recovered self-consistently. The model is extended to incorporate reduced compressibility effects. Axisymmetric equilibrium drop formation and oscillations, breakup and formation of satellite droplets from viscous liquid cylindrical jets through Rayleigh capillary instability, and drop collisions are presented. Comparisons of the computed results with available data show satisfactory agreement.

Summary: The current coronavirus pandemic has reached global proportions and requires unparalleled collective and individual efforts to slow its spread. One critically important issue is the proper sterilization of physical objects that have been contaminated by the virus. Here, we review the currently existing literature on thermal inactivation of coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) and present preliminary guideless on temperatures and exposure durations required to sterilize. We also compare these temperatures/exposure durations with potential household appliances that may be thought capable of performing sterilization.

The breakdown of laminar pipe flow into transitional intermittency is predicted numerically here for the first time. Subsequent to transitional intermittency, a fully developed regime is achieved wherein the flow may be either intermittent or fully turbulent. Fully developed friction factors are predicted as a function of the Reynolds number throughout the intermittent regime. These predictions successfully bridge the gap between well-established laminar friction factors and turbulent friction factors. Definitive numerical information is provided about the locations in the pipe at which both laminar breakdown and fully developed attainment occur. These locations are a function of the Reynolds number. The streamwise changes in the velocity profiles reflect the complex evolution of the flow as it passes through the successive regimes. For design purposes, information is provided for the pressure drop that characterizes the evolving flow. The numerical results correspond to an inlet turbulence intensity level of 5%.