Major ions and Sr isotope compositions of waters in the Yalong River basin in the eastern Tibetan plateau were investigated to explore the sources of dissolved loads and the controls on chemical weathering rates. Measured radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of water samples are most likely derived from the weathering of metamorphic carbonates or the Precambrian silicate rocks. Quantitative analysis of water geochemistry shows that carbonate weathering dominates the chemical characteristics of the river water. The chemical weathering rate of the whole Yalong River basin is calculated to be 7.6 ton·km⁻²·year⁻¹ by silicate weathering and 44.7 ton·km⁻²·year⁻¹ by carbonate weathering, which consumes 158.5 × 10³ and 885.0 × 10³ mol·km⁻²·year⁻¹ of atmospheric CO₂, respectively. The highest carbonate weathering rate (116.3 ton·km⁻²·year⁻¹) in the Yalong River basins is observed from the basin with the steepest catchment average slope. This highest magnitude of carbonate weathering is comparable to the rates from catchments in the southern Himalayas. Positive relationships are observed between silicate weathering rates and both climatic (precipitation and temperature) and topographic (relief and slope) controls. The combined climatic and tectonic effects increase silicate weathering and counterbalance the dilution effect. However, the relationship between silicate weathering rate and climatic and topographic controls varies with hydrologic conditions. The rate for low‐discharge catchments is more closely related to climatic parameters, while the rate for high‐discharge catchments is more closely related to local topography.